2.2 Compare and contrast common networking hardware.docx

Power over Ethernet (PoE) 802.3at (PoE+) allows powered devices to draw up to about 25W, with a maximum current of 600 mA. Power over Ethernet (PoE) 802.3bt (PoE++ or 4PPoE) supplies up to about 51W (Type 3) or 73W (Type 4) usable power. Power over Ethernet (PoE) 802.3af allows powered devices to dr...

Power over Ethernet (PoE) 802.3at (PoE+) allows powered devices to draw up to about 25W, with a maximum current of 600 mA. Power over Ethernet (PoE) 802.3bt (PoE++ or 4PPoE) supplies up to about 51W (Type 3) or 73W (Type 4) usable power. Power over Ethernet (PoE) 802.3af allows powered devices to draw up to about 13W supplied as 350mA at 48V, limited to 15.4 W, so the voltage drops over the maximum 100 feet of cable, resulting in usable power of only around 13 W. The administrator can use a "power injector" or "midspan" with one port on the injector connected to a switch port and the other port connected to the device. However, the overall cable length cannot exceed 100 m. A 300 m ADSL RJ11-terminated patch cord can connect to the phone line to support 52 Mbps downstream/6 Mbps upstream. A symmetric link only supports 26 Mbps in both directions. A rewired RJ45 patch panel cord connects to a port from the patch panel to a port on the Ethernet switch and will not work properly with an ADSL router. Although very-high speed DSL (VDSL) modems can support asymmetrical DSL (ADSL), an ADSL will not support VDSL. VDSL specifies a very short range (100 m) but supports up to 100 Mbps bi-directionally. The USB connects most peripheral devices, with the maximum cable length for low-speed devices being 3 m and a limit of 5 m for full-speed and high-speed. The principal innovation of SDN is to insert a control layer between the application and infrastructure layers. It is a model for how these processes can provision and deprovision networks. Each control layer of SDN exposes an application programming interface (API) automated by scripts that call functions in the layer above or below but is not to keep them from working. The functions of the control layers are implemented by a virtual device referred to as the SDN controller. Layers and components in a typical SDN architecture are parts of a service interface (not separated) but an interface as a northbound or southbound API. The WAN interface of the router must use an IPv4 address from a valid public range, so 52.165.16.254 is the only one to use on a SOHO router. The address 192.168.100.52 is in the class B and class C private ranges. Hosts with IP addresses from these ranges are not allowed to route traffic over the public internet. Address 169.254.1.121 is in the range reserved for APIPA (automatic private IP addressing). Therefore, it can communicate with other hosts on the same network that uses APIPA but not hosts with a valid DHCP lease. Address 224.100.100.1 is outside the range of valid public addresses and is part of class D, which is for a type of addressing called "multicasting." A switch is a hardware networking appliance acting as a concentrator or connector for cable segments to a patch panel or router port. The digital subscriber line (DSL) modem or small office or home office (SOHO) router is a separate hardware device that can be embedded into a system to connect to the Ethernet. A firewall is a network security system or shielding layer/barrier to protect a computer system from unwanted data/viruses. It can be both a hardware device and a software program. A software-defined networking (SDN) controller is a virtual device inserted as a control layer between a software-defined networking model's application and infrastructure layers. A small office or home office (SOHO) will generally use a single wireless router, which combines the functions of a router, DSL/cable modem, Ethernet switch, and Wi-Fi access point to provide connectivity. The role of filtering allowed and denied hosts and protocols is performed by a network firewall. A basic firewall is configured with rules, referred to as a network access control list (ACL). An Ethernet switch provisions one port for each device that needs to connect to the network. The patch panel terminates cabling and does not establish any connections between the cable segments to any networks or internet to provide connectivity. A virtual local area network's (VLAN) ports can divide into groups using a feature of managed switches to allow additional remote access via VPNs. Domain Name System assigns and manages fully qualified domain names (FQDNs). DNS is a global hierarchy containing information on the distributed name server databases and is not needed to expand a network. Larger workgroups and corporate networks with VLANs require additional functionality in their managed switches. An unmanaged switch performs its function without requiring any sort of configuration. Patch panels match the cable type and switches with sufficient ports to meet the requirement and are unnecessary in expanding the enterprise network with managed switches. All