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# Questions and Answers **Part 1: True or False Statements about Scientific Knowledge** 1. **V** Scientific knowledge, following the method of physics, is the only valid method. 2. **V** In our time, the ability to influence and fund research shapes understanding and the legitimacy of knowledge...

# Questions and Answers **Part 1: True or False Statements about Scientific Knowledge** 1. **V** Scientific knowledge, following the method of physics, is the only valid method. 2. **V** In our time, the ability to influence and fund research shapes understanding and the legitimacy of knowledge. 3. **F** Scientific investigations are based on expressions that describe the world directly. 4. **F** Everyday knowledge, like scientific knowledge, requires specialized training. 5. **F** Philosophy is another kind of knowledge, on the same level as science. **Part 2: Professional Responsibility in Economics** A university student learning economics should (5 points) 1. Use their knowledge to benefit society, with an understanding that knowledge is accompanied by obligations and that other knowledge is accompanied by ethical obligations. 2. Use their learning for social good but not be concerned about societal issues. 3. Use knowledge to improve the community in order to live there. 4. All the above choices are correct. 5. None of the above choices are correct. **Part 3: Ethical Conceptions** **(25 points)** 1. **Which of the following best describes the central concern of utilitarianism?** * A. Complying with duty regardless of consequences * B. Achieving the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people * C. Attaining moral perfection * D. Acting in accordance with the law 2. **In Kant's philosophy, which factor determines the morality of an action?** * A. Benefits to the majority * B. Consistency with duty and law * C. Individual autonomy * D. Personal virtue 3. **What is the central goal of Aristotelian ethics?** * A. Maximizing happiness for all * B. Adhering stringently to moral duty * C. Practicing virtuous acts to achieve happiness * D. Avoiding pain 4. **In Kantian ethics, what role do consequences play?** * A. They are the sole criteria for evaluating an action's morality. * B. They are irrelevant because duty is important. * C. They matter, if they do not conflict with intent * D. They complement the intention. 5. **How does utilitarianism differ from Aristotelianism with regard to the concept of happiness?** * A. Utilitarianism sees happiness as pleasure, while Aristotle emphasizes moral development. * B. Utilitarianism is individualistic, Aristotelianism is collective. * C. They differ only in methodology. * D. For utilitarians, happiness is a goal; in Aristotelianism, happiness is secondary.