Geologic Time Scale Lesson 3 PDF

Geologic Time Scale Lesson 3 M a r c h 1 1 - 1 2 , 2 0 2 4 MARVIN M. FELICIANO, LPT Manila Central University Background: WHAT IS AND ITS HISTORY? Background: It is estimated that th...

Geologic Time Scale Lesson 3 M a r c h 1 1 - 1 2 , 2 0 2 4 MARVIN M. FELICIANO, LPT Manila Central University Background: WHAT IS AND ITS HISTORY? Background: It is estimated that the Earth formed along with the solar system 4.6 billion years ago. Life on Earth arose around 3.5 billion years ago. Over Earth’s vast history, both gradual and catastrophic processes have produced enormous changes. Background: WHAT IS ? Geological Time Scale  It presents the correct sequence of events in Earth's history  Scientists developed the time scale by studying fossils and layers of rock worldwide.  It spans Earth's entire history and is separated into four principle divisions Geological Time Scale  PALEONTOLOGY - is the study of the history of life on Earth as based on fossils. Fossils are the remains of plants, animals, fungi, bacteria, and single-celled living things that have been replaced by rock material or impressions of organisms preserved in rock. Geological Time Scale  STRATIGRAPHY - scientific discipline concerned with the description of rock successions and their interpretation in terms of a general time scale. It provides a basis for historical geology, and its principles and methods have found application in such fields as petroleum geology and archaeology Geological Time Scale  RADIOACTIVE / RADIOMETRIC DATING - helped determine the absolute divisions in the time scale. It is a technique used to determine the age of materials such as rocks. (video) 1. Highlight the 4 GTS 2. Highlight the organisms  Hadean Paleozoic Archean Proterozoic Mesozoic Phanerozoic Cenozoic  largest segment of geologic time; spans hundreds to thousands of million of years ago  Hadean – the oldest eon and was officially recognized only in 2012 - derived from the word Hades (God of the underworld in Greek mythology), referring to the hellish conditions and violent cosmic collisions that characterized Earth four billion years ago - represents Earth's earliest history, during which the planet was characterized by a partially molten surface, volcanism, and asteroid impacts  largest segment of geologic time; spans hundreds to thousands of million of years ago  Hadean – the Earth was a molten planet - The Earth’s continental and oceanic crust began to solidify  largest segment of geologic time; spans hundreds to thousands of million of years ago  Archean – still not much clear among geologists due to the few fossils or mineral evidence that could support it  largest segment of geologic time; spans hundreds to thousands of million of years ago  Archean – began after the formation of Earth’s crust, atmosphere and seas - “Protocells” evolved into anaerobic cells, and into prokaryotic archaea and bacteria  largest segment of geologic time; spans hundreds to thousands of million of years ago  Proterozoic – accumulation of oxygen in the atmosphere - This made anaerobic unicellular organisms disappear because oxygen is toxic to them  largest segment of geologic time; spans hundreds to thousands of million of years ago  Proterozoic – characterized by the presence of oxygen in the atmosphere due to the emergence of cyanobacteria, allowing other organisms, such as eukaryotes and other multicellular organisms to live  largest segment of geologic time; spans hundreds to thousands of million of years ago  Proterozoic – Dickinsonia costata, an organism that live during the Ediacaran period  largest segment of geologic time; spans hundreds to thousands of million of years ago  Phanerozoic – spans within the past 541 million years up to the present - “visible life” - The time when animals have existed and diversified on Earth after a deep freeze series of global ice ages - is divided into three major spans / eras of time largely on the basis of characteristic assemblages of life-forms: 1. Paleozoic 2. Mesozoic 3. Cenozoic ERAS…  span time periods to tens to hundreds of millions of years  PALEOZOIC ERA (ANCIENT LIFE) – 544 million years ago… lasted 300 million Year - The Cambrian period is the 1st Period of the Paleozoic Era. “Age of the Trilobites” - Explosion of life in the oceans began during this era. - Most of the continents were covered in warm, shallow seas.  span time periods to tens to hundreds of millions of years  PALEOZOIC ERA (ANCIENT LIFE) – Events: 1. Invertebrates were dominate – Trilobites 2. Fish emerged during this time 3. Fish led to the arrival of amphibians  span time periods to tens to hundreds of millions of years  PALEOZOIC ERA (ANCIENT LIFE) – The End of the Paleozoic Era is called the “Age of Amphibians” - Events: 1. Early land plants including mosses, ferns and cone-bearing plants. 