3.1.3 Relationships With Australian Outdoor Environments PDF

3.1.3 Key knowledge Australian outdoor environments before humans arrived, including characteristics of biological isolation, geological stability and climatic variations relationships with outdoor environments expressed by specific Indigenous peoples’ communities before and after Europ...

3.1.3 Key knowledge Australian outdoor environments before humans arrived, including characteristics of biological isolation, geological stability and climatic variations relationships with outdoor environments expressed by specific Indigenous peoples’ communities before and after European colonisation relationships of non-Indigenous peoples with specific outdoor environments as influenced by and observed in local or visited outdoor environments during historical time periods: Early colonisation (1788–1859) Pre-Federation (1860–1900) Post-Federation (1901–1990) the beginnings of environmentalism and the resulting influence on political party policy, as observed in one of the following historical campaigns: Lake Pedder Franklin River Little Desert Key skills explain characteristics of Australian outdoor environments before humans arrived analyse the changing relationships with Victorian outdoor environments expressed by specific Indigenous peoples’ communities before and after European colonisation analyse the changing relationships of non-Indigenous peoples with Victorian outdoor environments as observed during historical time periods describe the beginnings of environmentalism as observed in a historical campaign evaluate the influence of environmentalism on the development of a government policy or political party 3.1.3 - Relationships with Australian outdoor environments Pg. 160 3.1.3 Vocabulary Historical Event Vocabulary Early Colonisation (1788-1859) Initial, first Pre-Federation (1860-1900) Increased/increasing Machinery, large-scale Post-Federation (1901-1990) Blank Canvas Early colonisation (1788–1859): PERCEPTIONS Ownership: allocated plots of land. Land declared “Terra Nullius” as first occupants see no permanent dwellings. Worth-ship: the land is to be used to produce wealth. Resource: to be exploited for human benefit and establish initial permanent settlements. People came from all over the world to “strike it rich”. Wild & Untamed: the land needed to be modified / controlled and altered to resemble the familiar landscapes of home. Harsh / Unattractive: it needed to be improved. Flora & Fauna seen as worthless / useless. Early colonisation (1788–1859): INTERACTIONS Permanent Settlements: homes, villages, towns, cities & networks to connect these. Geelong (right) was established as a town in the early 1800’s consisting of a church, hotel, some stores and houses. THE GOLDRUSH (1850) - Mining for gold in Ballarat Opening of the first schools – Dana St Primary Land clearing: creating space for initial farms and agricultural activity. Huts were built along the Barwon River in Geelong Introducing plant and animal species: to recreate the feel of home and for recreation (hunting). Division of land: for individual ownership & management. Fencing off land. Early colonisation (1788–1859): IMPACTS Loss of habitat: Loss of habitat in Ballarat - land clearing for agriculture, construction & transport networks. Decreased biodiversity: as native species were out- competed for food, habitat and preyed upon by introduced flora and fauna species. Soil Compaction & Erosion: hard hooved animals heavily grazed native grasses and compacted the soil. Eventually led to soil salinity. River courses altered for washing of soil to expose gold. Water quality: The mining negatively impacted on water quality in areas such as Ballarat as sewerage from miners entered these waterways and riverbanks being heavily eroded from the intensive gold mining, but this was of little concern to many. Early colonisation (1788–1859): In almost all aspects of the relationships of indigenous and early colonisation, they are often opposite of each other. Positive perception – Negative perception Custodianship – Ownership Semi-nomadic lifestyle – Live in permanent settlements High respect – Low respect Deep level of understanding – Low level of understanding Valuing the land in its healthy natural state – Wild & untamed Eco-centric vs. Ego-centric  EXAM QUESTION - EARLY COLONISATION Early colonisation a. Describe the relationship Early colonisation had with a specific outdoor environment. The Early colonisation had the perception that Wathaurong Country was a resource from which to gain personally from. They also saw it as wild and untamed and that it should be modified to resemble familiar European landscapes. Initial land clearing to create space for the first European style farms and to build huts along the Barwon River in Geelong was undertaken as the early colonisation saw themselves as superior to nature. 3 markS b. Compare the differing relationships that Early colonisation had with this environment as opposed to the Indigenous community that were the original custodians. Early colonisation saw themselves as superior to Wathaurong Country and set about modifying it to suit their European way of life. Examples of their perceived superiority included clearing large areas near Geelong to establish pastures for their sheep, cattle and crops. In comparison, this differed greatly to the Wathaurong community as they saw their traditional lands as superior to them and that the land was a mother figure that deserved not only high levels of respect but reverence in a deeply spiritual sense. 