Decolonization Of Middle East & Maghreb PDF

DECOLONIZATION OF MIDDLE MIGUEL BENEDICTO EAST AND MAHGREB JULIETA ESPIN  CAUSES OF DECOLONIZATION A- The B - A favorable C - The strength weakness of the international of nationalist metropolis. context. movements.  A) The weaknes...

DECOLONIZATION OF MIDDLE MIGUEL BENEDICTO EAST AND MAHGREB JULIETA ESPIN  CAUSES OF DECOLONIZATION A- The B - A favorable C - The strength weakness of the international of nationalist metropolis. context. movements.  A) The weakness of the metropolis. After World War II, in the interwar period they had been gestated some of the factors that lead to decolonization. The Soviet Revolution had instilled hope that through revolutionary means, people CAUSES OF could get the colonial liberation. DECOLONIZATION In addition, at that time originated among indigenous elites educated in Europe the first groups of nationalist betting by claiming some rights for populations, ie for independence, a nationalist character and constitution of new nations, in a new international system.  CAUSES OF DECOLONIZATION However, it was World War II that created the conditions for national liberation movements from obtaining their goals. CAUSES OF DECOLONIZATION Also from the metropolis critical voices rose against the colonial model. The resulting economic returns did not outweigh the high costs of administration and defense. Awareness of the economic and human cost to keep the colonies was burdensome, on a balance of costs and benefits.  B) A favorable international context for decolonization process. CAUSES OF One of the consequences of World War II DECOLONIZATION was a new international equilibrium in which the old colonial powers passed into the background before the birth of two new superpowers, USA and the USSR. CAUSES OF DECOLONIZATION In the context of the Cold War, the two powers showed their anti-colonialist position and support the process of decolonization. “Liberated Africa is throwing off its chains.” Both powers did not set a predominant position in the old colonial scheme; They were much more interested in promoting decolonization and expand in new countries its ideological influence and economy. CAUSES OF DECOLONIZATION In 1945, the Charter of the United Nations proclaimed the equality of all peoples and the recognition of the right of self-determination. The United Nations quickly became an international forum for the independence of colonized peoples, finding an appropriate forum. CAUSES OF DECOLONIZATION C) The strength of nationalist movements. Three types of movements: - Groups led by communist parties: Indochina and Indonesia. - Movements strictly nationalist ideology. -Some cases of religious identity that became one of the basic components of their nationalism DECOLONIZATION IN THE MIDDLE EAST Egypt was the first country that achieved independence following the violent conflicts that originate from 1918 and London prefers to grant independence unilaterally in 1922, although the British enormous privileges are reserved for communications or defense. Although Egypt was admitted in 1937 in the League of Nations, will not be truly independent until Nasser, he managed the old metropolis evacuation of the Suez Canal Zone, before nationalizing it, in 1956. DECOLONIZATION IN THE MIDDLE EAST After WWII. they consolidated and increased the independence, representing the wishes of the respective national Arab oligarchies, allied with Western economic interests and combine with the expression of a conservative nationalism ally of the West. In 1945 Iraq is already independent (officially since 1932) after a strong independence agitation against British mandate. Syria and Lebanon in 1946 got their independence with the end of French mandate. French forces left these territories on 31 December 1946. The UK lost Palestine, with the creation of the State of Israel (1948). In 1949 Transjordan (1946) became Jordan, after annexing East Jerusalem and the West Bank  DECOLONIZATION IN THE MIDDLE EAST In the Arabian Peninsula, British influence was strong since the 19th Century through treaties with the local shekhdoms to protect local leaders in return, for example, of not entering into any relations with any other power without the prior consent of the British Government. The British intervened to suppress piracy and to prevent the establishment of Egyptian, Persian, German, or Russian spheres of influence in its route to India. The first two countries that became officially independent were Saudi Arabia (1932) and North Yemen (1918), with British control over the south until 1967 (South Yemen). Oman will be independent in 1951, but Britain kept great influence over it until 1970. In 1968 Britain announced plans to withdraw from the the Persian Gullf by late 1971. Trucial