2. The early coal forming forests were also formed during this time.  span time periods to tens to hundreds of millions of years 1. PRE-CAMBRIAN 2. CAMBRIAN 3. ORDOVICIAN 4. SILURIAN 5. DENOVIAN 6. CARBONIFEROUS 7. PERMIAN  span time periods to tens to hundreds of millions of years 1. PRE-CAMBRIAN – 88% of Earth’s History - The earliest living organisms were microscopic bacteria, which show up in the fossil record as early as 3.4 billion years ago. - Some three billion years ago the Earth's atmosphere was virtually devoid of oxygen. - It's thought the final stages of Precambrian time were marked by a prolonged global ice age.  span time periods to tens to hundreds of millions of years 2. CAMBRIAN PERIOD – The fist appearance of trilobites, brachiopods, echinoderms and arthropods  span time periods to tens to hundreds of millions of years 3. ORDOVICIAN PERIOD – new classes and orders of organisms have evolved - Marine animals such as epifauna (live on seafloor) and infauna, sea stars, sponges, bryozoans and cyanobacteria have existed  span time periods to tens to hundreds of millions of years 4. SILURIAN PERIOD – evolution of jawed and finned marine vertebrates called “gnathostomes”. - Groups of arthropods have also evolved such as Chelicerates (spider and scorpion) and Mandibulates (millipeds and centipedes). - Vascular plant (small) have also appeared  span time periods to tens to hundreds of millions of years 5. DEVONIAN PERIOD – Shelled invertebrates evolution - Evolution of plants (mosses, liverworts, tracheophytes evolved from marine green alga called Chlrorophyta) is also prominent - From these simple plants, land plants, diversified and ferns, large trees have also evolved  span time periods to tens to hundreds of millions of years 6. CARBONIFEROUS PERIOD – during this period, the first winged insects evolved and diversified into many orders such as dragonflies, orthopteroids and hemipteroids - From the carboniferous period going to early Permian period, ANTHRACOSAURS (either amphibian or reptile appeared)  span time periods to tens to hundreds of millions of years 7. PERMIAN PERIOD – Anthracosaurs gave rise to the first known amniotes called “Captorhinomorphs”  span time periods to tens to hundreds of millions of years  PALEOZOIC ERA (ANCIENT LIFE) – At the end of the Paleozoic, the largest mass extinction in history wiped out approximately 90% of all marine animal species and 70% of land animals. - Possible causes of this Mass Extinction Event: 1.Lowering of sea levels when the continents were rejoined as Pangaea (convergent boundary) 2.Increased volcanic activity (ash and dust) 3.Climate changes – cooler climate  span time periods to tens to hundreds of millions of years  MESOZOIC ERA (MIDDLE LIFE) – At the beginning of this era the continents were joined as Pangaea (supercontinent) - German meteorologist Alfred Wegener first presented the concept of Pangea (meaning “all lands”) along with the first comprehensive theory of continental drift, the idea that Earth's continents slowly move relative to one another, at a conference in 1912 and later in his book The Origin of Continents and Oceans (1915)  span time periods to tens to hundreds of millions of years  MESOZOIC ERA (MIDDLE LIFE)  span time periods to tens to hundreds of millions of years  MESOZOIC ERA (MIDDLE LIFE) – Events: 1. Pangaea broke up around the middle of this era. 2. Reptiles became the most abundant animals because of their ability to adapt to the drier climate of the Mesozoic Era. - Skin maintains body fluids - Embryos live in shells  span time periods to tens to hundreds of millions of years  MESOZOIC ERA (MIDDLE LIFE) – Events: 1. “Age of Reptiles” 2. The main plant life of this time were Gymnosperms or plants that produce seeds, but no flowers (PINE TREES) 3. Flowering plants appeared during the END of this era. 4. This era ended with a mass extinction event about 65 million years ago. Many groups of animals, including the dinosaurs disappeared suddenly at this time 5. Many scientists believe that this event was caused by a comet or asteroid colliding with the Earth.  