2510 Exam 2 Chapter Notes PDF

2510- Exam 2 Chapter Notes Chapter 7 Sport for All- not everyone has same experiences due to social class, family background, race, religion, residence, gender Rite of passage contests Ulama- similar to volleyball In native communities sports trained youth for adult experiences- strength, skill...

2510- Exam 2 Chapter Notes Chapter 7 Sport for All- not everyone has same experiences due to social class, family background, race, religion, residence, gender Rite of passage contests Ulama- similar to volleyball In native communities sports trained youth for adult experiences- strength, skill, and prowess of community members North American Europeans didn't play much sport busy building towns and cities Folk games simple with no rules fishing, hunting, snowshoeing, rowing, archery, throwing, running, and rail splitting were activities that could be contested between men, often serving as a source of pride and identity for the family or village in northern cities horse racing, prize fighting, or footraces promoted gambling early 1800s sports start to emerge for upper and middle class-curling, rowing, cycling, snowshoeing, quoits, cricket, track and field, and baseball. Clubs organized sports Montreal Curling Club, established by the Scots in 1807, organized the first curling contests in North America New York Athletic Club (established in 1850) built the first cinder track and sponsored the first national amateur track and field championship in 1876. 1900's sports begin to increase Theodore Roosevelt- created growth in parks and recreation places- developed the Playground Association of America (which eventually became the National Recreation and Park Association---NRPA Amateur Sports Act in 1978 and the creation of national sport governing bodies (e.g., USA Swimming, USA Track and Field). YMCA started organizing sports for youth, Boys Club in 1800s and later created the Boys and Girls Club in 1990 to provide equity in sports 1914- PAL- New York city to provide safe places for kids to play Pop Warner football 1929, Little League 1939, Title IX to provide equal opportunities for girls Emphasis on participation-attract new participants and keeping them involved in the programs as well as the types of programs or sports offered, the time and place of activities, the organization and delivery of programs, cost and pricing considerations, and community presence Benefits of sports participation-positive aspects include physical and other health outcomes, improved family well-being, a sense of community, and increased social capital for families and other groups, family life richer being together, belonging, community-sense of belonging Definition of youth sport, community sport=organized physical activity across the life span that is based in community, school, and private local sport organizations\ What are the differences between community sport and professional sport -professional use paid staff to govern, manage, and deliver the sport offerings. What are the management concerns involving community sport? structure, delivery system, and desired outcomes are varied\ What is the Human Resource Management model (HRM)? can be helpful in providing guidelines, structure, and accountability for community sport organizations\ What are the adult and youth community sport offerings? -- classes, leagues, tournaments for children- competitive leagues, instructional leagues, afterschool programs Chapter 8- **Chapter 8 -- Interscholastic Athletics** **The history of governance of interscholastic athletics, especially NFHS** - 1920 Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Michigan, and Wisconsin met to discuss common concerns arising out of collegiate and nonschool publicity of high school athletic contests - 1921, the Midwest Federation of State High School Athletic Associations (MFSHSA) was created. - to protect the athletic interests of high schools belonging to the various state associations and to promote pure amateur sport - 1923, the name was changed to the National Federation of State High School Athletic Associations. **What are the value of interscholastic athletic programs?** - This national governing body provides leadership for the administration of education-based interscholastic sport and nonsport activities. - Its primary aim is to support academic achievement, good citizenship, and equitable opportunities for boys and girls in high schools (as well as middle schools) by enhancing interaction among its member state associations. The national organization is also dedicated to developing and maintaining the playing rules for U.S. athletic contests at the high school level. **What are the considerations for structuring athletic departments?** - employees are teachers, coaches, officials, and administrators; examples of constituents are parents, students, and athletes. The size of the school district is a significant consideration when structuring an athletic department **\ What are the difference between centralized and decentralized organizational structures within high school athletic department?** - Centralized structures tend to have vertical reporting relationships; these relationships are often characterized as a chain of command. - centralized structure, the AD typically hires all the district's coaches - decentralized- An operational model whereby respective units of an organization are given autonomy to control and carry out decisions, but each unit is expected to operate within the organization's guiding principles. **\ Understanding the responsibilities of different positions within interscholastic athletics l What are the issues facing interscholastic athletics?