Skeletal System Nursing PDF

Intended learning Outcomes THE SKELETAL SYSTEM 1-Axial skeleton The skeleton consists of Forms the central core of Describe genera...

Intended learning Outcomes THE SKELETAL SYSTEM 1-Axial skeleton The skeleton consists of Forms the central core of Describe general structure of skeletal system the body. Bones Ligaments Cartilages Joints Identify the major bones that make up the axial and appendicular (206) Function primarily in skeleton Divided into protecting vital organs and support for posture. To heighlight different types of joints. Axial Appendicular skeleton skeleton Includes Skull, Vertberal column rib cage.  Axial skeleton Skull Skull Skull has cranium which covers and porotects the brain and facial bones including mandible(jawbone) and maxilla. Thoracic Vertebral column which enclose spinal cord and supports body weight. consist of : cage Consist of 33 vertberae and divided into regions as follow: ✓Cervical region 7 in numbers. Vertebral ✓Thoracic region 12 in numbers. column ✓Lumbar region 5 in numbers ✓Sacral 5 fused Axial skeleton is shown in green ✓Coccyx4 fused 24-Oct-24 3 Cranial bones frontal parietal _______sphenoid temporal _____ethmoid parietal parietal occipital occipital 24-Oct-24 5 Structure of a typical vertebra The Thoracic Cage Made of bones which connect and protect heart and lungs Thoracic vertebrae, Ribs, Costal Cartilage, and Sternum Ribs Rib cage12 pairs , attached anteriorly to strenum and posteriorly articulate with vertbera. 24-Oct-24 24-Oct-24 8 7  Ribs The Thoracic Cage consists of: Typical rib 12 pairs of ribs True Ribs False Ribs Floating (Free Ribs) First 7 pairs = Last 2 pairs 11th 8th, 9th and 10th true ribs; and 12th no = false ribs attach directly attachment are attach to sternum floating or free indirectly to the sternum (no sternal attachment) 24-Oct-24 9 24-Oct-24 10 Sternum The Appendicular Skeleton Fusion of three bones 2 pairs of limbs and 2 girdles 1) Manubrium Pectoral (shoulder) girdle attaches upper limbs Pelvic (hip) girdle secures lower limbs 2) Body (middle) 3-Segmented limbs Upper (arm) Arm 3) Xiphoid Process (bottom) Forearm Hand Lower (leg) Thigh Leg 24-Oct-24 11 Foot  Scapulae Pectoral Girdle (Shoulder Girdle) Clavicle – anterior: collar bone Scapula – posterior: shoulder blade  Arm Humerus is the only bone Upper extremity Arm or Brachium (upper arm) Between shoulder and elbow (humerus) Forearm or Antebrachium Radius & ulna Hand includes: Wrist (carpus) Palm (metacarpus) Fingers (phalanges) Forearm 2 bones: Ulna medially Radius laterally Hand Proximal is “wrist” – 8 carpal bones Palm of hand - 5 metacarpals Fingers (or digits) consist of miniature long bones called phalanges: thumb (“pollex”) has 2; fingers have 3: proximal, middle, distal  Pelvic Girdle Hip bone (os coxae): 3 separate bones in childhood which fuse Strongly attached to axial skeleton (sacrum) Deep sockets Ilium More stable than pectoral (shoulder) girdle Ischium Less freedom of movement Made up of the paired hip bones Pubis Ilium Ischium Pubis ilium pubis ischium ilium ischium pubis  Thigh Lower limb Thigh: femur Femur is largest, longest and strongest Leg (lower leg) bone in the body Tibia Patella: sesamoid Fibula bone Foot  Foot Tarsus: 7 tarsal bones Leg 5 metatarsals 14 phalanges Tibia Medially Fibula laterally Types of joints 1-Synovial joints: Heighly mobile joints permit a grat Joint is point of union of two or more bones. degre of free movement. Types of jointsbased on structure and movements: Charactrized by it has a joint cavity that 1-Synovial joints. is filled by synovial fluid which act as 2-Cartilagenous joints. lubricant and provide nutrients , synovial mambrane and ariticular 3-Fibrous Joints. capsule. Lined by hyaline cartilage.  Further classified according to the shape of articulation or type of movement Into 2-Cartilaginous joint: many types: Bones fused together by carilage 1-Ball and Socket;allow movement in all with no joint cavity. directions , shoulder joint, hip joint. Allows limited movements. e.g 2-Pivot joint:allow rotational movement , - manubriosternal joint atlas and axis joint. - Intervertebral disc 3-Hinge joint:allow movement in one plane,elbow joint,knee joint  3-Fibrous joint: Have no joint cavity joined by fibrous tissue and permit no movement E.g, skull sutures.