21st Literature Period PDF

LITERATURE ​ Literature = Significant Human Experience ​ In Latin "litera" means letters ​ Alphabets and characters is already considered as literature ​ any form of writing, written or printed. ​ may also be in symbols or pictures ​ It keeps a record of our lives, beliefs, culture, and...

LITERATURE ​ Literature = Significant Human Experience ​ In Latin "litera" means letters ​ Alphabets and characters is already considered as literature ​ any form of writing, written or printed. ​ may also be in symbols or pictures ​ It keeps a record of our lives, beliefs, culture, and tradition. ​ Theory of Literature by Wellek and Austin ○​ The works with literary merit can clearly express what the author is trying to convey. ○​ Literary works can easily influence the reader's attitude. ​ Henry van Dyke defined literature as ○​ writings that interpret the meanings of nature and life, in words of charm and power, touched with the personality of the author, in artistic forms of permanent interest ​ Rene Wellek defines literature as ○​ literary works that are written in “exquisite language” ○​ it is influenced by the author’s POV or beliefs ○​ these are literary works that are considered timeless, classics. ​ Terry Eagleton defined literature as ○​ emphasizes the linguistic ability of literature ○​ the uniqueness of language in literature ○​ freedom to deviate from grammatical rules ​ Thomas de Quincey stated that ○​ there is a separation between literary works: literature of knowledge and literature of power ○​ Literature of Knowledge: can give its readers to teach new and relevant things to its readers ○​ Literature of Power: can influence its readers on its beliefs and action ​ Prof Milagros Tanlayco and Prof. Emerita ○​ Literature is a record, oral and written, of man’s thoughts, man’s experiences, man’s values, in language that is expressed, in language that is beautiful and presented unforgettably Literature literature ​ seen as valuable in society ​ popular literature or those that do not ​ recognized by various institutions, have a lasting value  universities, and/or governments who can ​ seek to entertain or divert one's attention; point out what makes it literary ​ may inform us of recent events or pastime ​ it must have the following: ​ lays out objective and impersonal facts ○​ form and expression, about the world that seldom changes ○​ contain ideas of permanent and ​ inventive or demonstrative of artistic value universal interest, ​ imaginatively expresses permanence and ○​ a product of the author’s creative universal interest in ideas. imagination, ○​ and lastly display originality of thought and expression Literary Standards A.​ Artistry ○​ technicalities of any literary works. ○​ its aesthetic appeal paves the way for truth and beauty ○​ reveals and conveys hidden truth and beauty in writing B.​ Intellectual Value ○​ thought-provoking pieces of literature ○​ readers explore the gray area ○​ encourages readers to think critically and reason out rationally about what makes sense in ones reality ○​ focuses on the reader’s fundamental truth C.​ Suggestive Value ○​ emotional power of any literary piece ○​ makes the readers feel something and stirs their imagination ○​ evokes emotions that have relevance in significant human experience D.​ Spiritual Value ○​ elevates the reader’s spirit by bringing out their moral values and its application in the literary and physical world ○​ inspires readers to reflect on the literary pieces E.​ Permanence ○​ classics that fit the literary standards ○​ can withstand the test of time ○​ recognized by institutions, centers, and universities ○​ written for quite some time, yet the ideas are still relevant today F.​ Style ○​ artistry as a standard ○​ ways writers express themselves in their work ○​ words that can leave a lasting impression on its readers G.