PCs have a built-in motherboard or network interface card (NIC) that directly connects the network for both copper and fiber optic lines. The ONT is a splitter connected to a router that requires an RJ45 copper wire patch cord to provide a direct connection and cannot connect with fiber optic lines. A sysadmin must configure a DSL to connect to the network through a hardware appliance, such as a small office home office (SOHO) router, modem, or switch using copper wires, not fiber optics. A docking station is a port replicator that attaches to a special connector on the back or underside of a laptop; therefore, a portable machine can function as a desktop machine. A firewall is a logical security control that manages network communications by allowing traffic that a sysadmin or an authorized individual only permits. A switch is a hardware networking appliance acting as a concentrator or connector for cable segments to a modem, patch panel, or router port. A switch is not involved in the security controls of the network. An injector is a device to connect to a switch port or modem if the switch does not support Power over Ethernet (PoE) and is not involved in the security controls of the network. Patch panels are hardwired wall ports with cables running through the walls and terminated to an insulation displacement connector (IDC). They are not involved in the security controls of the network. A small office or home office (SOHO) will generally use a single wireless router, which combines the functions of a router, DSL/cable modem, Ethernet switch, and Wi-Fi access point to provide connectivity. A cable modem forwards data traffic via the fiber backbone to the ISP's point of presence and then to the internet via several access ports. An NIC adapter card will support other types of Ethernet, such as fiber optic. Motherboards have a built-in 1000BASE-T compatible adapter. The patch panel terminates cabling and does not establish any connections between the cable segments to any networks or internet to provide connectivity. The administrator needs to install a networking appliance to act as a concentrator, connecting the cable segments like a switch, then cabling it to the patch panel ports using RJ45 patch cords. The patch panel terminates cabling but does not establish any connections between the cable segments. However, the patch panel needs to connect with the other group in this scenario. The DSL modem or router might be provisioned as a separate device or embedded as a function of a small office or home office (SOHO) router. Since every connection wires directly between groups, a router/modem is unnecessary in this scenario. A hub is a legacy network hardware device to implement the 10BASE-T and 100BASE-T Ethernet cabling designs and is no longer in use. An AAA service allows network edge devices to process access requests by supplicants without holding a copy of the directory and associated credentials. While Kerberos has no direct access points, RADIUS authenticates VPN connections, and TACACS+ is for administrative access to routers and switches. A baseline firewall has technical security controls ensuring a secure configuration but not access to software licenses. enterprise mobility management (EMM) applies security policies to mobile devices and authorization to corporate applications, preventing the transfer of corporate data to personal applications. A service set identifier (SSID) is an ASCII band that clients identify as a wireless local area network (WLAN), with each band assigned an SSID or network name and access points allowing the configuration of multiple SSIDs per radio. The RJ45 unshielded twisted pair (UTP) patch cable will allow the ONT to convert the optical signal over the external fiber optic cable to an electrical one to connect to the local router. An RJ11 asymmetrical DSL (ADSL) provides a fast downlink but a slow uplink and is typically used to terminate two-pair cable widely used in telephone systems and broadband DSL modems. A basic peripheral cable will not provide an Ethernet connection between a port available on the ONT and the port used on the peripheral device. The serial port is a legacy connection interface where data is transmitted over one wire one bit at a time, and the interface uses much less sophisticated signaling methods. A network administrator wires a straight-through Ethernet cable with the same type of termination at both ends. Using T568A at one end and T568B at the other creates a crossover cable, but Gigabit Ethernet interfaces can crossover automatically even if using a standard cable. Power over Ethernet (PoE) 802.3bt installations run distribution system cables to wireless access points with a Cat 6 A cable, but it will likely cost more. Twisted-pair cables can typically use RJ11 connectors to terminate two-pair cables used in telephone systems and broadband DSL modems. A Cat 5e would still be an acceptable choice for providing Gigabit Ethernet links as it supports the older 100 Mbps Fast Ethernet standard but is not commercially available.