Psychological Perspectives About The Self PDF

Prepared by: Ms. Jeremy Tanguilan  WILLIAM JAMES’ Me-Self and I-Self “Whenever two people meet, there are really six people present. There is each man as he sees himself, each man as the other person sees him, and each man as he really is.” - William James...

Prepared by: Ms. Jeremy Tanguilan  WILLIAM JAMES’ Me-Self and I-Self “Whenever two people meet, there are really six people present. There is each man as he sees himself, each man as the other person sees him, and each man as he really is.” - William James American philosopher and psychologist, William James (1842-1910), extensively explained the self and its aspects on his 1 8 9 0 p u b l i cat i o n T h e P r i n c i p l e s o f Psychology.  William James - A man’s self is the “sum total of all that he can call his, not only his body and his psychic powers, but his clothes and his house, his wife and children, his ancestors and friends, his reputation and works, his lands and horses, and yacht and bank-account.” - Self is comprise of everything the person has. I- Self the self in action or as subject. it is the aspect of self that does the acting, thinking, and feeling. also known as the self as the knower or perceiver. Me-Self / Empirical Self Self as an object known or the perceived the me is one’s accumulated understanding of one’s self these facets of the Me-Self help people define us; and aid us too in defining and understanding ourselves. Me-Self 3 Components 1. Material Self- encompasses all of our important possessions as well as the people we treasure. 2. Social Self- involved how we think we are viewed and regarded by others. - instinctive desire to be recognized 3. Spiritual Self- contains our subjective dispositions like our self-appraised abilities, beliefs, attitudes, emotions, etc.  CARL ROGERS’ REAL-Self and IDEAL-Self “The curious paradox is that when I accept myself just as I am, then I can change.” -Carl Rogers Carl Rogers (1902 – 1987) is an American psychologist known for being one of the pillars of humanistic theory. Carl Rogers Posited about self concept. Ø Self Concept simply speaks of how we think and view of ourselves. It includes the entire schema and the knowledge that we have or that we are aware of about ourselves. *As we come to interact with others, we may come across feedbacks or may be subjected to experiences which will change our self-concept. Real-Self speaks of how we genuinely appraise ourselves. it is the self that feels most true to what and who we really are. It may not be perfect but it is the part of us that feel most real. Ideal-Self Denotes one’s view of self as one wishes to be. It contains attributes, usually positive, that people aspire to be. *Rogers suggest that a discrepancy between our ideal and real selves redounds to non- equilibrium, indicating an unhealthy personality.*  ALBERT BANDURA’S Proactive and Agentic Self “Self-belief does not necessarily ensure success, but self-disbelief assuredly spawns failure.” -Albert Bandura Albert Bandura (1925 – present) is a renowned psychologist. Albert Bandura advocated the Social Cognitive Theory of Learning - this learning perspective contends that human behavior results from vicarious learning, through the experience of other people. viewed people as agents or originators of experience. -we don’t just merely observe and imitate behavior; we have cognitive faculties that enable us to discern unto whether or not such behavior is worth emulating or if such can help us become better individuals. self- efficacy- one’s conviction or belief that he or she can take on a certain task successfully.  Proactive Self The self as proactive is constructive it is optimistic that it can get through whatever adversities it may encounter. being proactive means having the capacity to recognize and take advantage of opportunities that may be beneficial to our selves and to better our lives in general. Agentic Self agentic self is one who takes charge of his choices and actions it is self-reflective and self-regulating. Bandura views people as being more than just mere planners and fore thinkers. We are agents of change; we can be actively involved in shaping our own lives because we are equipped with the cognitive faculty and capacity to do so. *An agentic and proactive self believes that no matter how big the problem may seem to be, he or she can overcome it.* Agentic Self Bandura’s Theory of Human Agency (Agency- “the power to originate action.”) (SCT) Intentionality – is an awareness and will to act in a particular way based on an idea or mental state. Forethought- involves the ability to anticipate the outcomes of actions. -a person motivate themselves and guide their actions in anticipation of future events.  