Lung & Pleura Final PDF

Lungs& Pleura er and lower respiratory tracts: acic cavity is classified into: e area (Mediastinum): containing heart and other structures. ateral spaces: containing lungs and pleurae. Lungs Definition: The lungs are the organs of respiration. Anatomical Position and Relations: They are...

Lungs& Pleura er and lower respiratory tracts: acic cavity is classified into: e area (Mediastinum): containing heart and other structures. ateral spaces: containing lungs and pleurae. Lungs Definition: The lungs are the organs of respiration. Anatomical Position and Relations: They are located in the thorax, either side of the mediastinum. Function: The function of the lungs is to oxygenate blood. They achieve this by bringing inspired air into close contact with oxygen-poor blood in the pulmonary capillaries. Anatomical Position and Relations: The lungs lie either side of the mediastinum, within the thoracic cavity. Each lung is surrounded by a pleural cavity, which is formed by the visceral and parietal pleura. They are suspended from the mediastinum by the lung root – a collection of structures entering and leaving the lungs. The medial surfaces of both lungs lie in close proximity to Left Lung several Right Lung mediastinal structures: Heart Heart Oesophagus Oesophagus Inferior vena cava Arch of aorta Superior vena cava Thoracic aorta Azygous vein Anatomical Position and Relations: The left Side Left Lung Right Lung Heart Heart Oesophagus Oesophagus Inferior vena cava Arch of aorta Superior vena cava Thoracic aorta Azygous vein Anatomical Position and Relations: The right Side Left Lung Right Lung Heart Heart Oesophagus Oesophagus Inferior vena cava Arch of aorta Superior vena cava Thoracic aorta Azygous vein Lung Structure  The lungs are roughly cone shaped, which has:  an apex, base, three surfaces, three borders.  The left lung is slightly smaller than the right – this is due to the presence of the heart.  Each lung consists of: Apex: The blunt superior end of the lung. It projects upwards, above the level of the 1st rib into the neck. Base – The inferior surface of the lung, which sits on the diaphragm. Lobes (2 or 3):separated by fissures within the lung.  Lobes The right and left lungs do not have an identical lobular structure. The right lung has three lobes; superior, middle and inferior. The lobes are divided from each other by two fissures: Oblique fissure: Runs from the inferior border of the lung in a superoposterior direction, until it meets the posterior lung border. Horizontal fissure: Runs horizontally from the sternum, at the level of the 4th rib, to meet the oblique fissure. The left lung contains superior and inferior lobes, which are separated by a similar oblique fissure. Bronchial Tree Bronchial Tree  The bronchial tree is a series of passages that supplies air to the alveoli of the lungs. It begins with the trachea, which divides into a left and right bronchus.  Note: The right bronchus has a higher incidence of foreign body inhalation due to its wider shape and more vertical course.  Each bronchus enters the root of the lung, passing through the hilum. Inside the lung, they divide to form lobar bronchi – one supplying each lobe.  Each lobar bronchus then further divides into several tertiary segmental bronchi. Each segmental bronchus provides air to a bronchopulmonary segment – these are the functional units of the lungs. Overview of the tracheobronchi  The segmental bronchi give rise to many conducting Key: bronchioles, which eventually lead into terminal Green – upper lobe, bronchioles. Each terminal bronchiole gives off yellow – middle lobe, respiratory bronchioles, which feature thin walled blue – lower lobe What is the correct order of the bronchial tree?  The correct order of the parts of the bronchial tree is:  Trachea,  Primary bronchus,  Secondary bronchus,  Tertiary bronchus,  Terminal bronchioles,  Respiratory bronchioles, Pleura Parietal Pleura:  The parietal pleura is a membrane that covers the internal surface of the thoracic cavity.  It is thicker than the visceral pleura.  It is a serous membrane consists of a single layer of flat, cuboidal, mesothelial cells supported by loose connective tissue.  