Fill-in-the-Blank Test 1 PDF

Fill-in-the-Blank Test ====================== Chapter 1 --------- 1\. \_\_\_\_ is single celled microorganism, lacking a nucleus 2\. \_\_\_\_ are chemicals that kill or slow the growth of bacterial pathogens 3\. when M. Tb evolves to resist every antibiotic it causes \_\_\_\_-\_\_\_\_ 4\. strep...

Fill-in-the-Blank Test ====================== Chapter 1 --------- 1\. \_\_\_\_ is single celled microorganism, lacking a nucleus 2\. \_\_\_\_ are chemicals that kill or slow the growth of bacterial pathogens 3\. when M. Tb evolves to resist every antibiotic it causes \_\_\_\_-\_\_\_\_ 4\. streptomycetes produce most \_\_\_\_ and is a soil bacteria that is used to kill \_\_\_\_-\_\_\_\_ pathogens 5\. life began w \_\_\_\_ 6\. \_\_\_\_ are disease-causing agents like \_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_, and viruses; germs 7\. a \_\_\_\_ is a microscopic \_\_\_\_ organism 8\. a cell is the \_\_\_\_ 9\. \_\_\_\_ is crucial for understanding how microbes respond to treatment 10\. the word microbe is considered hard to describe, why\_\_\_\_ 11\. \_\_\_\_ are a single and specific type of organism 12\. a \_\_\_\_ is a complete genetic sequence of an organism 13\. characteristics of prokaryotes: 14\. characteristics of eukaryotes: 15\. archaea are \_\_\_\_ organisms that are distinct from bacteria and eukaryotes; a fun fact is that they \_\_\_\_ 16\. protozoa is a \_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_ organism 17\. heterotrophic means that 18\. \_\_\_\_ is a microbial eukaryote that contains chloroplasts & conducts photosynthesis 19\. protists are \_\_\_\_-celled eukaryotic microbes; they are \_\_\_\_ and motile 20\. \_\_\_\_ are classified as heterotrophic eukaryotes that obtain their nutrients by reabsorption 21\. a \_\_\_\_ is any organism that \_\_\_\_ and harms its \_\_\_\_ by deriving nutrients for its benefit 22\. a virus is a \_\_\_\_-cellular microbe whose \_\_\_\_ replicates only \_\_\_\_ a cell 23\. methanogens live inside human and animal \_\_\_\_; they release \_\_\_\_ in gas 24\. a \_\_\_\_ is an organism that obtains \_\_\_\_ by taking electrons from \_\_\_\_ molecules & reduces \_\_\_\_ 25\. Catherine of Siena nursed those w the \_\_\_\_ and \_\_\_\_; she is regarded as the patron saint of nurses 26\. Robert \_\_\_\_ was the 1st to build a \_\_\_\_ microscope 27\. Antonie van \_\_\_\_ was the 1st to build a \_\_\_\_ microscope 28\. spontaneous generation: the outdated theory that stated that \_\_\_\_ 29\. Lazzaro \_\_\_\_ sought to disprove \_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_, and discovered cell \_\_\_\_ and heat \_\_\_\_ to prevent the growth of microbes 30\. cell \_\_\_\_ is the process by which cells arise by the splitting of 2 \_\_\_\_ cells 31\. \_\_\_\_ is the catabolism of substances to release \_\_\_\_ w/o O2; the process by which microbes gain energy by converting \_\_\_\_ into alcohol 32\. \_\_\_\_ is a device that uses pressurized steam to \_\_\_\_ materials; it uses a high temp above the \_\_\_\_ point of water at standard pressure 33\. Louis \_\_\_\_ discovered fermentation 34\. John \_\_\_\_ stated that repeated cycles of \_\_\_\_ are needed to \_\_\_\_ materials and eliminate \_\_\_\_ 35\. the germ theory of disease states that 36\. overcrowding causes 37\. \_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_ kept detailed records of disease rates and mortality, and used statistics to improve practice; she campaigned for regular hand washing and clean hospital conditions and founded the polar area chart, leading to improved health policies. 