Agentic Self Self-Regulation- an active, constructive process whereby learners set goals for their learning and then attempt to monitor, regulate, and control their cognition, motivation, and behavior, guided and constrained by their goals and the contextual features in the environment.  Agentic Self Self-efficacy- is a functional self- awareness in which students reflect on their personal efficacy, thoughts, actions, and the meaning of their pursuits, and make corrective adjustments if necessary. - conviction/belief that she/he can take on certain task. MURRAY BOWEN’S Differentiated Self “We all have an infant inside of us, but the infant doesn’t have to run the show.” -Murray Bowen Known for being one of the forerunners of family therapy and notable for having developed a family systems theory, American psychiatrist Dr. Murray Bowen (1913 – 1990), posited on the differentiation of selves.  Murray Bowen Differentiation of selves refers to the degree to which one is able to balance: (a) emotional and intellectual functioning, and (b) intimacy and autonomy in relationship (Skowron & Friedlander, 1998). Differentiation involves the ability to make clear boundaries between our thoughts and feelings, and to choose which of the two will guide our behavior. Highly Differentiated Individual able to balance autonomy and intimacy in their relationship. one is able to establish connection with others without losing one’s self in the process. For instance, a highly differentiated person may be able to assert one’s self despite the influence of peers. Highly Differentiated Individual flexible and are better able to adapt to stressful situations. they can set clear boundaries between their thoughts and feelings, they can shift of being emotional to being rational (or vice versa) depending on what the situation and may make impulsive decisions based on their current emotional states. Highly Differentiated Individual Flexible Adaptable Cope with stress better Effective Problem solving Adheres to their personal convictions Poorly Differentiated Individual m a y e n g a g e i n f u s i o n i n t h e i r relationships. they become much attached to the roles they play in a relationship, they have few firmly held beliefs, they are more likely to be compliant, and seek approval from others before making major decision. Poorly Differentiated Individual Emotionally reactive Difficult to remain calm Make decisions based on “what feels right” * differentiation of self is the capacity to achieve a clear, coherent sense of self along with emotional relationships with important others.* DONALD WOODS WINNICOTT’S True Self and False Self “With games, and only with games, can the child or the adult create, and use their whole personalities, and the individual only discovers his personality when he becomes a creator.” -Donald Woods Winnicott Donald Woods Winnicott (1896-1971 was an English psychoanalyst who conceptualized the true and false selves. TRUE SELF based on our authentic experiences as a person. the feeling of being alive, doing the things you want to do, and just being yourself comprise the true self. FALSE SELF may also referred to as a fake self or superficial self. (mask) our defense against the vulnerabilities or imperfections of our real self. Our true self may have its own share of blemishes and weakness that sometimes lowers our self-esteem. As a result, we try to cover up these flaws and act “as if” we do not have them. the false self may start to surface as early as infancy, when we are put under the control of our parents or early caregivers. FALSE SELF Real-life examples of the false self are based around a certain beliefs that we take on in order to fit into our worlds better. *If I am pretty, I will be more likeable. *If I work hard/achieve more, I will have more value.  FALSE SELF HEALTHY FALSE SELF -one that works with and stays committed to the true self. It is a form of useful self-protection, in that it shields us at times when vulnerability would not be appropriate, or might even be harmful. - one that has its roots in the true self, in the sense that it can comply with external expectations without feeling that it has “betrayed” the true self. -a major component of the healthy false self is an awareness of personal boundaries. *For instance, we don’t bare our deepest feelings and thoughts while at work. FALSE SELF UNHEALTHY FALSE SELF - one that surrenders completely to outside demands and abandons the true self. - this is the false self that you become when you act like someone you’re not to gain other’s favor. *Forced compliance There are instances when it is necessary for the false self to take over a certain situation. For instance, we need to follow norms of conduct in various social setting and if we show the false self because of forced compliance to others, then this may be unhealthy. Continually suppressing our true selves may inhibit us from truly expressing who we are, which may negatively impact our wellbeing. THANK YOU!