It receives blood & N. supply as chest wall:  It is sensitive to pressure, pain, and temperature.  It can be subdivided according to the part of the body that it is contact with:  Mediastinal pleura: Covers the lateral aspect of the structures in the mediastinum.  Cervical pleura: Lines the extension of the pleural cavity into the neck.  Costal pleura: Covers the inner aspect of the Visceral Pleura: The visceral pleura is a thin membrane that tightly adheres to the outer surface of the lungs and deep in the fissures. It receives the same blood supply and nerve supply as the lung. It is continuous with the parietal pleura at the hilum and also covers blood vessels, nerves, and bronchi associated with the lungs. Neurovascular Supply The two parts of the pleurae receive a different neurovascular supply: Parietal Pleura (As chest wall): The parietal pleura is sensitive to pressure, pain, and temperature. It produces a well localised pain, and is innervated by the phrenic and intercostal nerves. The blood supply is derived from the intercostal arteries. Visceral Pleura (As lung): The visceral pleura is not sensitive to pain, temperature or touch. Its sensory fibres only detect stretch. It also receives autonomic innervation from the pulmonary plexus (a network of nerves derived from the sympathetic trunk and vagus nerve). Pleural Cavity: The pleural cavity is a potential space between the parietal and visceral pleura. It contains a small volume of serous fluid, which has two major functions. (about 5-10 cc in each side). 1) It lubricates the surfaces of the pleurae, allowing them to slide over each other. 2) It produces a surface ior border of the lung: 6 –6- 8- 1 ior border of the pleura: 6 –8- 10 6 - 6: Sterno-costal junction 6 - 8: Midclavicular line. Purple Numbers: lung 8 - 10: Mid-axillary line. 10 - 12: Thoracic vertebra. Red Numbers: Applied anatomy Lung 1- Bronchial Asthma Normal condition: The lumen is clear and opened. The wall is average thickness. The muscle contract normally. What is an asthma attack? During an asthma attack, three things can happen: Bronchospasm: The muscles around the airways constrict (tighten). This makes your airways narrow. Inflammation: The lining epithelium of the airways becomes swollen. Make inspiration and expiration difficult. Mucus production: During the attack, more mucus is produced, closing the airways. a sound called wheezing is heard Resection all or part of the lun 3- Regular and Emergency tracheostomy Pleura 1- Pleurisy A pleural friction rub, is characterized by its sound like:  Creaking leather.  Squeaking shoes on wet surfaces. is a valuable diagnostic clue for pleural inflammation (pleurisy) 2- Pneumothorax 3- Pleural effusion  Quiz Lung Anatomy and Physiology https://www.registerednursern.com/lung-anatomy-and- physiology-quiz/ 1.True or False: The left lung has three lobes and the right lung has two lobes. 2. The inner layer that surrounds the lung itself is called the? A. Parietal Pleura B. Visceral pleura C. Pleuracardium D. Lobar Bronchi 3. The trachea splits at the _________ to form the ____________. A. Cricoid cartilage, secondary bronchi B. Thyroid cartilage, primary bronchi C. Carina, primary bronchi 4. Gas exchange in the lungs occurs in the? A. Bronchioles B. Alveolar sinus C. Alveolar sacs D. Segmental Bronchi 5. ______________ delivers unoxygenated blood to the lungs. A. Pulmonary vein B. Aorta C. Left ventricle D. Pulmonary artery 6. The right & left bronchus along with the pulmonary artery & vein enter into the lungs at the? A. Hilum B. Carina C. Alveolar ducts D. Right middle lobe 7. True or False: During inhalation, the diaphragm contracts upward to create a positive pressure in the chest which allows the body to inhale oxygen. 8. True or False: During gas exchange, carbon dioxide is transported across the capillary membrane to be exhaled while oxygen is transported across the capillary membrane to attach 9. Everything below is part of the lower respiratory system EXCEPT? A. Trachea B. Carina C. Pharynx D. Bronchioles 10. True or False: Inhaled oxygen travels down through the trachea, into the right and left bronchus, then into the segmental bronchi which branches even further into the lobar bronchi.