** - **Positions Within Professional Associations** -  Executive director. This person serves as the chief executive officer (CEO) for an association. The CEO is accountable for the daily operations of the organization. This person supervises the staff, carries out the agenda of the organization's membership and officers, and oversees the organization's legal affairs and legislative interests. - Chief financial officer (CFO). The CFO is accountable for all financial transactions of the organization affiliated with interscholastic athletics. The financial transactions include business operations, payroll, and accounts payable. Besides overseeing the various transactions required, the CFO prepares all financial reports and the annual operating budget. -  Director of media relations and marketing. The person who holds this position serves as the public liaison for the interscholastic athletic organization. Besides maintaining a website, this person oversees sponsorships and other revenue-generating ventures such as broadcasting rights, licensing, and merchandising. -  Director of membership services. Professionals in this position maintain the interscholastic athletics membership database. Furthermore, they manage services and benefits for the membership as well as lead the interscholastic athletic association's membership recruitment efforts. **Issues Facing Interscholastic Athletics** - Concussions - Experienced and certified athletic administrators - Budget constraints - Coach turnover - Participation - Fair play- competition is a game - Parents - Media- streaming games The first intercollegiate athletic competition can be traced back to August 3, 1852, when Harvard and Yale matched their crew teams on the waters of Lake Winnipesaukee in New Hampshire. Interscholastic Football Association in 1888 1904, Georgia became the first state to establish a high school athletic association. **Chapter 9 -- Intercollegiate Athletics** **Develop a basic understanding of the NCAA, such as divisions, significance, organizational structure.** - largest and most influential college sport - 3 divisions Divisions I, II, and III - 1952 through 1984, the NCAA's financial model was built on money from membership dues, ticket and marketing revenue from sponsored championships, and broadcast rights for college football - NCAA has oversight of 90 championships in 24 sports across all three divisions, including the FCS football championship - board of governors (BOG) responsible for developing policy positions, resolving litigation, and approving the association's budget. Each of the divisions has a two-tiered governance structure that falls under the BOG. **Having basic understanding about other national governing bodies and their inter- connection, such as NAIA, NCCAA, AIHEC, NJCAA, CCCAA, NWAC** - National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA), established in 1940, is open to four-year and upper-level two-year colleges and universities in the United States and Canada - National Christian College Athletic Association (NCCAA), "an association of Christ-centered collegiate institutions whose mission is to use athletic competition as an integral component of education, evangelism, and encouragement" - (AIHEC) Athletic Commission, the National Junior College Athletic Association (NJCAA), the California Community College Athletic Association (CCCAA), and the Northwest Athletic Conference (NWAC). **What is the basic function of athletic conferences?** - basic function of a conference is to establish rules and regulations that support and sustain a level playing field for member institutions while creating in-season and postseason competitive opportunities. **What is EADA?** - Equity in Athletics Disclosure Act (EADA)---A U.S. federal law passed in 1994 that requires U.S. colleges and universities that receive federal funding to publicly report information about the spending patterns of athletic departments in terms of men's and women's programs. - To determine whether spending on men's and women's intercollegiate athletic programs is equitable, the EADA requires institutions receiving federal financial assistance to submit a report documenting expenditures for each fiscal year. **\ What are the challenges in college sports revenue?** - coaching salaries, facility construction, and tuition increases appear to be the major items affecting collegiate budgets. **\ Identify key roles in intercollegiate athletic administrators. (p.205) l Identify first-line managers in athletic departments. (p.206)** - First-line managers are responsible for specific work groups in the athletic department. These managers typically report to a senior associate, deputy, associate, or assistant - Positions include academic coordinator, business and finance manager, compliance officer, development and public relations director, event and facility manager, marketing and promotion director, sports information director, ticket manager, senior woman administrator, and equipment manager. Brief descriptions of these jobs follow. **Identify critical areas of intercollegiate athletic administrators.** - Academics- first priority - Ethics, exploitation of athletes **Chapter 10 -- Professional Sport** **Definition of professional sport**- Professional sport is any sport activity or skill for which the athletes receive compensation for performance **What are the three principles that form the professional sport industry?