Summary

This study guide provides an overview of rocks and minerals, discussing their properties and formation processes. It details the characteristics of different types of rocks, including igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic, and highlights the importance of understanding these processes for a foundation in Earth Science.

Full Transcript

2ND MASTERY STUDY GUIDE IN SCI 1 ROCKS & MINERALS Minerals- a homogenous solid and is naturally occurring substance with a chemical composition, a high ordered atomic structure and has a specific physical property Crystal solid- an example of a mineral; a substance with three-dimensional plane fa...

2ND MASTERY STUDY GUIDE IN SCI 1 ROCKS & MINERALS Minerals- a homogenous solid and is naturally occurring substance with a chemical composition, a high ordered atomic structure and has a specific physical property Crystal solid- an example of a mineral; a substance with three-dimensional plane faces. Properties of a mineral: 1. Color- least reliable property for identifying minerals 2. Streak- color of a mineral in powdered form *2 mineral samples most difficult to distinguish from each other based on their color, luster, and streak: halite and quartz 3. Hardness- resistance to scratching *Mohs Hardness Scale- The minerals are listed from hardest to softest with their hardness scale number as follows: *Gypsum- a mineral that can be scratched by a copper penny *Talc- is a white color mineral and the softest mineral that a fingernail can scratch it. 4. Cleavage/fracture- property of a mineral breaking in a more or less random pattern with no smooth planar surfaces; illustrated by the peeling of muscovite mica into thin, flat sheets. Examples: Galena and halite- minerals with fracture property *Quartz- a transparent gemstone; has a conchoidal fracture, and is relatively brittle. 5. Crystalline structure- geometric shape of mineral crystals 6. Transparency/diaphaneity- the degree to which light is transmitted through a mineral 7. Magnetism- most apparent to iron 8. Tenacity- resistance to breaking Example: Mica- tenacity level is flexible because Mica is a mineral that can be bent without returning to its original form 9. Luster- describes how a mineral's surface reflects light and how the interior of the mineral may refract or bend light. 10. Odor 11. Specific gravity/Density- weight/heaviness of a mineral; determines how heavy the mineral is by comparing its weight to that of water Ex. Silver ore’s specific gravity is 10.49. * best tools to measure the density of a small piece of silver ore: graduated cylinder and balance ROCKS- aggregation of minerals and another rock fragments. a. Igneous- forms from cooling/solidification of molten rocks- lava/magma *lava- beneath the earth’s surface *magma- on the earth’s surface b. Sedimentary- formed from the remains of once-living organisms, such as shells or plant material Example: fossils c. Metamorphic- rocks formed by heat and pressure *METAMORPHISM- process of changing the materials that make up a rock ROCK CYCLE: ENDOGENIC PROCESSES- those that occur or are created under the Earth's surface; processes driven by the earth’s heat and gravity. EXOGENIC PROCESSES- geological phenomena and processes that originate externally to the Earth's surface. *FAULTING- the displacement of rock upward or downward from their original position along such a fracture *SOLIFLUCTION- process of slow downslope flowing of soil mass or fine-grained rock debris saturated or lubricated with water; very slow to extremely slow movement of earth material along a slope *WEATHERING- the physical disintegration and chemical decomposition of Earth materials at the surface of the earth *PHYSICAL WEATHERING- It is the breakdown of rocks by mechanical forces concentrated along rock fractures. *CHEMICAL WEATHERING- process by which rocks break down through chemical reactions. *MUDFLOW- the absence of vegetation and cover and with heavy rainfall, thick layers of weathered materials get saturated with water and either slow or rapidly flow down along definite channels; This happens when combined soil and water flow downslope. *MASS WASTING- a slow downslope movement of loosely consolidated materials of rocks and soil layers. *DEBRIS FLOW- a large amount of sediments, usually rock of various sizes, fall downslope *EROSION- process by which earth’s surface is worn away by wind, water, or ice. *DEPOSITION- the laying down of broken rocks carried by wind, water, or ice. *DENUDATION- means to strip off or uncover *MERCALLI SCALE- scale that represents the intensity of earthquake by analyzing the aftereffects like how many people felt it *RICHTER SCALE- scale that represents the magnitude of the earthquake. *ROCKSLIDE- nothing but the slide of individual rock masses. *SLUMP- It is the movement of earth materials on a downslope terrain due to gravity. *CALDERA- very large composite volcano collapsed after an explosive period/ *SHIELD VOLCANO - A shield volcano forms horizontal sheet of lava or low dome shaped volcano with a broad base; liquid lava emitted from a central vent; large; sometimes has a collapse caldera *EARTHQUAKE- the weak or violent shaking of the earth’s surface caused by the sudden movement of rock materials beneath it. *SEISMOGRAM- apparatus/instrument that measures and records ground shakings. *EPICENTER- the place in the surface of the earth right above the focus of an earthquake. *FOCUS- the place in an earthquake where the energy is released like an explosion. The source of the energy.

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