Unit 2: Quality Control and Quality Assurance PDF

Unit 2: Quality Control and Quality Assurance  Unit 2: Quality Control and Quality Assurance The evolution of quality concepts, quality control and quality assurance during a product's life cycle, benefits and costs of quality assurance, Costs of quality failure, quality systems, quality manual, q...

Unit 2: Quality Control and Quality Assurance  Unit 2: Quality Control and Quality Assurance The evolution of quality concepts, quality control and quality assurance during a product's life cycle, benefits and costs of quality assurance, Costs of quality failure, quality systems, quality manual, quality organizational structure, statistical quality control tools, quality-control charts, sampling methods, investigating the causes of non-conformity, six-sigma approach to quality management, comparison between ISO 9000, and six-sigma Department of AI and DS, VIIT, Pune-48 2  Quality Control (QC) Quality Control (QC) refers to the processes and techniques used to ensure that products and services meet specified quality standards and requirements. It involves the operational activities and techniques used to inspect, test, and ensure the quality of products. When writing a research paper, the process involves selecting a topic, researching(literature review), drafting, revising, and finalizing the paper. Within this process, various techniques such as note-taking, paraphrasing, citation, thesis statement crafting, and editing are employed to handle specific tasks effectively. Understanding and applying both the process and techniques ensure the successful completion of a well-written research paper. Department of AI and DS, VIIT, Pune-48 3  Key Features: - Inspection and Testing: Regular examination of products or services to identify defects or deviations from quality standards. - Corrective Actions: Implementing measures to address any identified defects or non-conformities. - Statistical Process Control (SPC): Using statistical methods to monitor and control processes to ensure consistent quality. - Tools: Common tools include control charts, histograms, Pareto charts, and scatter diagrams. Department of AI and DS, VIIT, Pune-48 4 Key Features: Department of AI and DS, VIIT, Pune-48 5  Objectives Objectives: - To identify defects and non-conformities. - To ensure products meet the quality standards before they reach the customer. - To maintain consistency in product quality. Department of AI and DS, VIIT, Pune-48 6  Quality Assurance (QA) Quality Assurance (QA) refers to the systematic activities implemented within a quality system to provide confidence that a product or service will fulfill quality requirements. It is a proactive process aimed at preventing defects and ensuring quality throughout the production or service delivery process. Department of AI and DS, VIIT, Pune-48 7  Key Features - Process-Oriented: Focuses on improving and standardizing processes to prevent defects. - Documentation and Standards: Establishing and maintaining quality standards, procedures, and documentation. - Training and Development: Ensuring that employees are trained and understand quality standards and processes. - Audits and Reviews: Conducting regular audits and reviews to ensure compliance with quality standards. Department of AI and DS, VIIT, Pune-48 8  Objectives: - To prevent defects and non-conformities. - To improve processes and systems for consistent quality. - To ensure customer satisfaction by meeting or exceeding quality expectations. Department of AI and DS, VIIT, Pune-48 9 Comparison - Focus: QC is product-oriented, focusing on detecting defects in finished products, while QA is process-oriented, focusing on improving processes to prevent defects. - Timing: QC is typically a reactive process, identifying defects after they occur, whereas QA is proactive, aiming to prevent defects before they occur. - Methods: QC involves inspection, testing, and corrective actions, while QA involves process improvement, documentation, training, and audits. - Goal: Both aim to ensure quality, but QC ensures products meet quality standards before reaching the customer, and QA ensures the processes produce consistent quality. Department of AI and DS, VIIT, Pune-48 10  Quality Assurance (QA) w.r.t. software Quality Assurance (QA) prevents software defects or minimizes the number of defects in software before delivery by making sure that proper methods and processes are followed during the software development process. Whereas Quality Control (QC) identifies and fixes the defects or errors that exist after development. Department of AI and DS, VIIT, Pune-48 11 Quality Assurance (QA) comes first because Quality Assurance (QA) prevent software defects during development time while Quality Control (QC) identifies and fixes the defects or