38\. public health is the profession where \_\_\_\_ and \_\_\_\_ are monitored and assessed 39\. CDC stands for 40\. WHO stands for 41\. \_\_\_\_ is a symptom of a cutaneous anthrax; the treatment for cutaneous anthrax is \_\_\_\_ 42\. Robert \_\_\_\_ identified causes of \_\_\_\_ and \_\_\_\_; he demonstrated the chain of infection\ \ the chain of infection consists of factors that affect the \_\_\_\_ 43\. \_\_\_\_ culture contains only \_\_\_\_ species of a microorganism, ensuring that no other microbes mix, as \_\_\_\_ is vital for studying specific \_\_\_\_, and properties of that microorganism 44\. colony (ies) are visible \_\_\_\_ of \_\_\_\_ derived from a \_\_\_\_ founding microbe; they are put on a medium known as a \_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_ 45\. Julius Richard \_\_\_\_ invented the \_\_\_\_ dish that is used to grow and \_\_\_\_ microorganisms 46\. DOTS stands for \_\_\_\_ and its purpose is to 47\. \_\_\_\_ is a \_\_\_\_-like substance that is used for \_\_\_\_ microorganisms by providing a solid surface for them to grow 48\. Koch\'s postulates is a list of \_\_\_\_ criteria that must be met for a \_\_\_\_ to be designated as the \_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_ of an \_\_\_\_ disease.\ \ 1: the microbe must be \_\_\_\_ in \_\_\_\_ cases of the \_\_\_\_ but \_\_\_\_ in the healthy\ 2: the microbe must be \_\_\_\_ from the diseased host and grown in \_\_\_\_ culture\ 3: if the microbe is introduced to a \_\_\_\_ host it causes the same disease as was in the infected host\ 4: when the microbe was introduced to the healthy host, the same \_\_\_\_ was present 49\. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_: is used to detect disease by \_\_\_\_ the \# of \_\_\_\_ of any DNA/RNA sequence\ \ ex: if the sequence: IS6110 or rpoB is detected, this result would highly suggest that one has contracted Tb 50\. attenuated means 51\. Lady Mary \_\_\_\_ introduced the practice of \_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_ to Europe 52\. \_\_\_\_ is the resistance to a specific disease thanks to your \_\_\_\_ system which is responsible for fighting off these \_\_\_\_. one way to prevent illnesses is by \_\_\_\_ which is the stimulation of an immune response by inoculation w an \_\_\_\_ pathogen 53\. an \_\_\_\_ is a chemical liquid used to kill \_\_\_\_ on living \_\_\_\_ 54\. \_\_\_\_ means free of microbes 55\. an antibiotic is a \_\_\_\_ that can \_\_\_\_ or inhibit the growth of a selected and specific \_\_\_\_ 56\. Alexander \_\_\_\_ discovered \_\_\_\_; Florey and Chain \_\_\_\_ penicillin to save lives 57\. Edward \_\_\_\_ established the practice of \_\_\_\_ 58\. Semmelweis and \_\_\_\_ discovered that \_\_\_\_ could prevent the transmission of \_\_\_\_ from doctor to patient 59\. the purpose of \_\_\_\_ culture is to significantly increase the \# of the target microorganism by \_\_\_\_ it and cultivating the proper environment for it to flourish, therefore \_\_\_\_ the number & production of that target microorganism and making it easier to \_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_ and isolate 60\. nitrogen fixation is the process by which \_\_\_\_ is converted to \_\_\_\_ to be used for \_\_\_\_ by plants; specifically \_\_\_\_ and \_\_\_\_ which are \_\_\_\_; these organisms are the only type of microbe that can undergo this process. 61\. \_\_\_\_ is the intimate relationship where both organisms benefit 62\. \_\_\_\_ is the intimate association of 2 species 63\. \_\_\_\_ are organisms that live \_\_\_\_ the cells or bodies of other organisms; they live in \_\_\_\_ cells 64\. endosymbiotic bacteria (\_\_\_\_ bacteria) provides \_\_\_\_ to the host cells, which provides \_\_\_\_ and nutrients to the endosymbionts 65\. \_\_\_\_ is the term used to describe the collection/community of microbes, inc. genes and activity 66\. \_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_ is a technique used to determine the order of bases Chapter 2 --------- 1\. \_\_\_\_: any cell surface factor that promotes the attachment of an organism to a substrate 2\. \_\_\_\_: is the ability of a microorganism to affix itself to a host surface or environmental habitat, where it will \_\_\_\_ 3\. \_\_\_\_: is the ability of a pathogen to cause disease on/in its host cell 4\. pathogenicity is dependant on \_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_, and \_\_\_\_ of hosts immune response 5\. parasites are any microbe that \_\_\_\_ and harms its host; commonly referring to \_\_\_\_ 6\. an \_\_\_\_ is the growth of a pathogen or parasite in/on a host 7\. a disease is a \_\_\_\_ of the normal \_\_\_\_ or structure of a body part, system, or organ that is recognized by a set of \_\_\_\_ 8\. \_\_\_\_ infections are diseases where \_\_\_\_ develop \_\_\_\_ and resolve quickly within a few days/weeks (common cold) 9\. \_\_\_\_ infections are diseases where symptoms develop \_\_\_\_ and are slow to resolve 10\. \_\_\_\_ pathogens: \_\_\_\_ that can cause disease in \_\_\_\_ people w/ \_\_\_\_ functioning immune systems; they do not require \"special conditions\" like injury, surgery, weakened immune system, or malnutrition, to make someone sick 11\. \_\_\_\_ pathogens: microbe that causes infection or \_\_\_\_ in an \_\_\_\_ host 12\. a \_\_\_\_ state is when a microorganism is present but \_\_\_\_ 13\. \_\_\_\_ measures the severity/degree of a disease 14\. LD50 stands for \_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_; it refers to the amount of a substance (finish it) 15\. a lower LD50 means \...\ \ a high LD50 means \... 16\. ID50 stands for \_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_; it refers to the \#/amt. of bacteria/virions needed to \_\_\_\_ 50% of the test population 17\. \_\_\_\_ is the entry of a pathogen in a body/cell where it then lives 18\. \_\_\_\_ refers to the ability of a bacterial pathogen to rapidly spread 19\. host range refers to all species that can be \_\_\_\_ by a given \_\_\_\_ 20\. infectious disease describes the diseases that can be \_\_\_\_ from \_\_\_\_ to host 21\. a sign is something that can be\ \ a symptom is something that can be 22\. \_\_\_\_ is the combo of signs and symptoms that come tg and cause a disease or condition 23\. immunopathology is the 24\. sequelae refers to the long-term \_\_\_\_ after \_\_\_\_ or \_\_\_\_ 25\. stages of infectious diseases:\ 1. \_\_\_\_- time bt exposure and appearance of symptoms\ 2. \_\_\_\_- early, mild symptoms indicating the onset of illness\ 3. \_\_\_\_- severe symptoms, body actively fighting infection\ 4. \_\_\_\_- symptoms subside as treatment takes over\ 5. \_\_\_\_- body recovers and returns to normal 26\. define:\ morbidity\ incidence\ mortality\ chief complaint 27\. differential is a list of 28\. define:\ horizontal transmission\ vertical transmission\ transovarial transmission 29\. define:\ direct contact\ indirect (vehicle) contact\ fomite\ airborne\ aerosals 30\. \_\_\_\_ spreads diseases\ \_\_\_\_ harbors diseases\ \_\_\_\_ vectors move/carry a pathogen on its body to a new host thru direct contact (vector does not become infected) 31\. zoonotic diseases are diseases transmitted from\ \ carrier means that they \_\_\_\_ and \_\_\_\_ pathogens but are \_\_\_\_ 32\. define:\ endemic\ epidemic\ pandemic\ emerging disease 33\. define routes:\ fecal-oral\ respiratory\ urogenital\ parenteral 34\. biosafety lvs.:\ 1. lowest level; little to no \_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\ 2. greater pathogenic potential but \_\_\_\_ & \_\_\_\_ are available\ 3. produce serious or \_\_\_\_ human disease but \_\_\_\_ available\ 4. highest level; extremely dangerous, no treatment/vaccines available Chapter 3 --------- 1\. \_\_\_\_ is to see that an object exists, even if u cannot see its details 2\. a microscope is a tool used to \_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_ of specimens to enable viewing at a higher \_\_\_\_ 3\. magnification refers to an \_\_\_\_ in the apparent \_\_\_\_ of a viewed object 4\. \_\_\_\_ is the smallest distance by which 2 objects can be separated and \_\_\_\_ 5\. resolution is achieved by \_\_\_\_ an