​ Universality ○​ appeals to all types of readers  ○​ the power of any literary work to cross borders on gender, racial and cultural barriers, beliefs ○​ regardless of what time it was written HISTORY OF PHILIPPINE LITERATURE Pre-Spanish Period (1565) ​ Ancient Filipinos developed their alphabet. (Baybayin) ​ Oral literature is used during this period. A.​ Legends ○​ form of prose that tells about the origin of a thing, place/location,or name. ○​ events are imaginary. ○​ Ex. The Legend of the Pineapple The Legend of Mount Mayon B.​ Folktales ○​ a fictional story; made up stories told by the ancient group of people. ○​ stories passed from one generation to another through word of mouth. C.​ Epics ○​ long narrative poems about heroic achievements. ○​ considered as the highest form of oral literature. ○​ Ex. Biag-ni-Lam-Ang and Beowulf D.​ Folk Songs ○​ oldest form of Philippine literature. ○​ created according to region. ○​ Ex. Sitsiritsi Bahay Kubo E.​ Epigrams, Riddles, Chants ○​ consist of stanzas of wit and wisdom. ○​ Ex. “The difference between genius and stupidity is that genius has its limits. ”- Albert Einstein What has to be broken before you can use it? May ulo, walang buhok. May tiyan walang pusod. F.​ Proverbs and Sayings ○​ express wisdom based on common and real-life experiences. laws and rules for good behavior. ○​ Ex. Many hands make light work. Ubos ubos biyaya, tapos nakatunganga Ang pag-ibig sa kaaway siyang katapangang tunay. Spanish Period (1565-1898) ​ Many literatures during the pre-colonial period were destroyed by the Spanish colonizers. ​ Spanish started to introduce Catholicism to the Filipinos. ​ The Filipino Alphabet was replaced by the Roman alphabet. ​ The first book was printed in the Philippines entitled “Doctrina Cristiana”. The Period of Enlightenment (1872-1898) ​ Filipino spirit reawakened after the martyrdom of the three priests (Gomez, Burgos, and Zamora). ​ Filipinos showed their courage and fought for freedom. ​ Dr. Jose Rizal used writing as his weapon of revolt against Spaniards. 1.​ Noli Me Tangere ○​ it gave spirit to the propaganda movement. 2.​ El Filibusterismo ○​ sequel of Noli Me Tangere. ​ Marcelo H. Del Pilar ○​ popular with his pen name Plaridel, Pupdoh,Piping Dilat, and Dolores Manapat. ​ Graciano Lopez Jaena ○​ he established the first magazine LA SOLIDARIDAD. American Regime (1898-1941) ​ Americans promised to help us learn how to be independent. ​ Public School System was established during their era. ​ English became a medium of instructions. ​ There were three groups of writers; Spanish, Tagalog and English writers. ​ Authors: 1.​ Cecilio Apostol​ Al Heroe Nacional Weep not in the mystery of the tomb, over the Spaniards’ momentary triumph, for if a bullet your cranium destroyed your idea, in turn, an empire destroyed. 2.​ Paz Marquez Benitez Dead Stars Alfred Salazar falls in love with two women, Esperanza and Julia. He becomes engaged to Esperanza but meets Julia and is strongly attracted to her. He keeps his engagement to Esperanza a secret from Julia. When Julia learns of the engagement, she wishes Alfred well but leaves him. Alfred's wedding to Esperanza goes ahead as planned. Eight years later, Alfred meets Julia again and still feels attracted to her, but realizes things have changed and Julia is no longer the same. 3.​ Manuel Arguilla 4.​ Valeriano Hernandez Pena Japanese Period (1941-1945)  ​ Filipinos want to escape from the reality. ​ Japanese forbade the use of English in literature. ​ LIWAYWAY was placed under strict surveillance. ​ Filipino Literature was given a spotlight during this period. ​ Poetry in this Period 1.​ Haiku- it has 17 syllables,5-7-5. 2.​ Tanaga- it has measure and rhyme. Each line has 28 syllables, 7-7-7-7. 3.