Prenatal Development, Birth, and Newborn Baby PDF

Prenatal Development, Birth, and the Newborn Baby Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Periods of Prenatal Development Period and Length Key Events § Fertilization...

Prenatal Development, Birth, and the Newborn Baby Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Periods of Prenatal Development Period and Length Key Events § Fertilization Zygote § Implantation (2 weeks) § Start of placenta Embryo § Groundwork laid for all body (6 weeks) structures and internal organs Fetus § “Growth and finishing” phase (30 weeks) Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Conception and Implantation Figure 3.1 (From Before We Are Born, 6th ed., by K.L. Moore & T.V.N. Persaud, p. 87. Copyright © 2003, reprinted with permission from Elsevier, Inc.) Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Period of the Fetus § Third month: § organs, muscles, and nervous system start to become organized and connected § lungs begin to expand and contract § Second trimester: § many organs are well-developed by 20 weeks § most of the brain’s neurons are in place § Third trimester: § age of viability: 22–26 weeks § fetus takes on beginnings of personality Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Sensitive Periods in Prenatal Development Figure 3.2 (Adapted from Before We Are Born, 7th ed., by K.L. Moore & T.V.N. Persaud, p. 313. Copyright © 2008, reprinted with permission from Elsevier, Inc.) Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Teratogens §Harm done by teratogens is affected by: § dose § heredity § age § other negative influences § Delayed health effects may show up decades later © Phil McDonald/Shutterstock Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Teratogenic Substances § Drugs: § prescription § nonprescription § illegal § Tobacco § Alcohol © Minerva Studio/Fotolia § Radiation § Environmental pollution § Infectious disease Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Other Maternal Factors in Prenatal Development § Nutrition § Emotional stress § Rh factor incompatibility § Age © Dmitry Melnikov/Shutterstock § Lack of prenatal health care Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Importance of Prenatal Care § Monitor general health: § weight gain § capacity of uterus and cervix to support fetus § growth of the fetus © Poznyakov/Shutterstock § Treat complications: § diabetes § preeclampsia Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Stages of Childbirth § Dilation and effacement of the cervix § Delivery of the baby § Delivery of the © Monkey Business Images/Shutterstock placenta Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Stages of Labor Figure 3.4 Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  The Baby’s Adaptation to Labor and Delivery High levels of stress hormones § help baby withstand oxygen deprivation § prepare baby © nattanan726/Shutterstock to breathe § arouse infant into alertness Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  The Apgar Scale Table 3.3 (Source: Apgar, 1953.) Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Natural, or Prepared, Childbirth § Classes § Relaxation and breathing techniques § Labor coach: friend, relative, or trained © KAMONRAT/Shutterstock doula Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Birth Complications § Anoxia (oxygen deprivation) § Breech position © giorgiomtb/Shutterstock Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Medical Interventions in Childbirth § Fetal monitoring § Labor and delivery medication § analgesics § anesthetics § Cesarean delivery © ARZTSAMUI/Shutterstock Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Preterm and Small-for-Date Infants Preterm Small-for-Date § Born several weeks or more before May be either preterm or their due date full-term § Weight may be appropriate for length of pregnancy Below expected weight for length of pregnancy Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Pregnancy Length and Infant Survival/Disability Figure 3.5 (Adapted from Bolisetty et al., 2006.) Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Interventions for Preterm Infants § Temperature-controlled isolette § Special stimulation: § gentle rocking © Damon Yancy/Shutterstock § visual or auditory stimulation § touch, such as skin-to-skin kangaroo care § Parent training in infant caregiving Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Infant Mortality in Thirty Nations Figure 3.6 (Adapted from U.S. Census Bureau, 2012.) Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Birth Complications and Resilience § Severe birth trauma is associated with long-term difficulties § Effects of mild to moderate trauma depend on environment § Resilience plays a role in long-term adjustment Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Newborn Reflexes § Eye blink § Palmar grasp § Rooting § Tonic neck § Sucking § Stepping § Moro § Babinski Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Infant States of Arousal § Rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep § Non-rapid-eye-movement (NREM) sleep § Drowsiness § Quiet alertness § Waking activity and crying © Vasilyev Alexandr/Shutterstock Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Soothing a Crying Baby § Talk softly or play rhythmic sounds § Offer pacifier § Massage baby’s body § Swaddle § Hold on shoulder, rock or walk © Jo Tunney/Shutterstock § Go for car ride or swing in cradle § Combine methods § Let cry for short time Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Newborn Sense of Touch § Sensitive to touch § around mouth § on palms and soles of feet § Use touch to investigate their world © Eleonora_os/Shutterstock § Severe pain § overwhelms nervous system with stress hormones § can be relieved with local anesthesia, sugar solution, or physical touch Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Newborn Senses of Taste and Smell Infants § have a preference for sweet tastes at birth § can readily learn to like new tastes § have odor preferences at birth § can locate odors and identify mother by smell from birth Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Newborn Sense of Hearing Newborns § can hear a wide variety of sounds § prefer complex sounds to pure tones § can distinguish between a variety of sound patterns when only a few days old § listen longer to human speech than to nonspeech sounds § can detect the sounds of any human language Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Newborn Sense of Vision § Least developed sense at birth § Limited visual acuity § Actively explore environment: § scan for interesting sights § track moving objects § Not yet good at discriminating colors © Saylakham/Shutterstock Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS) § Evaluates newborn reflexes, state changes, responsiveness to physical and social stimuli § Used to § discover individual and cultural differences § help parents get to know their babies § Changes in scores reveal baby’s ability to recover from stress of birth § Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Network Neurobehavioral Scale (NNNS): similar instrument used for at-risk infants Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  New Family Adjustment § Hormones that facilitate caregiving: § oxytocin § prolactin § estrogens § Hormonal effects may depend on experience § Challenges of early weeks: © ClickPop/Shutterstock § new roles § changed schedule Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.