English 2nd Trimestral Exam Reviewer PDF

English 2nd Trimestral Exam Reviewer By: Moira Dizon _____________________________________________________ Topics: I.​ “We Wear the Mask” by Paul Laurence Dunbar II.​ "The Necklace" by Guy de Maupassant III.​ Argumentative Text: Formu...

English 2nd Trimestral Exam Reviewer By: Moira Dizon _____________________________________________________ Topics: I.​ “We Wear the Mask” by Paul Laurence Dunbar II.​ "The Necklace" by Guy de Maupassant III.​ Argumentative Text: Formulating Claims of Fact, Policy, and Value; and the Fundamentals of Writing an Effective Argumentative Text IV.​ Introduction to Dante Alighieri’s Inferno (The Divine Comedy) V.​ Plot, Setting, and Characterization in Dante Alighieri’s Inferno (Circles 1-2) VI.​ Plot, Setting, and Characterization in Dante Alighieri’s Inferno (Circles 8-9) VII.​ Identifying and Revising Faulty Sentences We Wear The Mask Paul Laurence Dunbar ​ Born on June 27, 1872 ​ Had African parents that were slaves ​ Started writing at a young age, became an editor at Dayton Tattler ​ Most of his writing was about the living conditions of black people ​ Paved the way for other writers ​ Died due to tuberculosis ​ His poems were seen as supreme achievements ​ Wrote “We Wear The Mask” in 1895 Historical Criticism ​ Text’s relation to the historical cultural conditions of it’s later critical interpretation ​ Also known as biographical criticism ​ Understanding the life of author or the authors experience ​ Historical references ​ Contextual Understanding ○​ Historical context ​ Textual analysis ○​ Looking at events, dates, chronological orders ​ Historical Reception ○​ How audience reacts ○​ Analyzing whether the text is relatable or not ​ Comparative Analysis -​ Compare to other works in that time frame We Wear The Mask ​ Persona ○​ Definition: Is the voice/ personality of the literary work ○​ The persona in We Wear the Mask is an African American who hides their true thoughts and feelings behind a “mask”. ​ Who is being addressed? ○​ The target audience is society and those who experience pain by hiding behind a mask. ​ Stanzas: 3 stanzas 1.​ 5 lines 2.​ 4 lines 3.​ 6 lines ​ Syllables ○​ 8 syllables each line ​ Rhyme 1.​ AABBC 2.​ AABC 3.​ AABBAC Rondeau ​ Is a French form of poetry ​ Makes use of the 3 stanza form ​ Uses “Refrain” ○​ First line of the 1st stanza is repeated in the last line of the other stanzas Metrical Pattern ​ Iambic pentameter ○​ First syllable is unstressed, followed by a stressed syllable Personification ​ Giving an object human attributes Apostrophe ​ Directly addresses an absent person or entity ​ Ex: “Where are you now” Consonance ​ First initial of a word that's repeated throughout The Necklace Guy De Maupassant ​ French naturalist writer ​ Known for his short stories ​ Born August 5, 1880 ​ At a young age his parents separated. Laure le Poittevin (mother) took custody of Guy and greatly influenced his love for literature ​ His Works cover realistic depictions of war, prostitution, life, marriage, and infidelities ​ Known as the father of modern short stories ​ Died due to progressive mental impairment on July 6, 1893 Naturalist Criticism ​ Detailed events of reality suggesting that external natural conditions like society and ancestry govern this world. ​ Socio-economic ​ Determinism (social concerns) ​ Physical/natural environment The Necklace ​ Setting: France ​ Characters: ○​ Mathilde Loisel: A beautiful but vain woman who dreams of wealth ○​ Monsieur Loisel: Mathilde’s selfless, devoted, loving husband. ○​ Madam Forsiter: Mathilde’s wealthy friend ​ Exposition:  ○​ Mathilde Loisel, a middle-class woman, is unhappy with her life because she desires luxury and wealth. ○​ She is married to a modest clerk, Monsieur Loisel, who works at the Ministry of Education. ○​ She feels she was meant for a more glamorous life and resents her modest circumstances. ​ Rising Action: 1.