Oman (current UAE) and the sheikhdoms of Qatar and Bahrain initiated plans to form a confederation. After three years of negotiations, however, Qatar and Bahrain decided to become independent sovereign states in 1971. DECOLONIZATION IN MAGHREB The decolonization of the Maghreb follows a parallel process to the Middle East. Arab North African territories had been separated early from Ottoman empire, which at the beginning of the twentieth century, kept virtually nothing in the area. The European presence began in Algeria in 1830, followed by Tunisia in 1881 and in 1912 in Morocco under the joint protectorate by Spain and France. Earlier this year, Libya would be invaded and colonized by Italy (1911-1922). North Africa, including Egypt, will be an important theater of operations during WWII, after which will be producing the independence, with Libya the first country in 1951, followed by Morocco and Tunisia in 1956, after Mauritania in 1958 and Algeria ending in 1962. DECOLONIZATION IN MAGHREB Morocco and Tunisia were two protectorates, essentially under French control. In both countries there were nationalist movements (the Istiqlal, Morocco and the neo Destour in Tunisia) who opposed the French domination and organized armed groups. Spain was also involved in the process of African decolonization. It had four colonial territories in Africa: Ifni, Western Sahara, Equatorial Guinea and Northern Morocco (Rif). In 1956, Spain accepted that the Rif would join the new kingdom of Morocco and, in 1969, gave Ifni up. The Western Sahara continued linked to Spain until 1975, when it was ceded by the agreements of Madrid to Morocco and Mauritania, the last one resigned shortly after its domain. This was opposed by the Polisario Front proclaimed the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic and began a war with Morocco for independence of their territory. Today the conflict is still open, one of the last territories to be decolonized, according to the UN.  DECOLONIZATION IN MAGHREB MOROCCO In the 1940s and until independence, the situation of confrontation between the political forces was exacerbating: - On the one hand the Moroccan nationalism, increasingly active. - For another, French repressive action. - Between them, the sultan Mohammed V would support increasingly nationalist forces. In 1953 the future Mohamed V is replaced by France for another puppet sultan and exiled to Corsica and Madagascar. The struggle against France intensified and Mohamed V became a symbol freedom of the country. DECOLONIZATION IN MAGHREB MOROCCO Internationally two events that had a decisive influence on French colonial policy occur: A- the French defeat at Dien Bien Phu in May 1954, with the abandonment of Indochina; B- holding the Bandung Conference (April 1955), which made serious allegations against France. In 1953, the French government negotiates with Moroccan nationalists and the deposed sultan and, three years later, in 1956, Morocco's independence is proclaimed. Monarchical regime that attempts to modernize and reform the country, albeit with a questionable political system and human rights abuses. The country has had three monarchs: Mohamed V (1956-1961); Hassan II (1961- 1999) has combined its mandate with greater or lesser stages of authoritarianism; Mohamed VI, from 1999 to the present. DECOLONIZATION IN MAGHREB LIBYA At the end of WWII, the Allies could not agree on the future of the former Italian colony. Misgivings between the West and the USSR led the UN to give independence to the country, leaving it in the hands of King Idris. Idris led the fight against Italian colonization in Cyrenaica. After World War II, he proclaimed the independence of Cyrenaica. Tripolitania and Fezzan joined it in December 1950 to constitute the independent federal monarchy of the Kingdom of Libya, of which Idris was crowned king (1951).  DECOLONIZATION IN MAGHREB LIBYA Idris modernized the country by taking a pro-Western turn. Colonel Gaddafi seized power in 1969 through a coup d'état. He implemented a regime of government that he called "socialist" known as YAMAHIRIYA ("State of the masses"). It evolved into a personal and repressive regime. In 1959, oil was discovered. Gaddafi nationalized oil, limited production and created the National Oil Company (NOC), which began joint exploitation tasks with minority participation of foreign companies. Libya's economy is based on oil, which constitutes almost all of its exports (95%). DECOLONIZATION IN MAGHREB TUNISIA Tunisia became a protectorate of France by treaty (1881) rather than by outright conquest, as was the case in Algeria. Officially, the bey remained an absolute monarch. Nevertheless, supreme authority was passed to the French resident general. In 1934, the Neo-Destur party and its leader