errors that exist after development. Department of AI and DS, VIIT, Pune-48 12  What is Quality Assurance (QA)? Quality assurance is a method of making the software application with fewer defects and mistakes when it is finally released to the end users. Quality Assurance is defined as an activity that ensures the approaches, techniques, methods, and processes designed for the projects are implemented correctly. It recognizes defects in the process. Quality Assurance is completed before Quality Control. Department of AI and DS, VIIT, Pune-48 13  What is Quality Assurance (QA)? It focuses on preventing defects. It is a proactive process and is preventive in nature. It helps to recognize flaws in the process. These activities monitor and verify that the processes used to manage and create deliverables have been followed. Department of AI and DS, VIIT, Pune-48 14  What is Quality Control? Quality Control is a software engineering process that is used to ensure that the approaches, techniques, methods, and processes designed for the project are followed correctly. Quality control activities operate and verify that the application meet the defined quality standards. Department of AI and DS, VIIT, Pune-48 15  What is Quality Control? It focuses on an examination of the quality of the end products and the final outcome rather than focusing on the processes used to create a product. It is a reactive process and is detection in nature. These activities monitor and verify that the project deliverables meet the defined quality standards. Department of AI and DS, VIIT, Pune-48 16 Department of AI and DS, VIIT, Pune-48 17 Difference between Quality Assurance (QA) and Quality Control (QC) Aim: The aim of quality assurance is to prevent defects. The aim of quality control is to identify and improve the defects. Order of execution: Quality Assurance is performed before Quality Control. Quality Control is performed after the Quality Assurance activity is done. Department of AI and DS, VIIT, Pune-48 18 Difference between Quality Assurance (QA) and Quality Control (QC) Technique type QA is a preventive technique. QC is a corrective technique. Activity level QA is a low-level activity that identifies an error and mistakes that QC cannot. QC is a high-level activity that identifies an error that QA cannot. Department of AI and DS, VIIT, Pune-48 19  Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC) SDLC is a structured process used for developing software products, ensuring quality and efficiency throughout the development phases. 1. Requirement Analysis: Collect and document business requirements. Example: Gathering user needs for a new banking app. 2. Design: Create software architecture and design specifications. Example: Designing the user interface and database schema. 3. Development: Write and compile the software code. Example: Coding the login functionality and backend services. Department of AI and DS, VIIT, Pune-48 20  Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC) 4. Testing: Perform various tests to identify and fix defects. Example: Conducting unit tests and system tests for the banking app. 5. Deployment: Release the software to the production environment. Example: Deploying the app to app stores and making it available to users. 6. Maintenance: Provide ongoing support and updates. Example: Releasing security patches and new features based on user feedback. Key Points: Each phase has specific deliverables and review processes. Ensures systematic and efficient software development. Facilitates better project management and control. Department of AI and DS, VIIT, Pune-48 21  Quality Assurance in Software Development Life Cycle Definition of Quality Assurance (QA): QA involves systematic activities to ensure that software processes and products adhere to defined standards and requirements. Importance of QA: Enhances software quality. Reduces defects and errors. Ensures customer satisfaction. Example: A software company uses QA practices to ensure their banking application meets security standards, reducing the risk of data breaches. Department of AI and DS, VIIT, Pune-48 22 QA in Requirements Analysis Phase Requirement Reviews: Conduct thorough reviews to identify ambiguities and inconsistencies. Traceability Matrix: Develop a traceability matrix to map requirements to design, code, and test cases. Stakeholder Validation: Verify requirements with stakeholders to ensure alignment with business needs. Example: For an e-commerce platform, QA involves reviewing requirements to ensure features like payment gateways, user authentication, and product search are clearly defined and feasible. Department of AI and DS, VIIT, Pune-48 23  QA in Design and Development Phase Objectives :Ensure design meets requirements and is feasible for implementation. QA Activities:Design