CHEM-301 Exam 1 Review PDF
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This document is a review for a CHEM-301 exam, covering concepts such as hybridization, molecular representations, functional groups, and acids and bases, which would be particularly useful for students studying organic chemistry. Key concepts are explained as well as examples that test understanding of the material.
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Hybridization & Electronic Structure Bonds formed by overlap of half-filled orbitals: σ→ Hybrid Orbitals π→ P-Orbitals L.P.→ Full σ Orbital Bond Composition...
Hybridization & Electronic Structure Bonds formed by overlap of half-filled orbitals: σ→ Hybrid Orbitals π→ P-Orbitals L.P.→ Full σ Orbital Bond Composition 1σ 1σ+1π 1σ+1π Determine Hybridization: Example: 1) Count # Bonds & Lone Pairs = Steric Number 2) Draw Valence Electron Configuration Steric # = 4 SP3 3) Combine S-Orbital and # P-Orbitals to Make Steric # of sp-Hybrid Orbitals 4) Hybridization = sp#p-orbitals used Molecular Representations Converting Between Condensed Structure and Name: CH3CH(CH3)CH(CH3)CH2CH3 1) Convert to Bond Line Structure A) Parent = 5 C = Pentane A) Identify Longest Parent Chain B) 2 Methyl Groups B) Substituents in Brackets C) From L to R: 2,3 C) Give Lowest Locants Possible 2,3-dimethylpentane D) Subs. Equivalent D) Prioritize Complex Substituents 2) Assemble Name Alphabetically, Separating Letters from Numbers with a Dash and Numbers from One Another with a Comma Functional Groups Formal Charge FC = Valence e– in Free Atom—Lines—Dots Neutral Bonding Environments Resonance Patterns Acids and Bases Using ARIO to Compare Acid Strength: 1) Deprotonate the Acids (Can be 2 Separate Acids or 2 Protons on Same Acid) A— Atom : Compare Size and Electronegativity of Atom Carrying Negative Charge R— Resonance: Is the Negative Charge Stabilized by Resonance? I— Induction: Electron-Withdrawing Substituents Nearby Increases Acidity (F > Cl > Br > I) O— Orbitals: The More S-Character of the Orbital, the More Acidic (sp > sp2 > sp3) 2) The More Stable the Conjugate Base, the Weaker It Is, the Stronger the Acid Using Keq to Predict Reaction Direction: Keq = 10pKa (Prod) - pKa (React) Keq < 1: Reactants Favored (Backward) Keq > 1: Products Favored (Forward) Acid/ Base Reactions: Always 2 Arrows: 1. Base Deprotonating Acidic H 2. Broken Bond Becoming Lone Pair Products are Conjugate Base and Conjugate Acid Ring-Flip