​ Karaniwang Anyo (Usual Form)- rhyme scheme and verse are not prescribed The Rebirth of Freedom (1946-1970) ​ The Americans returned to the Philippines in 1945 to end the Japanese rule. ​ Also known as the “Recovering Era. ​ Marked by a “struggle of mind and spirit” ​ Don Carlos Palanca Memorial Awards for Literature or simply known as Palanca Awards was launched in the 1950s. ○​ tribute to Filipino writers. The Period of Activism (1970-1972) ​ Youth became strong and rebellious during this period. ​ Filipinos want to have a communist state. ​ September 21, 1972, MARTIAL LAW was declared. Period of the New Society (1972-1980) ​ The government silenced and controlled the media. ​ Ministry of Public Affairs supervised the newspaper, books, and other publications. Period of the Third Republic (1981-1985) ​ This stage of the nation's history had an effect on our literature. Themes ○​ Revolutionary ○​ Romantic ​ Many Filipino songs dealt with themes that were true to life like those of grief, poverty, aspirations for freedom, love of God, of country, and of fellowmen. Post EDSA Period (1986-present) ​ Despite the change of ruler, there were some traditions that were caried in the Aquino presidency, such as Bestowment of the National Artist Awarding (dance, visual arts, film, and others that promotes culture which is the National Artist for Literature) ​ This time, we have the freedom to express. ​ Literature was used to give voice to those who were not heard and to represent those who could not stand on their own. ​ Authors 1.​ Alejandro G. Abadilla — writer of Mga Piling Katha. 2.​ Genoveva Edroza-Matute — writer of Ako’y Isang Tinig.  3.​ Amado V.Hernandez — known as the greatest post-war Filipino poet; Dipang Langit and Bayang Malaya won the Republic Cultural Award and National Artist Award. 15 National Artists for Literature The National Artists for Literature is an award given to those exemplary individuals who gave immeasurable effort in writing literature in which the soul and heart of their writings were bound from reflecting the Filipino culture, customs, and traditions. Jose Garcia Villa (August 5, 1908 - February 7, 1997) ​ one of the finest contemporary poets ​ introduced the reversed consonance rime scheme, including the comma poems ​ He used Doveglion (Dove, Eagle, Lion) as a pen name Francisco Arcellana (September 6, 1916- August 1, 2002) ​ He was a writer, poet, essayist, critic, journalist and teacher. ​ One of the most important progenitors of the modern Filipino short story in English. ​ He pioneered the development of the short story as a lyrical prose-poetic form. ​ Short Stories: ○​ Frankie ○​ The Man Who Would Be Poe ○​ Death in a Factory ○​ Lina ○​ A Clown Remembers ○​ The Mats Virgilio S. Almario (Rio Alma) March 9, 1944 (age 80 years) ​ He is a poet, literary historian, and critic. ​ He revived and reinvented traditional Filipino Poetic forms, he championed modernist poetics ​ He founded- the Galian sa Arte at Tula (GAT) and the Linangan sa Imahen, Retorika at Anyo (LIRA) ​ He's involved with children's literature through the Aklat Adarna Series. ​ He headed the National Commission for Culture and the Arts as Executive Director from 1998 to 2001. ​ His works: ○​ Ang Makata sa Panahon ng ○​ Makina ○​ Balagtasismo versus Modernismo ○​ Walong Dekada ng Makabagong ○​ Tula Pilipino ○​ Mutyang Dilim Cirilo F. Bautista (July 9, 1941 - May 6, 2018) ​ He was a poet, fictionist, and essayist. ​ The foremost writer of his generation. ​ He held regular funded and unfunded workshops throughout the country ​ He was also funding the Philippine Literary Arts Council in 1993 and Baguio Writers Group. ​ As a writer, significant body of works; as a teacher, discovery and encouragement of the young writers in workshops and lectures; as a critic, his essay provide insights into the craft of writing and correctives to misconceptions about art. ​ Major Works: ○​ Summer Suns (1963) ○​ Words and Battlefields (1998) ○​ The Trilogy of Saint Lazarus (2001) ○​ Galaw ng Asoge (2003) Levi Celerio National Artist for Literature/Music (April 30, 1910 - April 2, 2002) ​ He was a prolific lyricist and composer