span time periods to tens to hundreds of millions of years  MESOZOIC ERA (3 PERIODS) 1. Triassic Period 2. Jurassic Period 3. Cretaceous Period  span time periods to tens to hundreds of millions of years  MESOZOIC ERA (3 PERIODS) 1. Triassic Period – marine life again after end-Permian mass extinction - Modern corals, bony fishes evolved - ICHTHYSAURUS, a marine reptile with a dolphin-like appearance evolved  span time periods to tens to hundreds of millions of years  MESOZOIC ERA (3 PERIODS) 2. Jurassic Period – “Age of Dinosaurs” - They dominated the land - Period marked the lush vegetation and abundance of gymnosperms such as cycads, conifers, etc.  span time periods to tens to hundreds of millions of years  MESOZOIC ERA (3 PERIODS) 2. Cretaceous Period – “Angiosperms and Flowering” plants appeared - Later, appearance of most anatomically advanced group of insects, ants and bees  span time periods to tens to hundreds of millions of years  CENOZOIC ERA (MIDDLE LIFE) – Events: 1. Began about 65 million years ago and continues today. – Climate was warm and mild. – Marine animals such as whales and dolphins evolved. 2. Mammals began to increase and evolve adaptations that allowed them to live in many different environments – land, air and the sea. – Grasses increased and provided a food source for grazing animals  span time periods to tens to hundreds of millions of years  CENOZOIC ERA (MIDDLE LIFE) – Events: 3. Many mountain ranges formed during the Cenozoic Era – Alps in Europe and Himalayas in India; Rocky Mountains in the USA 4. Growth of these mountains may have helped to cool down the climate – Ice Ages occurred late in the Cenozoic Era (Quaternary Period).  span time periods to tens to hundreds of millions of years  CENOZOIC ERA (MIDDLE LIFE) – Events: 5. As the climate changed, the animals had to adapt to the rise and fall of the oceans caused by melting glaciers. 6. This era is sometimes called the “Age of Mammals”  span time periods to tens to hundreds of millions of years  CENOZOIC ERA (MIDDLE LIFE) – Events: 7. Marine organism examples: – Algae, Mollusks, Fish and Mammals 8. Land animal examples: – Bats, Cats, Dogs, Cattle and Humans – Humans are thought to have appeared around 3.5 million years ago (during the most recent period – Quaternary). 9. Flowering plants were now the most common plant life. How do organisms form and evolve? Adaptations develop from variations within a population and help organisms to survive in their given environment. Changes in populations accumulate over time; this is called evolution. The fossil record shows us that present day life forms evolved from earlier different life forms.  former official interval of geologic time lasting from approximately 66 million to 2.6 million years ago.  It is the traditional name for the first of two periods in the Cenozoic Era (66 million years ago to the present); the second is the Quaternary Period (2.6 million years ago to the present)  Events: 1. Climate during the beginning was very warm and moist compared to today's climate 2. Much of the Earth was tropical or subtropical 3. Plant trees grew as far North as Grasslands  Tertiary Period : (EPOCH: Paleocene) – First horses appear and tropical plants dominate – The first odd-toed mammals (perissodactyls, such as rhinos and horses) and even-toed mammals (artiodactyls such as camels) were present at the beginning of the epoch.  Tertiary Period : (EPOCH: Eocene) – Grasses spread and whales, rhinos, elephants and other large mammals develop. Sea level rises and limestone deposits form – marks the first appearance in the fossil record of the two completely marine mammal groups, the cetaceans (whales, porpoises, and dolphins) and the sirenians (akin to the modern manatees and dugongs).  Tertiary Period : (EPOCH: Oligocene) – Dogs, cats, and apes appear – Early forms of amphicyonids, canids, camels, tayassuidae (pig), protoceratids (deer), and anthracotheres (hippo) appeared, as did Caprimulgiformes (bird) that possess gaping mouths for catching insects.  Tertiary Period : (EPOCH: Miocene) – Horses, mastadons, camels, and tigers roam free – land-dwelling mammals were essentially modern  Tertiary Period : (EPOCH: Pliocene) – Hominids develop and the Grand Canyon forms – Biogeographically, this epoch is characterized by the dramatic modernization of mammals  Quaternary Period : (EPOCH: Pleistocene) – First appearance of HOMO SAPIENS – Modern humans develop and ice sheets are predominant – includes the last ICE AGE, when glaciers covered huge parts of the globe  Quaternary Period : (EPOCH: Holocene) – the time since the end of the last major glacial epoch, or "ice age." Since then, there have been small-scale climate shifts — notably the "Little Ice Age" – Holocene Humans flourish “AGE OF MAN” End of the Discussion and Topic #3 