Integumentary System: Aging and Skin Care

WHAT ARE OBVIOUS PHYSICAL CHANGES THAT COMES WITH AGING?  INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM PROTECTING THE BODY FROM THE THREATS OF THE OUTSIDE ENVIRONMENT INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM  The system which forms the body’s outer covering and primarily functions in protecting the body from the threats of outside en...

WHAT ARE OBVIOUS PHYSICAL CHANGES THAT COMES WITH AGING?  INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM PROTECTING THE BODY FROM THE THREATS OF THE OUTSIDE ENVIRONMENT INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM  The system which forms the body’s outer covering and primarily functions in protecting the body from the threats of outside environment INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM  Structures:  Major Organ: Skin  Accessory Organs:  Hair  Nails Glands  ________ INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM  Functions:  Protection & Covering  Sensation  Thermoregulation  Vitamin D synthesis  Excretion & Osmoregulation SKIN  Largest organ of the body  Forms 10-15% of the body weight  Has 3 main layers  Dermatology vs. Cosmetology SKIN 1. EPIDERMIS 2. DERMIS 3. SUBCUTANEOUS (HYPODERMIS) SKIN: EPIDERMIS  Structure:  Outermost layer  Has five main layers  Are blood vessels absent or present? SKIN: EPIDERMIS  Functions:  External Surface Protection  Waterproofing  Forms the hair and nails  Responsible for natural skin color _______ SKIN: EPIDERMIS  STRATUM CORNEUM  STRATUM LUCIDUM  STRATUM GRANULOSUM  STRATUM SPINOSUM  STRATUM BASALE STRATUM CORNEUM  Uppermost multi-layer of dead, keratinized, cornified squamous cells  15-30 layers  Continuously sheds off Exfoliation (________) STRATUM LUCIDUM  Only found in thick skin (i.e. palm, soles of the foot)  Provides additional thickness to areas which are prone to shock and pressure STRATUM LUCIDUM  Eleiden – clear protein rich in lipids – derived from keratohyalin STRATUM GRANULOSUM  grainy appearance keratinocytes  Has active ___________, which produces keratin.  3-5 layers deep STRATUM GRANULOSUM  Cells generate large amounts of protein:  Keratin – fibrous  Keratohyalin – accumulates as lamellar granules STRATUM SPINOSUM  prickle cell layer  contains irregular, polyhedral cells with cytoplasmic processes, sometimes called “spines”, that extend outward and contact neighboring desmosomes  composed of 8-10 layers of keratinocytes STRATUM SPINOSUM  LANGERHANS CELLS →Dendritic cells →Function as macrophage by engulfing bacteria, foreign particles, and damaged cells in this layer STRATUM BASALE  Lowermost, single layer of columnar cells  Functions:  Mitosis layer  Forms hair and nails melanocytes  Contains ____________ (cells that produce melanin) STRATUM BASALE  MERKEL CELLS → receptors responsible for stimulating sensory nerves → abundant, especially on surfaces of hands & feet  MELANOCYTES → produces MELANIN which gives hair and skin its color → helps protect DNA in the nuclei of living cells of the epidermis from UV radiation  PIGMENT  MELANIN →Eumelanin →Pheomelanin  VITAMIN D  Calcitriol → active chemical form of vitamin D → used by the body for absorption of calcium and phosphorus needed for bone nourishment & repair SKIN 1. EPIDERMIS 2. DERMIS 3. SUBCUTANEOUS (HYPODERMIS) BASEMENT MEMBRANE  Between epidermis and dermis  Dense layer of extracellular matrix  Acts as skin glue – allows cells to attach to underlying connective tissue  Offers structural support SKIN: DERMIS  Second layer of skin  Structures in the dermis:  AREOLAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE  BLOOD VESSELS  SENSORY RECEPTORS  FOLLICLES & GLANDS SKIN: DERMIS  AREOLAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE →Has elastin fibers – provide elasticity to the skin →Found in papillary layer (thin layer that provides nutrients to the skin’s surface) SKIN: DERMIS  BLOOD VESSELS →Veins, arteries & skin capillaries →Provide nourishment to the skin cells →Thermoregulatory functions: →High body temperature: dilate →Low body temperature: constricts SKIN: DERMIS  SENSORY RECEPTORS →Various sensory receptors in the skin: →MECHANORECEPTORS – pressure, touch, stretch & motion →THERMORECEPTORS – heat & cold →PAIN RECEPTORS OR NOCICEPTORS – harmful condition SKIN: DERMIS  FOLLICLES & GLANDS →Hair follicles →Sweat glands →Oil glands or sebaceous glands SKIN: DERMIS  FUNCTIONS:  Elasticity of the skin  Nourishes the epidermis  Receives sensory stimulation  Forms the unchanging fingerprint and __________ __________ footprint for unique identity and for easy grasping without slippage SKIN 1. EPIDERMIS 