for decades. ​ Born in Tondo, youngest member of Manila Symphony Orchestra. ​ Made it to Guinness Book of World Records Lazaro A. Francisco (February 22, 1898 - June 17, 1980) ​ He developed the social realist tradition in Philippine fiction. ​ prominent writer of "masterful handling of Tagalog Language" and "supple prose style" ​ His reputation as the "Master of the Tagalog Novel" received numerous awards and his contribution to Philippine literature and culture in general. ​ He was cited as the "foremost Filipino novelist of his generation.” ​ “champion of the Filipino writer's struggle for national identity." ​ Masterpiece Novels: ○​ Ama, Bayang Nagpatiwakal ○​ Maganda Pa Ang Daigdig and Daluyong Nestor Vicente Madali Gonzalez (September 8, 1915 - November 28, 1999) ​ known as N.V.M Gonzalez, fictionist, essayist, poet, and teacher. ​ He won the First Commonwealth Literary Contest in 1940. ​ He received the Republic Cultural Heritage Award in 1960 and the Gawad CCP Para sa Sining in 1990. ​ Major works: ○​ The Winds of April ○​ Seven Hills Away ○​ The Bamboo Dancers Amado V. Hernandez (September 13, 1903 - March 24, 1970)  ​ He's a poet, playwright, novelist, and labor leader who practiced "committed art" by writing about the struggles of Filipino laborers and social injustices. ​ Major works: ○​ Mga Ibong Mandaragit ○​ Bayang Malaya ○​ Isang Dipang Langit ○​ Luha ng Buwaya Nick Joaquin (May 04, 1917 - April 29, 2004) ​ most distinguished Filipino writer in English writing ​ enriched the English language with critics coining "Joaquinesque" ​ Major works: ○​ The Woman Who Had Two navels ○​ A Portrait of the Artist as Filipino ○​ Manila F. Sionil Jose (December 03, 1924 - January 06, 2022) ​ He's a publisher, lecturer on cultural issues and the founder of the Philippine chapter of the international organization PEN ​ He is best known for his Rosales Saga. This five-novel epic narrates the lives of different generations of the Samsons that deal with the social struggles of the country. ​ His works: ○​ The Pretenders ○​ Tree ○​ My Brother, My Executioner ○​ Mass ○​ Po-on Bienvenido Lumbera (April 11, 1932 - September 28, 2021) ​ He is a poet, librettist, and scholar. ​ He introduced Tagalog literature known as Bagay poetry, a landmark aesthetic tendency that has helped to change the vernacular poetic tradition. ​ Works: ○​ Likhang Dila, Likhang Diwa ○​ Balaybay ○​ Tales of the Manuvu and Rama Hari (as librettist) Alejandro Roces (July 13, 1924 - May 23, 2011) ​ Short story writer and essayist, considered as the country's best writer of comic short stories. ​ Popularizing several local fiestas, Moriones and Ati-atihan. ​ Campaign to change the country's Independence day from July 4 to June 12, caused the change of language from English to Filipino. ​ "You cannot be a great writer;first, you have to be a good person."  ​ Major Works: ○​ My Brother's Peculiar Chicken ○​ Of Cocks and Kites ○​ Fiesta ○​ Something to Crow About Carlos P. Romulo ​ multifaceted career spanned 50 years of public service as educator, soldier, university president, journalist, and diplomat. ​ He was the first Asian President of the United Nations General Assembly. ​ Major Works: ○​ I Walked with Heroes ○​ I Saw the Fall of the Philippines ○​ Mother America Rolando S. Tinio ​ He was a playwright, thespian, poet, teacher, critic, and translator marked his career with prolific artistic productions. ​ Major Works: ○​ Sitsit sa Kuliglig ○​ Dunung-Dunungan ○​ Kristal na Uniberso Edith L. Tiempo ​ She was a poet, fictionist, teacher, and literary critic. ​ One of the finest Filipino writers In English whose works are characterized by a remarkable fusion of style and substance, of craftsmanship and insight. ​ Her language has been marked as "descriptive but unburdened by scrupulous detailing. ​ She is an influential tradition in Philippine literature in English. ​ Major Works: ○​ The Little Marmoset ○​ Bonsai