** - labor---A collective group of athletes in team sports who unionize in order to bargain collectively with the league owners (management); labor is typically represented by a union head in negotiations with management - management---The owners, managers, and coaches in professional sports. - governance---The league structure that exists to oversee the competitive and business elements of the sport. **How are the three principles interact with each others?** Management works for the laborers to govern the best for the league by dealing with contracts, rules and regulations **What are the four aspects of professional sport?** - **interdependence, -** **teams to compete and work in partnership simultaneously** - **structure and governance- structure and system of governance, called the league office, which usually involves the following components:** - - League commissioner - Board of governors or committee structure composed of the team owners - Central administrative unit that negotiates contracts and agreements on behalf of the league and assumes responsibility for scheduling, licensing, record keeping, financial management, discipline and fines, revenue-sharing payments, marketing and promotional activities, developing and managing special events, and other functions such as coordinating publicity and advertising on behalf of the teams as a whole - **labor--management relations** - baseball's antitrust exemption, collective bargaining, free agency, salary caps, and player draft - **Sole of electronic and new media.** **What is 'League think'?** league think---Pioneered and most effectively implemented by the NFL, the notion that teams must recognize the importance of their competition and share revenues to ensure that their competitors remain strong. **What are the components of structure and system of governance in professional sport?** **Identify the collective bargaining, free agency, salary caps, revenue sharing, player draft.** **What is the Sherman Antitrust Act?** This antitrust legislation was created to prohibit companies from dominating their respective markets in interstate commercial activity, thus creating a monopoly in which consumers have only one product choice rather than several. **Understand the importance of the television for professional sport teams.** - TV has helped advance professional sport beyond competition and athleticism into the realm of entertainment. - Leagues associated with professional sport need TV for three reasons. First, as already discussed, the leagues and member teams receive significant revenue outlays from network, satellite, and cable TV agreements. Second, TV enhances the enjoyment associated with watching professional sport events. Third, TV helps increase the amount that teams and leagues can charge for corporate and individual sponsorships because of the increased exposure that it provides. **Describe the major revenue sources for professional sport teams.** - Monday Night Football (MNF), which is on ESPN through 2021, was a pioneering effort to package professional sport as entertainment. The eight-year contract was valued at US\$15.2 billion. - **What are the future challenges facing professional sport?** - **Maintaining labor--management relations.-strikes over issues** - **Managing new technology-competition with viewing choices** - **Dealing with globalization-sports across the world with streaming** - **executive, Chief executive or operating officer (CEO/COO) General manager:** - **player personnel- Player personnel, coaching staff** - **business positions- ticket sales, game experience, advertising** **Chapter 11** **Definition of sport management and marketing agencies** - a business that acts on behalf of an entity involved in the sport industry.. **\ ldentify and illustrate the functions of sport management and marketing agencies.** - Strategic planning and management- consulting about sponsorships - Sponsorship and licensing- sell rights, assets, or other inventory for commercial benefit. - Event creation- - Contract negotiation - Marketing - Financial planning **Distinguish different types of agencies** - **full service**- strategic planning, sponsorship solicitation, event creation, contract negotiation, marketing activation, and research and measurement for multiple clients - client representation- - event and venue management - global brand partnerships - media and digital content - **general agencies-** fall between the expansive scope of work performed by full-service agencies and the narrow scope of work undertaken by specialty agencies. - **a specialty** agency is one that specializes in a specific type of service or caters to a specific stakeholder clientele. - **In house groups-** consist of departments of existing companies that perform many agency-like sport marketing functions on behalf of the products or divisions of the parent company. **Identify the three required skills in sport management and marketing agencies.** - **varied backgrounds who can complement their current employee base or align with particular client needs** - **some sport marketing experience; however, agencies are more focused on a candidate's potential** - **Aptitude in communication, problem solving, and sales experience are prioritized, even if the experience is not directly related to sport.** - **business degree with a marketing background is preferable.\ ** **What are the challenges facing agencies?** - **Uncertainty in client base** - **Conflicts of interest** - **In house versus outside sourcing** - **Mergers** - **Labor rest- lockouts/strikes** - **Economic challenges**