4 marks  EXAM QUESTION – Early Colonisation Describe the typical relationship that many Australians had with this outdoor environment during this period of time. During this period many Australians perceived Wathaurong Country as a resource that could be exploited for financial gain. They had low levels of respect for this environment. Large-scale and small-scale gold mining was common practice across much of this region of Victoria as people dug with the hope of striking it rich. The mining negatively impacted on water quality in areas such as Ballarat as sewerage from miners entered these waterways and river banks being heavily eroded from the intensive gold mining, but this was of little concern to many. 4 marks Video https://online.clickview.com.au/libraries/videos/11508309/australian-relationships-w ith-nature-2-1850-present-day (19 min) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C-vY2dl1MI4 goldrush  Pre-Federation (1860–1900) Perceptions Need to alter environment to suit expanding population. Resource: to be exploited for human benefit (minerals, water and timber) Increasing signs of people viewing the environment as a place for leisure and to be respected. Pre-Federation (1860–1900) Interactions Major theme is the use of machinery when interacting with the land. Large-scale mining & logging operations to meet increased local and international demands across the south-west region of Victoria. Brisbane Ranges (near Meredith) eucalyptus forest was cut to provide timber and firewood Ballarat was connected by rail to Geelong in 1862 Paddle steamer 1965 on Lake Wendouree (recreational use) Pre-Federation (1860–1900) Pre-Federation Impacts Significant change to outdoor environments and pollution caused by the use of fossil fuels for electricity production. Use of brown coal for electricity generation has caused negative changes to water and air quality. Accelerated rates of land clearing as a result of machinery used in logging. Victorian Vegetation 1986 1987  EXAM QUESTION – Pre-Federation (1860–1900) Describe an interaction that took place during pre-federation and analyse how it reflects the typical relationship that many Australians had with this outdoor environment during this period. With the introduction of large machinery, vast amounts of trees were logged in Wathaurong Country in a much shorter period of time. These years had a considerable impact on the Brisbane Ranges as much of the eucalyptus forest was cut to provide building timber and firewood. This interaction shows that nature was still perceived by many Australians with low levels of respect. Also, it was viewed as being inferior to humans and something to be modified in order to suit human lifestyle. And furthermore, that the environment was still seen as a resource and something that could be altered to benefit humans through large-scale resource extraction. 4 marks Post-Federation (1901-1990) Perceptions Some people saw the Australian environment as a canvas on which to build a nation. There was still the belief that humans were superior to nature and could control and dominate it. Seeing the need for large scale infrastructure. Seeing the environment as a place for recreation and enjoyment leading to increasing levels of respect Post-Federation (1901-1990) Interactions Return of the soldiers from WWI and WWII during this time. This time period involved major infrastructure developments such as railways, freeways, large-scale energy projects and large- scale manufacturing. Establishment of transport networks such as the Great Ocean Road. This led to a greater appreciation of the natural environment and establishment of protected areas such as the 12 Apostles. Establishment of Princess Freeway to connect towns Conservation areas established due to growing concerns for protection of the environment, e.g. In 1873 the Minister for Lands reserved over 78,000 hectares as State Forest in the Otways (later reversed and made available for logging) Extraction of timber: continual population growth in the goldfields meant that timber continued to be harvested from the Otways. Post-Federation (1901-1990) Impacts Loss of natural habitat continues due to expanding population and infrastructure development in the goldfields. However, some areas of land set aside for conservation which lead to preservation of native habitat and levels of biodiversity, e.g. Otways National Park EXAM QUESTION – Post Federation Describe the typical relationship that many Australians had with this outdoor environment during this period. During post-federation Australia was perceived as a blank canvas on which to build a nation. This perception lent itself to the view that the environment was still inferior to humans and it could continue to be altered to suit human needs, displaying a low level of respect. However, there was a growing concern for places such as Wathaurong Country as a result of the large-scale land clearing during the period of industrialisation. The building of major road infrastructure connecting regional centres such as Geelong and Ballarat resulted in more access and through increased recreation people developed an improved appreciation for Wathaurong Country. 4 marks  Coursework Questions 1-5