Reviews: Conduct detailed reviews of software architecture and design documents. Prototyping: Create prototypes to validate design concepts and usability. Coding Standards: Implement coding standards and guidelines to ensure code quality and consistency. Code Reviews: Perform peer reviews and static code analysis to detect defects early. Example: In developing a mobile app for booking travel tickets, QA includes reviewing the app’s architecture to ensure scalability and conducting code reviews to maintain coding standards. Department of AI and DS, VIIT, Pune-48 24 QA in Testing Phase Objectives:Identify and fix defects before software release. QA Activities:Test Planning: Develop comprehensive test plans and test cases based on requirements. Unit Testing: Conduct unit tests to verify individual components. Integration Testing: Perform integration tests to ensure that combined components work together. System Testing: Execute system tests to validate the complete and integrated software. User Acceptance Testing (UAT): Involve end-users in testing to validate the software against business requirements. Example: For a customer relationship management (CRM) system, QA includes developing test cases for contact management, sales tracking, and reporting features, and performing UAT with sales representatives to ensure the system meets their needs. 25 Department of AI and DS, VIIT, Pune-48  QA in Deployment and Maintenance Phase Deployment Reviews: Review deployment plans and processes to ensure smooth transition to production. Post-Deployment Testing: Conduct smoke and sanity testing post-deployment to ensure the software functions correctly in the production environment. Continuous Monitoring: Monitor software performance and user feedback to identify and address issues promptly. Regular Maintenance: Implement regular updates and maintenance to keep the software secure and efficient. Feedback Loop: Collect and analyze user feedback to inform future improvements and enhancements. Department of AI and DS, VIIT, Pune-48 26  QA in Deployment and Maintenance Phase Example: For a healthcare management system, QA involves reviewing the deployment plan to minimize downtime, conducting post-deployment testing to ensure system stability, and regularly updating the software based on user feedback and new regulations. Department of AI and DS, VIIT, Pune-48 27  Benefits and Costs of Quality Assurance (QA) Improved Product Quality: Fewer bugs and higher reliability of software. Customer Satisfaction: Users have a better experience with fewer issues. Reduced Costs: Early detection and prevention of defects reduce the costs associated with rework, scrap, and warranty claims. Fewer post-release fixes and lower maintenance costs. Risk Management Department of AI and DS, VIIT, Pune-48 28  Costs of Quality Assurance Implementation Costs: Setting up QA systems and processes can be expensive, including the cost of equipment, software, and infrastructure. Setting up QA processes and tools. Training Costs: Training employees on QA practices and standards requires time and financial investment. Inspection and Testing Costs: Regular inspections and tests to ensure quality compliance incur costs related to labor, materials, and equipment. Department of AI and DS, VIIT, Pune-48 29  Costs of Quality Assurance Documentation and Record-Keeping: Maintaining comprehensive records and documentation for QA activities requires resources and can be time-consuming. Maintenance Costs: Ongoing costs are associated with maintaining and updating QA systems and processes. Department of AI and DS, VIIT, Pune-48 30  Costs of Quality Failure (w.r.t. software)) Internal Failure Costs: Rework: Fixing bugs and defects during development. Retesting: Re-executing tests to ensure defects are fixed. Delayed Releases: Postponing release dates due to quality issues. Inefficiency: Wasted efforts and reduced productivity. Department of AI and DS, VIIT, Pune-48 31  External Failure Costs: Customer Support: Handling increased support calls and emails. Patch Development: Creating and deploying patches for defects. Refunds and Compensation: Providing refunds and compensations to dissatisfied customers. Reputation Damage: Negative reviews and bad publicity. Legal Costs: Lawsuits and legal fees due to failures. Department of AI and DS, VIIT, Pune-48 32  Intangible Costs: Brand Damage: Loss of brand equity. Customer Trust: Erosion of customer trust and loyalty. Employee Morale: Decreased job satisfaction among employees. Market Share: Loss of competitive edge and market share. Department of AI and DS, VIIT, Pune-48 33  Example of Quality Failure in Software Case Study: Banking Application Failure Scenario: A banking application developed by a software company experiences significant quality failures. Internal Failure Costs: Rework: Critical bugs in the transaction processing module require extensive code revisions. Retesting: Thorough retesting after bug fixes to ensure stability. Delayed Releases: Release date pushed back by three months to address quality issues. Inefficiency: Developers spend extra hours resolving preventable issues. Department of AI and DS, VIIT, Pune-48 34  Example of Quality Failure in Software Case Study: Banking Application Failure External Failure Costs: Customer Support: Spike in support calls and emails, requiring overtime for support staff. Patch Development: Multiple patches released to address issues. Refunds and Compensation: Compensation for transaction errors and discounts on banking fees. Reputation Damage: Negative media coverage damages the bank’s reputation. Legal Costs: Lawsuits filed by affected customers lead to legal fees and settlements. Department of AI and DS, VIIT, Pune-48 35  Example of Quality Failure in Software Case Study: Banking Application Failure Intangible Costs: Brand Damage: Bank’s brand suffers due to perceived unreliability. Customer Trust: Long-time customers lose trust, leading to account closures. Employee Morale: Increased stress and decreased morale among employees. Market Share: Competitors attract customers, leading to loss of market share for the bank. Department of AI and DS, VIIT, Pune-48 36  Quality Systems Quality Systems are structured frameworks that organizations implement to ensure that their products or services meet consistent quality standards. These systems encompass processes, procedures, and responsibilities for achieving quality policies and objectives. They are essential for maintaining product reliability, customer satisfaction, and regulatory compliance. Components of Quality Systems- Quality Management System (QMS): Definition: A QMS is a formalized system that documents processes, procedures, and responsibilities for achieving quality policies and objectives. Examples: ISO 9001, Total Quality Management (TQM), Six Sigma. Documentation: Purpose: Provides a written record of processes, procedures, standards, and specifications. Components: Quality manuals, standard operating procedures (SOPs), work instructions, and records. Department of AI and DS, VIIT, Pune-48 37  Quality Systems Process Management: Focus: Ensures that processes are defined, monitored, controlled, and improved continuously. Tools: Process maps, flowcharts, and process control plans. Quality Assurance (QA): Definition: Activities focused on providing confidence that quality requirements will be fulfilled. Methods: Audits, inspections, and testing. Department of AI and DS, VIIT, Pune-48 38  Quality Systems Quality Control (QC): Definition: Techniques and activities used to fulfill quality requirements. Activities: Product testing, inspections, and reviews. Continuous Improvement: Approach: Ongoing efforts to improve products, services, or processes. Methods: Plan-Do-Check-Act (PDCA). Department of AI and DS, VIIT, Pune-48 39  Quality Systems Customer Focus: Goal: Understanding and meeting customer needs and expectations. Strategies: Customer feedback, satisfaction surveys, and complaint management. Training and Competence: Importance: Ensures that employees have the necessary skills and knowledge to perform their duties. Activities: Training programs, certifications, and continuous learning opportunities.. Department of AI and DS, VIIT, Pune-48 40  Quality Systems:Continuous Improvement: Plan-Do-Check-Act (PDCA) Plan: Identify the problem, set objectives, and develop a detailed plan to address the issue. Do: Implement the plan on a small scale or pilot basis to test its effectiveness. Check: Evaluate the results by comparing them to the objectives and gathering feedback. Act: Standardize successful changes, refine the approach if necessary, and continue to monitor and improve.. Department of AI and DS, VIIT, Pune-48 41  Quality Systems:Continuous Improvement: Plan-Do-Check-Act (PDCA) : Plan Objective: Improve student exam scores in a key subject by 10% over the next semester. Steps: Identify Issues: Analyze previous exam results to pinpoint common areas of struggle. Develop Action Plan: Revise Curriculum: Update to address weak areas. Enhance Teaching Methods: Introduce new resources and interactive techniques. Provide Extra Support: Offer additional tutoring sessions and study materials. Department of AI and DS, VIIT, Pune-48 42  Quality Systems:Continuous Improvement: Plan-Do-Check-Act (PDCA) : Do Implementation: Curriculum Changes: Apply the revised curriculum in the course. Teaching Methods: Implement new teaching strategies and resources. Support Services: Start additional tutoring sessions and distribute updated study materials. Execution: Monitor the implementation to ensure all changes are applied as planned. Department