2. DERMIS 3. SUBCUTANEOUS (HYPODERMIS) SKIN: HYPODERMIS  Lowermost layer  Made of fat and adipose tissue  Between dermis & muscles  Thinnest: eyelids  Thickest: buttocks (females)  Thickest: tummy (males) SKIN: HYPODERMIS  FUNCTIONS: energy reserve  High ______  Insulation  Cushion  Body contour HAIR  Produced by basale cells of skin  Made up of keratin and cuticle  All over the body except in palm & soles  Approximately 100,000 hairs throughout the body HAIR  Main parts:  Hair root – part attached to the arrector pili muscle  Hair shaft – visible part of the hair  HAIR  Functions:  Thermoregulation – additional insulation to the body  Protection – in some animals, it is modified to form other structures  Sensation – when moved is sensed by mechanoreceptors  Non-verbal cues – communicate feelings or intentions  HAIR  Evolutionary importance:  Little amount of body hair in humans → darker skin  Glabrousness – lack or little amount of hair – enables animals to use their small amount of hair as means of mechanosensation NAILS  Thin, hard covering at the tips of fingers and toes  Made of cuticle & keratin NAILS  Main parts:  Nail body or plate – hard visible part that protect tips of fingers & toes  Nail root – hidden within the skin, has matrix of proliferating cells that enable nails to grow NAILS  Functions:  Protection  Grasping  Modified to form defensive structures - claws GLANDS  Structures embedded in the dermis of the skin which secret various substances aiding in some functions of the skin  Types of skin glands:  Sebaceous gland  Sweat gland GLANDS: SEBACEOUS GLAND  SEBACEOUS GLAND  sac-like exocrine gland  opens to the hair and out to the skin surface  secrete oil & sebum → lubricates skin & hair, prevents dryness & contributes to acidity  Meibomian glands – modified sebaceous glands found in the eyelids – secrete oil and lubricate eyelashes  GLANDS: SWEAT GLAND  SWEAT GLAND  Coiled tubule-like exocrine gland opening to the surface of the skin  Secrete sweat – a mixture of water, ions, nitrogenous waste & sometimes proteins  Two types:  Eccrine sweat gland  Apocrine sweat gland GLANDS: SWEAT GLAND  ECCRINE SWEAT GLAND  Almost found everywhere  Secretion composed of water, some NaCl, very small amounts of urea, uric acid, & potassium  Functions in thermoregulation & minor excretion GLANDS: SWEAT GLAND  APOCRINE SWEAT GLAND  Only on some areas – armpit & anogenital area  Active during puberty, emotional stress, & sexual stimulation  Secretion composed of water, proteins & amino acids  Contribute to body odor GLANDS: MODIFIED SWEAT GLAND  CERUMINOUS GLAND  Secrete earwax called cerumen – traps foreign molecules that enter the ear canal  Found in the skin lining the cartilaginous outer part of the external auditory canal GLANDS: MODIFIED SWEAT GLAND  CILIARY GLAND  Moll’s gland  At the eyelid’s margin  Produce tear-like substances which lubricates & protect the eyes GLANDS: MODIFIED SWEAT GLAND  MAMMARY GLAND  In mammals  Secrete milk as nourishment to developing infant  EFFECTS OF AGING TO THE SKIN  Aging – depends on lifestyle, diet, genes, and personal habits  Exposure to the sun, pollution, stress, and obesity hastens the aging of skin EFFECTS OF AGING TO THE SKIN  ROUGHER & DRIER → Due to loss of cuticle on the surface → Sebum production decreases  LOSS OF ELASTICITY → Due to loss of elastin fibers in connective tissues of the dermis  MORE TRANSPARENT → Due to thinning of the epidermis and dermis EFFECTS OF AGING TO THE SKIN  MORE FRAGILE → Due to the continuous death of connective tissues in the dermis → Prone to tearing  MORE EASILY BRUISED → Due to thinning on the walls of skin blood vessels in the dermis  DEVELOP DISCOLORATION → Due to decline in activity melanocytes EFFECTS OF AGING TO THE SKIN  LOSSES FAT → In the hypodermal region, specifically in the cheeks, temples, chin, nose, and eye  DEVELOP BENIGN TUMORS & LESIONS → More susceptible to various skin disorders  GRAYING & THINNING OF HAIR → Hair follicles become less active → Telogen COMMON INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM PROBLEMS WHITEHEADS BLACKHEADS PAPULES PUSTULES DANDRUFF ATHLETE’S FOOT PSORIASIS ECZEMA MOLES vs MELANOMA WARTS SKIN CARE →Regularly cleanse your skin using products which are suitable to your skin nature & needs →Always carefully wash your skin with soaps which do not contain harsh substances →Always use sunscreens, avoid 10-2:00 PM sun exposure →Control hypertension & diabetes SKIN CARE →Avoid smoking →Regularly exercise, including face exercise & body massage →Always have adequate sleep →Take supplements, minerals, vitamins, antioxidants for healthier skin