​ One day, Monsieur Loisel brings home an invitation to a prestigious ball at the Ministry, expecting Mathilde to be delighted. 2.​ Instead, she is upset because she has nothing elegant to wear. 3.​ Her husband sacrifices his savings (400 francs) to buy her a beautiful dress. 4.​ Still unsatisfied, Mathilde borrows a dazzling diamond necklace from her wealthy friend, Madame Forestier, to complete her look. 5.​ At the ball, Mathilde is the center of attention, enjoying the admiration and luxury she always dreamed of. 6.​ After the ball, she and her husband take a carriage home, as she does not want to be seen in her shabby everyday clothes. ​ Climax: 1.​ Upon reaching home, Mathilde realizes the necklace is missing. 2.​ They search frantically but cannot find it. 3.​ Her husband retraces their steps and even reports the loss to the police, but the necklace is gone. ​ Falling Action: 1.​ Afraid to tell Madame Forestier the truth, they decide to replace the necklace. 2.​ They find an identical one in a jeweler’s shop, costing 36,000 francs. 3.​ Monsieur Loisel takes out loans, depletes his inheritance, and goes into heavy debt to buy the replacement. 4.​ They return the new necklace to Madame Forestier, who does not notice the switch. ​ Resolution: 1.​ The Loisels spend the next ten years living in extreme poverty to repay their debts. 2.​ Mathilde loses her beauty and charm, becoming overworked and aged. 3.​ One day, she encounters Madame Forestier and finally confesses the truth about replacing the lost necklace. 4.​ Madame Forestier is shocked and reveals that the original necklace was fake, worth only 500 francs. 5.​ The story ends with the cruel irony that Mathilde suffered needlessly for a decade over a worthless piece of jewelry. Argumentative Essay Introduction ​ Hook:  ○​ Sentence designed to grab readers attention ○​ Convinces readers to continue reading ○​ Sets the tone ​ Context/Background Information ○​ Provides background on the topic ○​ Helps readers understand where the argument is coming from ​ Counter Argument and Thesis Statement ○​ Serves as the essays central idea, guides the content of the body paragraph Body Paragraph ​ Claim 1: Acts as the main point for each segment/paragraph ​ Claim 2 & 3 have the same purpose - backed up by examples and explanations ​ Counterargument and Refutation ○​ Opposing viewpoint ○​ Refutation: response to counter argument Conclusion ​ Summary of the body paragraphs ​ Restatement of Thesis ○​ Rephrasing thesis statement to remind readers of writers position/stance and leave a strong impression ​ Call to Action ○​ Inspires action, provokes thought, depicts urgency of issue Claim ​ A statement or proposition that is supported by evidence and reason ​ It is the backbone of a text ​ A claim should be… ○​ Debatable ○​ Specific ○​ Supported by evidence ○​ Relevant to the topic Claim of Fact ​ Cause and effect relationship ​ Asserts the truth/evidence, can be tested by examining evidence ​ Basis of assertion: objective evidence, verifiable facts Claim of Value ​ Argues that something is good or bad ​ Judgement, opinions, comparisons ​ Standard of comparison ​ Qualitative terms (better than, greater than) ○​ Unethical  ○​ Immoral Claim of Policy ​ Something should/shouldn’t be done by someone about something ​ Advocates for action ​ Desirability of consequence ​ Conditional language (should) INFERNO - DIVINE COMEDY Divine Comedy ​ Written by Dante Alighieri in the early 14th century ​ Divided into three parts 1.​ Inferno (34 cantos) 2.​ Purgatorio (33 cantos) 3.