of AI and DS, VIIT, Pune-48 43  Quality Systems:Continuous Improvement: Plan-Do-Check-Act (PDCA) : Check and Act Check: Collect Data: Administer and analyze end-of-semester exam results. Evaluate: Compare new scores with previous results to assess improvement. Feedback: Gather input from students and teachers on the effectiveness of the changes. Act: Standardize: If improvements are seen, integrate successful changes into standard practice. Adjust: If results are not as expected, refine the approach based on feedback and reapply the cycle. Continuous Improvement: Regularly review and adjust strategies to maintain and further enhance exam performance. Department of AI and DS, VIIT, Pune-48 44  Example: ISO 9001 Quality Management System ISO 9001: Overview and Implementation What is ISO 9001? Definition: ISO 9001 is an international standard that specifies requirements for a quality management system (QMS). Key Elements of ISO 9001: Leadership: Commitment from top management to establish a quality policy and quality objectives. Risk-Based Thinking: Identifying and addressing risks and opportunities that can affect product quality. Customer Focus: Ensuring that customer needs and expectations are understood and met. Department of AI and DS, VIIT, Pune-48 45  Example: ISO 9001 Quality Management System Process Approach: Managing activities and related resources as processes that function as a coherent system. Continuous Improvement: Using feedback, data analysis, and performance metrics to drive improvements. Documented Information: Maintaining and controlling necessary documentation and records. Department of AI and DS, VIIT, Pune-48 46  Example: ISO 9001 Quality Management System Benefits of ISO 9001: Improved Quality: Ensures products and services meet customer and regulatory requirements. Customer Satisfaction: Enhances customer confidence and satisfaction. Operational Efficiency: Streamlines processes and reduces waste. Market Competitiveness: Enhances the organization's reputation and competitive position. Risk Management: Proactively identifies and addresses potential risks. Department of AI and DS, VIIT, Pune-48 47  Quality Manual A Quality Manual is a document that outlines an organization's quality management system (QMS). It serves as a guide for employees and stakeholders, detailing the quality policies, procedures, and responsibilities that ensure products or services meet the required standards. Department of AI and DS, VIIT, Pune-48 48  Purpose of a Quality Manual Define Quality Policies and Objectives: Quality Policies: Statements of intent regarding quality and commitment to meeting customer requirements. Quality Objectives: Specific, measurable goals related to quality improvement. Document QMS Structure: Provides an overview of the quality management system and its components. Outline Responsibilities: Clearly defines roles and responsibilities for maintaining and improving quality. Guide Compliance: Ensures adherence to relevant standards, regulations, and customer requirements. Department of AI and DS, VIIT, Pune-48 49  Key Sections of a Quality Manual Introduction: Overview of the organization and its commitment to quality. Scope: Defines the boundaries of the QMS, including the products, services, and processes it covers. Quality Policy: Statement of the organization's quality intentions and direction. Quality Objectives: Specific goals for achieving and maintaining quality. Department of AI and DS, VIIT, Pune-48 50  Key Sections of a Quality Manual Organizational Structure: Description of the organizational hierarchy and roles related to quality. QMS Processes: Detailed documentation of the key processes within the QMS, including process maps and descriptions. Document Control: Procedures for creating, reviewing, approving, and controlling documents and records. Resource Management: Guidelines for managing human and material resources to ensure quality. Department of AI and DS, VIIT, Pune-48 51  Key Sections of a Quality Manual Product Realization: Processes related to product development, from design to delivery. Measurement, Analysis, and Improvement: Methods for monitoring, measuring, analyzing, and improving the QMS. Department of AI and DS, VIIT, Pune-48 52  Example of a Quality Manual Structure Example: Quality Manual for a Manufacturing Company 1. Introduction: Description of the company’s mission, vision, and commitment to quality. Overview of the company's products and services. 2. Scope: Defines the scope of the QMS, including manufacturing, quality control, and customer service processes. 3. Quality Policy: "Our company is committed to providing high-quality products that meet customer expectations and regulatory requirements. We strive for continuous improvement and customer satisfaction." Department of AI and DS, VIIT, Pune-48 53  Example of a Quality Manual Structure 4. Quality Objectives: Reduce defect rate by 10% annually. Improve customer satisfaction scores by 15% over the next two years. Increase on-time delivery rate to 99%. 