image on your \_\_\_\_ which is packed with light-absorbing \_\_\_\_ 6\. rods are sensitive to \_\_\_\_ light and allow for \_\_\_\_ vision\ cones are receptors for \_\_\_\_ light and \_\_\_\_ vision 7\. mm\ µm\ nm\ pm 8\. measurements of:\ prokaryotic microbes\ eukaryotic microbes\ threshold of resolution by the unaided eye 9\. light microscopy is the observation of a microscopic object based on light \_\_\_\_ and \_\_\_\_\ \ \_\_\_\_-\_\_\_\_ microscopy: highlights differences in light passing thru sample\ \ fluorescence microscopy: using \_\_\_\_ dyes or proteins under \_\_\_\_ light to focus on specific parts of \_\_\_\_\ \ scanning-electron microscopy scans the \_\_\_\_ of a sample w \_\_\_\_ creating a 3D image of the \_\_\_\_ 10\. transmission-electron microscopy: \_\_\_\_ electrons thru thin samples to reveal detailed \_\_\_\_ of \_\_\_\_ structures\ \ bright-field microscopy: the \_\_\_\_ absorbs light and appears \_\_\_\_ against \_\_\_\_ background\ \ \_\_\_\_-\_\_\_\_ microscopy: dark background used to \_\_\_\_ specimen 11\. a black box signifies\ yellow box signifies 12\. bacillus is a 13\. \_\_\_\_ is a bacterium or archaeon w a spherical shape 14\. spirochetes is a \_\_\_\_ w a 15\. x-ray crystallography determines the position of \_\_\_\_ within a molecule, based on the \_\_\_\_ of x-rays by a \_\_\_\_ 16\. light is a form of \_\_\_\_ propagated as \_\_\_\_\ wavelength is the distance between\ contrast is the difference bt.\ absorption is the \_\_\_\_ of a material to \_\_\_\_ light 17\. reflection is the \_\_\_\_ of light or sound waves after they hit an object; when light bounces off an object; the angle at which the light hits the object (\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_) and bounces off a surface (\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_) 18\. refraction is the \_\_\_\_ and \_\_\_\_ of light as it passes thru a substance\ \ the refractive index is the speed of light in \_\_\_\_ divided by the speed of light in \_\_\_\_ 19\. scattering occurs when the \_\_\_\_ of \_\_\_\_ light is scattered in \_\_\_\_ direction\ \ finish: magnification requires 20\. focal \_\_\_\_ is the point at which light rays \_\_\_\_ after passing thru a lens\ \ focal \_\_\_\_ is the plane that contains the \_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_ for a given lens 21\. empty magnification occurs when there is \_\_\_\_ w/o an increase in \_\_\_\_ 22\. objective lens: lens closest to \_\_\_\_ and generates \_\_\_\_\ numerical aperture =\ immersion oil is used to improve image \_\_\_\_ by reducing \_\_\_\_ loss 23\. the compound microscope was invented by \_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_ and has \_\_\_\_ lenses to increase \_\_\_\_ 24\. parts of compound microscope:\ condenser: \_\_\_\_ light to improve image \_\_\_\_\ diaphragm: controls \_\_\_\_ of light passing thru\ parfocal occurs when the microscope stays in \_\_\_\_ when \_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_ 25\. total magnification = mag of \_\_\_\_ times mag of \_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\ \ depth of field refers to the \_\_\_\_ of the area in focus\ \ wet mount is used to view \_\_\_\_ microbes by using \_\_\_\_ to keep it hydrated while studying the specimen 26\. \_\_\_\_ preserves and stabilizes microorganism, helping to enhance \_\_\_\_ 27\. staining is used to \_\_\_\_ the cells using dyes, helping to increase \_\_\_\_ and image \_\_\_\_ 28\. a \_\_\_\_ stain is a staining technique that uses multiple dyes to differentiate between different \_\_\_\_ of cells or cell \_\_\_\_ by visually contrasting them with different \_\_\_\_ 29\. the gram-stain was invented by Hans Christian \_\_\_\_; its purpose is to differentiate bt 2 types of \_\_\_\_ 30\. characteristics:\ gram-positive\ gram-negative 31\. fluorescence is when a molecule \_\_\_\_ light at \_\_\_\_ (color) and emits light at a \_\_\_\_ wavelength (different color) 32\. counterstain uses a dye called \_\_\_\_; it allows the visualization of gram-\_\_\_\_ material 33\. acid-fast stain is used to identify \_\_\_\_ with \_\_\_\_ walls that resist staining\ endospore stain is used to color \_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_ which resist heat and \_\_\_\_, making it visible under a microscope\ negative stain stains the \_\_\_\_, leaving cells clear and \_\_\_\_, used for delicate cells\ antibody stains use \_\_\_\_ to detect and identify specific microorganisms or cells 34\. fluorophore is a molecule that \_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_ at one wavelength and \_\_\_\_ light at a longer wavelength 35\. \_\_\_\_, \'\'false color\'\', is the process of adding color to a sample to illuminate it\ artifacts are \_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_ Chapter 4 --------- 1\. 98% of the mass of living organisms consists of just six elements:\ \ The most abundant compound in cells is \_\_\_\_ 2\. name the 4 organic macromolecules: 3\. an \_\_\_\_ consists of a \_\_\_\_ charged nucleus that contains protons and neutrons surrounded by \_\_\_\_ charged electrons; they make up molecules 4\. an \_\_\_\_ is the type of atom; it is a substance composed entirely of one specific type of atom 5\. the atomic number identifies the number of \_\_\_\_, which is the property that defines an element 6\. the \_\_\_\_ number = sum of protons & neutrons 7\. the \_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_ average mass number of the isotopes of an atom 8\. \_\_\_\_ are versions of the same element that have the same number of protons but different numbers of \_\_\_\_ in their nuclei. 9\. \_\_\_\_-\_\_\_\_ is the time it takes for half of a radioactive substance to decay into a different substance 10\. \_\_\_\_ are regions around an atom\'s nucleus where electrons are most likely to be found 11\. Atoms that share electrons form a \_\_\_\_ 12\. The sharing of \_\_\_\_ between two atoms is called a covalent bond 13\. A molecular formula is a shorthand notation indicating the \_\_\_\_ and \_\_\_\_ of atoms present in a \_\_\_\_. 14\. A \_\_\_\_ formula is a way of representing a molecule that shows how the atoms are arranged and \_\_\_\_ to each other.\ \ ex. H-O-H \> gives water the name H₂O. 15\. \_\_\_\_ are atoms or molecules that have gained or lost electrons, giving them an \_\_\_\_ charge; charged particles\ \ positive ions:\ negative ions: 16\. \_\_\_\_ are charged particles (ions) that help conduct electricity in the body. They are vital for \_\_\_\_, nerve signals, and \_\_\_\_ function. 17\. a bond or charge attraction between anions and cations is called an \_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_ 18\. \_\_\_\_ bonds occur when two atoms share electrons equally\ \ \_\_\_\_ bonds happen when electrons are shared unevenly, resulting in a partial positive charge on one atom and a partial negative charge on the other. 19\. a \_\_\_\_ bond is the weak partial attraction between the hydrogen atom of one water molecule and the \_\_\_\_ atom of another water molecule, where the hydrogen has a slightly \_\_\_\_ charge and the oxygen has a slightly \_\_\_\_ charge, creating an \_\_\_\_ attraction between them. 20\. hydrophilic\ hydrophobic 21\. Cells are largely made of \_\_\_\_ molecules, defined as molecules that contain a \_\_\_\_-carbon bond. 22\. a large organic molecule is considered a 23\. A \_\_\_\_ group is a specific group of \_\_\_\_ in a molecule that gives the molecule its characteristic bonding, \_\_\_\_, properties, and reactivity. 