Habib Burguiba start gaining power and influence, even Burguiba spend years in exile and imprisoned. The French granted full independence to Tunisia in 1956, and Bourguiba was chosen prime minister. The rule of the beys was subsequently abolished, and on July 25, 1957, a republic was declared, with Bourguiba as its president. DECOLONIZATION IN MAGHREB TUNISIA Since independence several periods are observed: - Between 1956-1957, there is a short monarchical regime under the sovereignty of the bey. - Since July 1957, Bourguiba's leadership and the socialist Neo Destur party, being 31 years that their leader is in power. - On March 7, 1987, General Zine El Abidine Ben Ali, a former interior minister, dismisses Bourguiba and proclaims himself president until January 2011, with the revolts leading to the Arab Spring. DECOLONIZATION IN MAGHREB ALGERIA Algeria was administered directly by France and was an important agricultural area populated by a number of French. The country has experienced the longest and toughest process of decolonization of the area, taking decolonization two ways: A-struggle for independence; B- the establishment of socialist and Islamic bases in the socio-political structure of the country. The decolonization process is done through a radical confrontation between the Algerian nationalist forces, who display an intense open terrorist guerrilla action and war and the strength of metropolitan France and French settlers and government who used violence and harsh repression.  DECOLONIZATION IN MAGHREB ALGERIA Between 1954-1962 was the phase of war in Algeria, led by the National Liberation Front (FLN) launches a declaration of independence, which has the character of revolutionary struggle and causes a real civil war between Algerians and French settlers and administration. This group of nationalists, led by Ben Bella, initiated an insurrection in November 1954. France sent a strong contingent of troops to Algeria. But the war was very expensive, world public opinion turned against him and many French intellectuals publicly criticized the repressive methods employed. General de Gaulle recognize the right to self-determination of the Algerian people (1959). However this does not ended the deep crisis in the French Republic. A year later, in September 1959, De Gaulle offered for the first time to self-determination Algeria. DECOLONIZATION IN MAGHREB ALGERIA. In May 1961, Evian Talks begin between the French government and the Algerians in exile. This Evian conference, lasted for a year, and in May 1962, the Evian Accords, recognized the independence of Argelia. Ben Bella, was elected unopposed and with an immense majority to the presidency of the Algerian republic in 1963. He created a state out of nothing and set aside one-quarter of the budget for national education. Above all, he introduced major agrarian reforms, including the nationalization—but not the direct state control—of the former colonists’ huge farms. In 1965, Ben Bella was deposed in a coup led by Col. Boumedienne, who installed himself as president until his dead in 1978. He imposed state control on the oil industry, risked war with Morocco in 1975 by trying to gain territorial access to the Atlantic across the Spanish Sahara and maintained close but independent relations with the Soviet block. In fact, Boumedienne became a leading figure in the nonaligned movement. DECOLONIZATION IN MAGHREB A war without a name: France's controversial colonial past in Algeria FRANCE 24 English: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0ASfLoWkjA8 Veterans: The French in Algeria | Featured Documentary https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NOPfoaTaINU I recommend this film: The Battle of Algiers Director Gillo Pontecorvo https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zpn4Htfrv88&t=3597s Language: French (subtitled in English/Spanish) DECOLONIZATION IN MENA The ideal of Arab unity materializes, albeit limited and with British protection in the constitution of the League of Arab States born in Cairo in 1945, which brings together 22 states, but their actions are ineffective, not translated into effective political action despite of the statements of unit. Since 1952 a fundamental change in the Arab world such as the Egyptian revolution that transformed this country into a republic in 1953 and Nasser president (1954), which encourages a movement of popular anti- Western nationalism by all Arab countries which is of great influence. Since then, this regional space was divided into pro western countries with conservative regimes and populist and socialists movements, who claim give the area its authentic historical identity and independence. MIDDLE EAST & MAGHREB DECOLONIZATION OF MIDDLE END OF PRESENTATION EAST AND MAHGREB