5. Organizational Structure: Chart showing key roles, such as Quality Manager, Production Supervisor, and Quality Inspectors. Responsibilities of each role related to quality. Department of AI and DS, VIIT, Pune-48 54  Example of a Quality Manual Structure 6. QMS Processes: Design and Development: Detailed steps for designing new products, including stages of development and review. Production: Description of manufacturing processes, including equipment used and standard operating procedures (SOPs). Quality Control: Procedures for inspecting and testing products, including criteria for acceptance and rejection. Customer Service: Processes for handling customer inquiries, complaints, and feedback. Department of AI and DS, VIIT, Pune-48 55  Example of a Quality Manual Structure 7. Document Control: Procedures for creating, reviewing, approving, and controlling quality documents. Methods for ensuring that only current and approved documents are used. 8. Resource Management: Guidelines for recruiting, training, and retaining skilled personnel. Procedures for maintaining and calibrating equipment. Department of AI and DS, VIIT, Pune-48 56  Example of a Quality Manual Structure 9. Product Realization: Steps from receiving customer orders to delivering finished products. Includes procurement of raw materials, production scheduling, and final inspection. 10. Measurement, Analysis, and Improvement: - Procedures for monitoring and measuring product quality and process performance. - Methods for analyzing data to identify trends and areas for improvement. - Processes for implementing corrective and preventive actions. Department of AI and DS, VIIT, Pune-48 57  Quality Organizational Structure at Academic Level Quality Organizational Structure Purpose: Ensures clear roles and responsibilities in maintaining academic quality. Facilitates effective quality assurance and continuous improvement. Promotes accountability and adherence to academic standards. Example: University Quality Assurance Structure Department of AI and DS, VIIT, Pune-48 58  Quality Organizational Structure at an Academic Institution 1. Top Management: University President/Chancellor: Ultimate responsibility for academic quality. Sets overall vision and strategy for quality in education. Vice President/Pro-Vice Chancellor for Academic Affairs: Develops and oversees the academic quality management system (AQMS). Ensures compliance with educational standards and accreditation requirements. Department of AI and DS, VIIT, Pune-48 59  Quality Organizational Structure at an Academic Institution Quality Assurance Leadership: Director of Quality Assurance: Implements and maintains the AQMS. Coordinates academic audits and assessments. Manages quality improvement initiatives. Quality Assurance Officers: Monitor and evaluate academic programs. Collect and analyze data on academic performance. Support departments in quality improvement efforts.. Department of AI and DS, VIIT, Pune-48 60  Quality Organizational Structure at an Academic Institution Academic Departments: Deans of Faculties/Schools: Ensure academic programs meet quality standards. Coordinate with the Quality Assurance Director on quality issues. Department Chairs/Heads: Oversee department-level quality assurance activities. Ensure faculty adherence to quality procedures and standards. Faculty Members: Deliver education according to quality guidelines. Engage in continuous improvement of teaching and learning practices. Participate in curriculum development and review.. Department of AI and DS, VIIT, Pune-48 61  Quality Organizational Structure at an Academic Institution Quality Control and Support Teams: Curriculum Committee: Reviews and approves academic programs and courses. Ensures alignment with educational standards and goals. Assessment and Evaluation Team: Develops and oversees assessment tools and methods. Analyzes student performance and feedback. Student Affairs: Manages student services and support. Collects student feedback on academic quality. Library and Learning Resources: Ensures availability and quality of academic resources. Supports faculty and student research and learning needs.. Department of AI and DS, VIIT, Pune-48 62  Quality Organizational Structure at an Academic Institution 5. Support Functions: Training and Development: Provides professional development for faculty and staff. Ensures awareness and adherence to academic quality standards. IT Support: Maintains technology infrastructure for teaching and learning. Supports quality assurance systems and data management... Department of AI and DS, VIIT, Pune-48 63 THANK YOU!