​ Paradiso (33 cantos) ​ The poem follows Dante's journey through the afterlife, guided by Virgil (Inferno & Purgatorio) and Beatrice (Paradiso). ​ Serves as an allegory of the soul’s journey toward God and explores themes of justice, redemption, and divine order. ​ Was a mockery of the church ​ Why did Dante write the Divine comedy? ○​ Exile and Suffering – wrote The Divine Comedy after being exiled from Florence in 1302, expressing his pain and longing for justice. ○​ Moral and Religious Purpose – He aimed to teach righteousness by showing the consequences of sin and the path to salvation. ○​ Criticism of Corruption – He condemned political and Church corruption, placing real figures in Hell, Purgatory, and Heaven. ○​ Tribute to Beatrice – Beatrice, his ideal of divine love, guides him in Paradiso, symbolizing spiritual enlightenment. ○​ Italian Language – He wrote in vernacular Italian, making literature and religious themes accessible to ordinary people, wanting to advocate his language. Dante Alighieri ​ Born on May/June 1265 ​ Died on September 13/14 1321 ​ Lived in Florence Italy until he was exiled ​ Married at the age of 20 to Gemma Donati ​ Beatrice was his true love ○​ Wrote poems addressed to her and referred to her as “Vita nova” ​ Was in a political related family Inferno ​ The first book in Dante’s trilogy ​ Makes use of contrapasso meaning sin and punishment  ​ Love: depicts God’s divine love ​ Human condition: Humans need for heavenly guidance ​ Dante & Virgil’s expedition to Hell as the start of their journey to salvation Duelphs vs Ghibellines 1.​ Definition: ○​ The Guelphs and Ghibellines were two rival political factions in medieval Italy. ○​ The Guelphs supported the Pope, while the Ghibellines backed the Holy Roman Emperor. 2.​ Dante’s Connection: ○​ Dante was a White Guelph, opposing Papal corruption but still supporting the Church’s role. ○​ He was exiled from Florence when the Black Guelphs (who strongly supported the Pope) took power. 3.​ Influence on Inferno ○​ Dante’s exile fueled his writing, and he placed many political enemies in Hell. ○​ The division reflects the corruption and chaos in Italy, which Dante condemns. 4.​ Representation in Inferno ○​ Some Ghibellines, like Farinata (Circle 6, Heretics), appear as noble but damned figures. ○​ Corrupt Guelphs are also in Hell, showing Dante’s belief in justice beyond political sides. Opening Cantos ​ Canto 1: ○​ Set in a dark forest (symbolizing darkness, loss, and confusion, needing God’s guidance) ○​ Leopard (lust), lion (pride), she-wolf (greed) stand in the way ○​ Dante meets the Roman poet, Virgil who suggests taking the path to hell instead so he can reach Heaven ○​ Symbolizes spiritual journey ○​ Virgil - unable to enter heaven because he belongs to hell for worshiping Roman Gods ​ Canto 2: ○​ Dante’s pity and doubt ​ Canto 3/ Gates of Hell ○​ Has “Through the way into the suffering city” engraved at the entrance ○​ Dante weeps at the sound of cries ○​ Ante-Inferno: Here lay the souls who are neutral, bitten by insects, blood and tears consumed by worms, the souls beg the demon to take them to hell ○​ Dante eventually falls unconscious due to the wind ○​ Symbolizes abandoning hope  ​ Canto 4: ○​ Here are the souls unbaptized, born before Christ ○​ Souls live in longing (therefore they sigh) ○​ Homer, Horace, Virgil, and other poets reside ○​ Mainly poets, mathematicians, scientists reside here ○​ Virgil shows sympathy for those here ○​ Those born before Christ but are in the old testament are brought to Heaven ​ Canto 5 ○​ Minus listens to the confessions of sinners and assigns them to circles ○​ Lust: -​ Punishment/contrapasso: Strong winds that resemble the sinner's strong, uncontrollable feelings -​ Cleopatra, Helen, Paris, and Franchesca reside here -​ Dante faints from pity Circle 8 ​ Structure: ○​ Circle 8 is called Malebolge ("Evil Pouches") ○​ Consists of 10 bolgias (ditches), each punishing different types of fraud. ​ Sin Punished: ○​ Fraudulent souls who deceived others without violating trust (unlike traitors in Circle 9). 1.