Organic Chemistry Notes PDF

YOUR NOTES ---------- YOUR NOTES ---------- YOUR NOTES ----------  YOUR NOTES ---------- YOUR NOTES ---------- Chain isomerism =============== Positional isomerism ==================== YOUR NOTES ---------- Functional group isomerism ========================== YOUR...

YOUR NOTES ---------- YOUR NOTES ---------- YOUR NOTES ----------  YOUR NOTES ---------- YOUR NOTES ---------- Chain isomerism =============== Positional isomerism ==================== YOUR NOTES ---------- Functional group isomerism ========================== YOUR NOTES ---------- YOUR NOTES ---------- Geometrical (cis/trans) isomerism =================================  YOUR NOTES ---------- Optical isomerism ================= YOUR NOTES ---------- A2 only ======= YOUR NOTES ---------- Unsaturated compounds ===================== YOUR NOTES ---------- YOUR NOTES ---------- Chiral centres in non-cyclic molecules ====================================== Chiral centres in cyclic molecules ================================== YOUR NOTES ---------- YOUR NOTES ---------- Identify chirality ================== Identifying geometrical isomers =============================== YOUR NOTES ---------- Worked example: Drawing optical isomers ============================================================= YOUR NOTES ---------- YOUR NOTES ----------  YOUR NOTES ---------- YOUR NOTES ---------- Worked example: Isomers of dibromopropane =========================================  Worked example: Deducing isomers of C~4~H~10~ ============================================= YOUR NOTES ---------- YOUR NOTES ---------- Worked example: Deducing isomers of C~2~H~2~Cl~2~ ======================================================================= YOUR NOTES ---------- YOUR NOTES ---------- #### Functional groups found in compounds table  Worked example: Drawing skeletal formulae of molecules ====================================================== YOUR NOTES ---------- Worked example: Drawing displayed formulae of molecules ======================================================= YOUR NOTES ---------- YOUR NOTES -------------------------------- YOUR NOTES ---------- #### Nomenclature of organic compounds table YOUR NOTES ----------  YOUR NOTES ---------- Worked example: Naming organic molecules ======================================== YOUR NOTES ---------- YOUR NOTES ----------  YOUR NOTES ---------- Worked example: Deducing molecular & empirical formulae ======================================================= YOUR NOTES -------------------------------- YOUR NOTES ---------- Homologous series ================= Saturated & unsaturated hydrocarbons ==================================== Homolytic & heterolytic fission ============================== YOUR NOTES ---------- Radical chain reactions ======================= YOUR NOTES ---------- YOUR NOTES ---------- Nucleophiles & electrophiles ============================ YOUR NOTES ---------- Types of reactions ================== YOUR NOTES -------------------------------- Oxidation & reduction ===================== YOUR NOTES ---------- YOUR NOTES ---------- YOUR NOTES ---------- Free-radical substitution ========================= Electrophilic addition ====================== YOUR NOTES ---------- Nucleophilic substitution ========================= YOUR NOTES ---------- Nucleophilic addition ===================== YOUR NOTES ---------- YOUR NOTES ---------- Straight-chain ==============  Branched ======== Cyclic ====== YOUR NOTES ---------- YOUR NOTES ---------- Hybridisation: sp^3^ ====================  Hybridisation: sp^2^ ==================== YOUR NOTES ---------- Hybridisation: sp ================= YOUR NOTES ---------- YOUR NOTES ---------- YOUR NOTES ---------- π bonds ======= YOUR NOTES ---------- YOUR NOTES ---------- YOUR NOTES ---------- YOUR NOTES ----------  YOUR NOTES ---------- YOUR NOTES ---------- Production of alkanes from addition reactions =============================================  Production of alkanes from cracking =================================== YOUR NOTES ---------- YOUR NOTES ---------- Electrophilic addition of hydrogen bromide ==========================================  Electrophilic addition of bromine ================================= YOUR NOTES ---------- YOUR NOTES ---------- YOUR NOTES ---------- Inductive effect =============== #### energetically more stable  Markovnikovʼs rule ================== YOUR NOTES ---------- YOUR NOTES ---------- YOUR NOTES ---------- Complete combustion ===================  Incomplete combustion ===================== Free-radical substitution of alkanes ==================================== #### propagation step YOUR NOTES ---------- YOUR NOTES ----------  Initiation step =============== YOUR NOTES ---------- Propagation step ================  YOUR NOTES ---------- Termination step ================ YOUR NOTES ---------- Crude oil =========  #### more useful compounds YOUR NOTES ---------- Cracking ======== YOUR NOTES ---------- YOUR NOTES ---------- Strength of C-H bonds ===================== #### single bonds Lack of polarity ================  YOUR NOTES ---------- YOUR NOTES ---------- Carbon monoxide =============== Oxides of nitrogen ================== #### N~2~(g) + O~2~(g) → 2NO(g) N2(g) + 2O2(g) → 2NO2(g) YOUR NOTES ---------- Catalytic removal ================= YOUR NOTES ---------- ### 2CO + 2NO → 2CO~2~ + N~2~ ### 2CO + 2NO → 2CO~2~ + N~2~  YOUR NOTES ---------- Elimination reaction ==================== YOUR NOTES ---------- Dehydration reaction ==================== YOUR NOTES ---------- YOUR NOTES ----------  Cracking ======== YOUR NOTES ---------- YOUR NOTES ---------- Electrophilic addition ====================== YOUR NOTES ---------- Oxidation ========= YOUR NOTES ---------- YOUR NOTES ---------- Worked example: Oxidation of alkenes =========================================================== #### Answer Worked example: Identifying alkenes from oxidation reactions ============================================================ #### Answer YOUR NOTES ---------- Addition polymerisation ======================= YOUR NOTES ---------- YOUR NOTES ---------- YOUR NOTES ---------- YOUR NOTES ----------  YOUR NOTES ---------- Free-radical substitution of alkanes ==================================== Electrophilic addition ====================== YOUR NOTES ---------- Substitution of alcohols ======================== YOUR NOTES ---------- YOUR NOTES ---------- YOUR NOTES ---------- YOUR NOTES ---------- YOUR NOTES ---------- Reaction with NaOH ==================  Reaction with KCN ================= YOUR NOTES ---------- Reaction with NH~3~ =================== Reaction with aqueous silver nitrate ==================================== YOUR NOTES ----------  YOUR NOTES ---------- YOUR NOTES ---------- S~N~2 reactions ===============  YOUR NOTES ---------- S~N~1 reactions =============== YOUR NOTES ---------- Carbocations ============  YOUR NOTES ---------- #### Halogenoalkane Bond Energy Table ### R3C-I + OH- → R3C-OH + I- halogenoalkane alcohol Aqueous silver nitrate ====================== #### Halogenoalkane Precipitates Table YOUR NOTES ---------- YOUR NOTES ---------- Electrophilic addition of alkenes =================================  Oxidation of alkenes ==================== Nucleophilic substitution of halogenoalkanes ============================================ Reduction of aldehyde & ketones =============================== YOUR NOTES ---------- Reduction of carboxylic acids ============================= Hydrolysis of ester =================== YOUR NOTES ---------- YOUR NOTES --------------------------------- YOUR NOTES ---------- Combustion of alcohols ====================== Substitution of alcohols ======================== Reaction with Na ================ #### Alcohol + sodium → sodium alkoxide + hydrogen YOUR NOTES ---------- Oxidation of alcohols ===================== YOUR NOTES ---------- YOUR NOTES ---------- Dehydration of alcohols =======================  YOUR NOTES ---------- Esterification of Alcohols ========================= #### Carboxylic acid + alcohol → ester + water YOUR NOTES ---------- YOUR NOTES ---------- YOUR NOTES ----------  YOUR NOTES ---------- Iodoform & alcohols =================== YOUR NOTES ---------- YOUR NOTES ---------- The inductive effect in alcohols =============================== YOUR NOTES ---------- YOUR NOTES ---------- Oxidising agents ================ YOUR NOTES ---------- Synthesis of aldehydes ====================== Synthesis of ketones ==================== YOUR NOTES ---------- YOUR NOTES ---------- YOUR NOTES ---------- Reduction of aldehyde & ketones ===============================  Nucleophilic addition with HCN ============================== #### hydroxynitriles YOUR NOTES ---------- YOUR NOTES ---------- #### slightly negatively charged Nucleophilic addition ===================== YOUR NOTES ----------  YOUR NOTES ---------- Fehlingʼs solution ================== #### copper(I) oxide precipitate  YOUR NOTES ---------- Tollensʼ reagent ================ YOUR NOTES ---------- YOUR NOTES ----------  YOUR NOTES ---------- Oxidation of primary alcohols & aldehydes ========================================= Hydrolysis of nitriles ====================== #### dilute acid or dilute alkali followed by acidification YOUR NOTES ----------  Hydrolysis of esters ==================== YOUR NOTES ---------- YOUR NOTES ---------- YOUR NOTES ---------- YOUR NOTES ---------- YOUR NOTES ----------  YOUR NOTES ---------- #### partial negative charge YOUR NOTES ----------  Reaction with KCN ================= YOUR NOTES ---------- Reaction with HCN ================= YOUR NOTES ---------- Hydrolysis of nitriles ====================== YOUR NOTES ----------  YOUR NOTES ---------- Addition polymerisation ======================= #### displayed formulae YOUR NOTES ---------- Deducing repeat units ===================== Worked example: Identifying monomers ==================================== YOUR NOTES ---------- #### Answer 1: YOUR NOTES ---------- #### Answer 2:  YOUR NOTES ---------- YOUR NOTES ---------- YOUR NOTES ---------- YOUR NOTES ---------- Functional groups =================  YOUR NOTES ---------- YOUR NOTES --------------------------------- YOUR NOTES ---------- Types of reactions ================== YOUR NOTES ---------- Oxidising & reducing agents =========================== YOUR NOTES ---------- YOUR NOTES --------------------------------- Tests ===== YOUR NOTES ---------- Worked example: Elucidating organic molecules ============================================= YOUR NOTES ---------- YOUR NOTES ----------  YOUR NOTES ---------- YOUR NOTES ---------- YOUR NOTES ---------- Worked Example: Devising a multi-step synthesis ====================================================================== YOUR NOTES ---------- YOUR NOTES ---------- YOUR NOTES --------------------------------- YOUR NOTES ---------- Worked Example: Two-step synthesis ================================== #### Answer  Worked Example: Synthesis of hexanoic acid ========================================== #### Answer YOUR NOTES ----------