24\. \_\_\_\_ are organic molecules that serve as \_\_\_\_ components of membranes and other parts of cells. Lipids store lots of \_\_\_\_ (as in "calories") because their large number of C--H bonds release energy when metabolized with the \_\_\_\_ we breathe 25\. \_\_\_\_ fats have \_\_\_\_ double bonds between carbon atoms, meaning they are \"saturated\" with hydrogen atoms, and are typically \_\_\_\_ at room temperature 26\. \_\_\_\_ fats have \_\_\_\_ double bonds between carbon atoms, which creates kinks in the chain, and are usually \_\_\_\_ at room temperature 27\. A \_\_\_\_ reaction is a chemical reaction where two molecules \_\_\_\_ to form a larger molecule, releasing a small molecule, like water, as a byproduct. 28\. \_\_\_\_ are organic compounds made of \_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_, and \_\_\_\_, and they are a primary source of \_\_\_\_ for the body. They include sugars, starches, and fibers. 29\. A \_\_\_\_ is the simplest form of \_\_\_\_, consisting of a single sugar molecule, such as glucose, fructose, or galactose. It serves as a basic building block for larger carbohydrates. 30\. A carbohydrate composed of 2 simple sugars joined by a covalent bond is called a \_\_\_\_ 31\. A \_\_\_\_ (or glycan) is a complex carbohydrate made up of many monosaccharide units linked together; a carbohydrate \_\_\_\_ composed of \_\_\_\_ sugars. 32\. The complete genetic content of an organism is called the 33\. A \_\_\_\_ is the basic building block of \_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_ (DNA and RNA), consisting of a 5-carbon-sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base (A,T,G,C,U); the \_\_\_\_ unit of nucleic acids 34\. A \_\_\_\_ is a nitrogenous base that pairs with other bases to form the structure of DNA or RNA. 35\. a \_\_\_\_ is a macromolecule made of multiple \_\_\_\_ subunits that work in a coordinated manner 36\. An \_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_ is a building block of proteins, consisting of a central carbon atom bonded to an \_\_\_\_ group, a \_\_\_\_ group, a \_\_\_\_ atom, and a variable side chain (R group) that determines its properties. 37\. \_\_\_\_ are molecules that have the same chemical formula but different structures or arrangements of atoms 38\. When discussing protein structure, \"primary\" refers to the \_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_ sequence, \"secondary\" to local \_\_\_\_ patterns like alpha helices, \"tertiary\" to the overall \_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_ of a \_\_\_\_ polypeptide chain, and \"quaternary\" to the \_\_\_\_ of \_\_\_\_ polypeptide chains within a protein complex. 39\. The fully folded, functional form of a protein refers to \_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_ 40\. \_\_\_\_ means to greatly increase the rate of a reaction. 41\. \_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_ is the difference in free energy between the reactants and products of a reaction. this change reflects the energy available to do work during a \_\_\_\_ process. 42\. \_\_\_\_ is the ability to do work. 43\. First Law of Thermodynamics: Energy cannot be \_\_\_\_ or \_\_\_\_, only \_\_\_\_ or \_\_\_\_. The total energy in a system remains \_\_\_\_. 44\. Second Law of thermodynamics:\ In every transfer or transformation of energy, some energy is lost, and as a result, the \_\_\_\_ of the system will \_\_\_\_.\ \ entropy means \_\_\_\_ or randomness in a system 45\. \_\_\_\_: Reactions that release energy, with a negative free energy change. These reactions are \_\_\_\_. 46\. \_\_\_\_: Reactions that require energy input, with a positive free energy change. These reactions are \_\_\_\_. 47\. Molarity is the measure of the \_\_\_\_ of a \_\_\_\_, expressed as the number of \_\_\_\_ of solute per liter of solution 48\. The energy needed for reactants to reach the transition state between reactants and products is called \_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_. 49\. an \_\_\_\_ biological catalyst; a protein or RNA molecule that can speed up the rate of a reaction without itself \_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_. 