​ Panderers & Seducers ​ Used excessive false Contrapasso: Forced to march endlessly while praise to manipulate being whipped by demons, symbolizing how they manipulated others for personal gain. people for selfish reasons. ​ Manipulated and exploited Significant People: Jason (Greek hero) – others, often in love or Seduced and abandoned women like Medea. power, for personal gain. Important Event: Dante sees the sinners endlessly moving, unable to rest, just as they forced others into submission. Punisher: Demons with whips force sinners to march endlessly. 2.​ Flatterers Contrapasso: Drowned in human excrement, ​ Flatterers representing the filth of their false praises and lies. ​ Deceived others through insincere praise and Significant People: Alessio Interminei – A excessive flattery to gain  favors or advantage. notorious flatterer from Lucca. Important Event: Dante expresses disgust at how these sinners wallow in their own deception. Punisher: Filth and excrement itself serves as their punishment, drowning them in waste. 3.​ Simoniacs (Corrupt Clergy) Contrapasso: Placed headfirst in burning holes, ​ Corrupt clergy who sold with their feet on fire, symbolizing their corruption of Church positions for personal church positions and gain. sacred things for money. Significant People: Pope Nicholas III – Mistook Dante for Pope Boniface VIII, revealing his own sins. Important Event: Virgil explains the future arrival of more corrupt popes, condemning the Church’s moral decay. Punisher: Fiery torment from demons, who plunge them into rock crevices headfirst. 4.​ Sorcerers & False Prophets ​ Practiced deception Contrapasso: Heads twisted backward, forcing them to walk blindly, as they tried to see the through magic or false future dishonestly. predictions, misleading others. Significant People: Tiresias (Theban prophet) – Used dark magic and was punished for seeking forbidden knowledge. Important Event: Dante feels pity for them at first, but Virgil reminds him that their punishment is just.​ ​ Punisher: Supernatural forces twist their heads backward, forcing them to walk blind. 5.​ Corrupt Politicians (Barrators)/ Grafters Contrapasso: Thrown into boiling tar, symbolizing how they hid their corruption ​ Government officials who beneath the surface. took bribes and abused power for personal gain. Significant People: Various corrupt officials from Florence. Important Event: The Malebranche demons trick Dante and Virgil, almost leading them into  danger. Punisher: Malebranche demons torture them and push them into boiling pitch. 6.​ Hypocrites ​ Pretended to be virtuous Contrapasso: Wear golden, lead-filled robes, symbolizing their outward appearance of virtue while secretly living in sin while hiding inner corruption. or deceit. Significant People: Caiaphas (high priest who condemned Jesus) – Crucified to the ground, trampled by other sinners. Important Event: Dante learns that hypocrites suffer under the weight of their false holiness, unable to escape their deception. Punisher: Lead-lined cloaks weigh them down, symbolizing their false piety. 7.​ Thieves ​ Stole from others, Contrapasso: Attacked by snakes, burned to ash, then painfully reborn, just as they stole violating trust and causing from others and altered reality. disorder in society. Significant People: Vanni Fucci (thief from Pistoia) – Curses God and predicts Florence’s downfall. Important Event: Vanni Fucci's defiance angers Dante, showing the arrogance of sinners even in Hell. Punisher: Serpents and reptiles bite them, causing painful transformations. 8.​ Fraudulent Counselors ​ Gave deceptive advice to Contrapasso: Engulfed in individual flames, symbolizing how their deceitful words misled lead others into ruin while others into destruction. benefiting themselves. Significant People: Ulysses (Odysseus) & Diomedes – Punished for their deception in the Trojan War. Important Event: Ulysses recounts his final journey beyond the known world, showing his insatiable thirst for knowledge and deception. Punisher: Flames consume them, hiding their  deceitful nature. 9.​ Sowers of Discord ​ Spread division, conflict, Contrapasso: Bodies sliced apart, then healed, only to be mutilated again, symbolizing how and betrayal in politics, they tore people apart in life. religion, or families. Significant People: Bertran de Born – Carries his severed head like a lantern, representing his role in dividing father and son. Important Event: Dante is shocked at the extreme gore, reinforcing the gravity of their sins. Punisher: Demonic swordsmen (possibly devils) slice them apart repeatedly. 10.​Falsifiers (Alchemists, Counterfeiters, Liars, Contrapasso: Suffer disease, madness, filth, and deformity, reflecting their moral decay and Impersonators) the corruption they spread. ​ Corrupted truth through false Significant People: Capocchio (alchemist) – science, fake money, deception, Burned for practicing false science. Sinon and fraud. (Greek from the Trojan Horse story) – Suffered for his lies. Types of Falsifiers: ​ Alchemists – Deceived others by pretending to transform base metals into gold. ​ Counterfeiters – Produced fake currency or goods, causing economic harm. ​ Liars – Spread falsehoods to manipulate or deceive people. ​ Impersonators – Took on false identities to deceive others for personal gain. Important Event: Intense suffering and disease-ridden bodies make this one of the most horrific punishments. Punisher: Alchemists, Counterfeiters, Liars, Impersonators) – Diseases and madness serve as their punishment, symbolizing the corruption  they spread. Circle 9 ​ Structure: -​ A frozen lake divided into four regions, each punishing different types of treachery (betrayal of trust). ​ Sin Punished: -​ Treachery against those who trusted them, considered the worst sin because it destroys relationships and communities. ​ Contrapasso: -​ Sinners are frozen in ice, symbolizing their cold-hearted betrayal. The deeper the treachery, the deeper they are trapped. ​ Important Event: -​ Dante and Virgil encounter Giants guarding the entrance, including Nimrod and Antaeus, who lowers them into Cocytus. ​ Satan's Appearance: A three-faced monster with six wings, chewing on Judas, Brutus, and Cassius. 1.​ Caina (Traitors to Family) Named after Cain, who betrayed and murdered his brother Abel in the Bible. Contrapasso: Frozen up to their necks, allowing them to lower their heads in shame. Significant People: Mordred (betrayed King Arthur) – Sits in the ice for betraying his uncle. Important Event: Dante sees sinners weeping in the ice, but their tears freeze before falling. 2.​ Antenora (Traitors to Named after Antenor, a Trojan who, according Country/Political Betrayers) to medieval legends, betrayed Contrapasso: Frozen up to their heads, unable to move, symbolizing their lack of loyalty. Significant People: Count Ugolino – Forever gnaws on the head of Archbishop Ruggieri, who betrayed him and left his family to starve.  Important Event: Ugolino's story is one of the most tragic in Inferno, as he recounts eating his own dead children in starvation. 3.​ Ptolomea (Traitors to Guests & Named after Ptolemy, likely Ptolemy XIII of Friends) Egypt, who betrayed and murdered Pompey the Great. Contrapasso: Souls are frozen while still alive on Earth; demons take their bodies before they die, as their betrayal is so severe. Significant People: Friar Alberigo – Invited guests to dinner and had them murdered. Important Event: Dante learns that some sinners die spiritually before their bodies perish, showing the depth of their sin. 4.​ Judecca (Traitors to Lords & Named after Judas Iscariot, who betrayed Jesus Benefactors) Christ for thirty pieces of silver. Contrapasso: Completely encased in ice, unable to move or speak, symbolizing their absolute isolation. Significant People: Judas Iscariot (betrayed Jesus), Brutus & Cassius (betrayed Julius Caesar) – Suffer in Satan’s mouths. Important Event: Dante and Virgil see Satan, who is enormous, trapped in ice up to his waist, and constantly flapping his wings, which keep Cocytus frozen. Faulty Sentences Goodluck to everyone! Please dm me if I have failed to add anything.