50\. if a bacterium\'s enzyme becomes denatured, this means that the enzyme 51\. "LEO the lion says GER."\ reduction is the \_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\ oxidation is the \_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_ 52\. The \_\_\_\_ agent causes another substance to be oxidized. (gain)\ \ The \_\_\_\_ agent causes another substance to be reduced. (loss) 53\. the \_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_ is the phospholipid bilayer that encloses the \_\_\_\_ which contains aqueous fluid. 54\. \_\_\_\_ are a type of lipid molecule made up of a glycerol, two fatty acid tails (hydrophobic), and a \_\_\_\_ group with a polar head (hydrophilic). They are the main components of cell membranes, forming a bilayer that separates the cell\'s interior from its \_\_\_\_. 55\. The phospholipid bilayer is a double layer of phospholipids that makes up the core structure of \_\_\_\_ membranes.\ \ The \_\_\_\_ tails (fatty acids) face inward, avoiding water.\ The \_\_\_\_ heads (phosphate groups) face outward, interacting with water. This arrangement creates a flexible, semi-permeable barrier that regulates the \_\_\_\_ of substances in and out of the cell. 56\. \_\_\_\_ proteins span (overlap) across the entire membrane, with parts exposed on both the inside and outside of the cell. They often function as channels or \_\_\_\_ for molecules to pass through the membrane. 57\. \_\_\_\_ membrane proteins are attached to the outer or inner surface of the membrane, not embedded in it or overlapping. They help with cell \_\_\_\_, cell recognition, or maintaining the cell\'s shape. 58\. Weak acids (e.g., aspirin) tend to be \_\_\_\_ in \_\_\_\_ environments (low pH), which allows them to cross cell membranes. In more \_\_\_\_ environments (higher pH), they dissociate into a \_\_\_\_ (H⁺) and a conjugate base, becoming charged and less likely to cross the membrane.\ \ Weak \_\_\_\_ (e.g., nicotine) tend to be uncharged in \_\_\_\_ environments (high pH), allowing them to pass through membranes. In \_\_\_\_ environments (low pH), they can accept a proton (H⁺) and become charged, which prevents them from easily \_\_\_\_ the membrane. 59\. \_\_\_\_ is the net movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to one of low concentration.\ \ \_\_\_\_ is the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane from regions of high water concentration (low solute) to regions of low water concentration (high solute). 60\. \_\_\_\_: A solution where the concentration of solutes is the same inside and outside the cell, causing no net movement of water.\ \_\_\_\_: A solution with a higher concentration of solutes outside the cell, causing water to move out and the cell to shrink.\ \_\_\_\_: A solution with a lower concentration of solutes outside the cell, causing water to move in and the cell to swell. 61\. \_\_\_\_---a rupturing of the cell membrane and dispersal of cell contents. The sudden increase of osmotic pressure is called \_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_ 62\. \_\_\_\_ are specialized structures within a cell that perform specific functions.\ \ a hollow sphere is called a \_\_\_\_\ \ \_\_\_\_ is the invagination of the cell membrane to form a vesicle that contains extracellular material\ \ An \_\_\_\_ is a membrane-bound compartment within a cell that forms during the process of endocytosis 63\. \_\_\_\_ are temporary extensions of the cell membrane used for movement or engulfing substances.\ \ \_\_\_\_ is the process by which a cell engulfs and digests foreign particles or microorganisms.\ \ \_\_\_\_ is the vesicle formed when a cell engulfs a particle during phagocytosis.\ \ \_\_\_\_ are membrane-bound organelles in cells that contain digestive enzymes, responsible for breaking down \_\_\_\_, damaged organelles, and foreign substances. they are not found in \_\_\_\_ cells. 64\. Reaction rates are affected by \_\_\_\_ and \_\_\_\_.