Historical Antecedents PDF

HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS ANCIENT PERIOD Ancient Wheel Paper Shadoof Antikythera Mechanism Aeolipile ANCIENT WHEEL Before the wheel the Sumerian's used flat bottomed structures called "sledges". These sledges often got stuck and c...

HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS ANCIENT PERIOD Ancient Wheel Paper Shadoof Antikythera Mechanism Aeolipile ANCIENT WHEEL Before the wheel the Sumerian's used flat bottomed structures called "sledges". These sledges often got stuck and could not carry heavy loads. The Sumerians also put the sledge on a roller which is the picture under the sledge. This would not work well because they would have to keep the sledge balanced.  ANCIENT WHEEL They also used something called the potter's wheel which when the Sumerians used this it made them pots. The earliest wheels are believed to have been used for pottery making. The Sumerians used the wheel to carry heavy loads over long distances. The wheel was also used for chariots for battle. The oldest known wheel found in an archaeological excavation is from Mesopotamia, and dates to around 3500 BC (Bronze Age). A Mesopotamian Wheel ADVANCEMENT OF WHEEL  PAPER The Egyptians began to write, about 3000 BC, they wrote from the beginning in ink, on papyrus (pah-PIE-russ) The Greeks and the Romans also used a lot of papyrus, all bought in Egypt because that is where papyrus grows. But it wasn’t cheap! One sheet of papyrus probably cost about what $20 is worth today. It took 3000 years to come up with paper! Paper was invented around 100 BC in China. In 105 AD, under the Han Dynasty emperor Ho-Ti, a government official in China named Ts’ai Lun was the first to start a paper- making industry. Light Wild Egyptian Hemp Papyrus Plant  TOOLS USED BEFORE THE USE OF PAPER Cuneiform is a system of writing first developed by the ancient Sumerians of Mesopotamia c. 3500-3000 BCE. It is considered the most significant among the many cultural contributions of the Sumerians and the greatest among those of the Sumerian city of Uruk which advanced the writing of cuneiform c. 3200 BCE. The name comes from the Latin word “cuneus” for 'wedge' owing to the wedge- Mesopotamian writing- cuneiform tablets shaped style of writing.  TOOLS USED BEFORE THE USE OF PAPER In cuneiform, a carefully cut writing implement known as a stylus is pressed into soft clay to produce wedge-like impressions that represent word-signs (pictographs) and, later, phonograms or `word-concepts' (closer to a modern-day understanding of a `word'). All of the great Mesopotamian civilizations used cuneiform until it was abandoned in favour of the alphabetic script at some point after 100 BCE. Mesopotamian writing- cuneiform tablets  SHADOOF / SHADUF Hand-operated device for lifting water, invented in ancient times and still used in India, Egypt, and some other countries to irrigate land. Typically it consists of a long, tapering, nearly horizontal pole mounted like a seesaw. A skin or bucket is hung on a rope from the long end, and a counterweight is hung on the short end. The operator pulls down on a rope attached to the long end to fill the bucket and allows the counterweight to raise the bucket. To raise water to higher levels, a series of shadufs are sometimes mounted one above the other. In Shadoof, central Anatolia, Turkey India the device is called a denkli, or paecottah. ANTIKYTHERA MECHANISM Ancient Greek mechanical device used to calculate and display information about astronomical phenomena. The remains of this ancient “computer,” now on display in the National Archaeological Museum in Athens, were recovered in 1901 from the wreck of a trading ship that sank in the first half of the 1st century BCE near the island of Antikythera in the Mediterranean Sea. Its manufacture is currently dated to 100 BCE, give or take 30 years.  AEOLIPILE Steam turbine invented in the 1st century AD by Heron of Alexandria and described in his Pneumatica. The Aeolipile was a hollow sphere mounted so that it could turn on a pair of hollow tubes that provided steam to the sphere from a cauldron. The steam escaped from the sphere from one or more bent tubes projecting from its equator, causing the sphere to revolve. The aeolipile is the first known device to transform steam into rotary motion. Like many other machines of the time that demonstrated basic mechanical principles, it was simply regarded as a curiosity or a toy and was not used for any practical purpose. MIDDLE PERIOD Heavy Plough Gunpowder Paper money Mechanical clock Spinning wheel HEAVY PLOUGH The heavy plow was one of the most influential inventions in Medieval Europe. This invention allowed for the settlement of Northern Europe and farming of the wet clay soil of Northern Europe.  HEAVY PLOUGH Before the heavy plow was invented, Northern Europe could not sustain a large population because the soil was heavy clay and there was no technology at the time that could turn the soil over. Then the heavy plow was invented, and it was the first plow that could turn over the heavy, moist clay of Northern Europe, thus allowing for towns to start growing in Northern Europe. As the towns started to grow, they realized that the clay soil was better for farming and produced more crops. The heavy plow then lead to a 7.7% increase in population density and 14.3% increase in urbanization between 900 AD and 1300 AD in Europe (Andersen, Jensen, and Skovsgaard 23). GUN POWDER In Chinese, gunpowder is called huo yao, meaning flaming medicine. Unlike paper and printing, the birth of gunpowder was quite accidental. It was first invented inadvertently by alchemists while attempting to make an elixir of immortality. It was a mixture of sulphur, saltpeter, and charcoal. At the end of the Tang Dynasty, gunpowder was being used in military affairs. During the Song and Yuan Dynasties, frequent wars spurred the development of cannons, and fire- arrows shot from bamboo tubes. In the 12th and 13th centuries, gunpowder spread to the Arab countries, then Greece, other European countries, and finally all over the world.  PAPER MONEY During the Tang Dynasty (618–907 CE), however, merchants began to leave those heavy strings of coins with a trustworthy agent, who would record how much money the merchant had on deposit on a piece of paper. The paper, a sort of promissory note, could then be traded for goods, and the seller could go to the agent and redeem the note for the strings of coins. With trade renewed along the Silk Road, this simplified cartage considerably. These privately-produced promissory notes were still not true paper currency, however.  PAPER MONEY At the beginning of the Song Dynasty (960–1279 CE), the government licensed specific deposit shops where people could leave their coins and receive notes. In the 1100s, Song authorities decided to take direct control of this system, issuing the world's first proper, government-produced paper money. This money was called jiaozi.  MECHANICAL CLOCK There is historical disagreement as to when the oldest mechanical clock in medieval Europe was invented. Pope Sylvester II built a clock for a German town in 996 and it is considered one of the oldest clocks. By the 11th century, clocks were being used in different parts of Europe. However, the use of proper mechanical clocks which utilized heavy weights for time- keeping, is more accurately dated back to the 14th century. One of these clocks was built by a monk at Glastonbury in the 14th century and exists to this day. From the 14th century to the 15th century, mechanical clocks evolved so that they began to use a spring-powered operation rather than relying on heavy weights. However, these clocks had to be wound up twice a day by the monks for them to functional accurately. MECHANICAL CLOCK Replica of an early 17th-century foliot-and-verge clock, generously provided by Mike Helfrich  SPINNING WHEEL Early machine for turning fibre into thread or yarn, which was then woven into cloth on a loom. The spinning wheel was probably invented in India, though its origins are obscure. It reached Europe via the Middle East in the European Middle Ages. It replaced the earlier method of hand spinning, in which the individual fibres were drawn out of a mass of wool held on a stick, or distaff, twisted together to form a continuous strand, and wound on a second stick, or spindle. MODERN PERIOD Compound microscope Telescope Jacquard loom Engine powered airplane Television  COMPOUND MICROSCOPE The limitations of the single-lens magnifier were apparent to scientists. They labored to develop a practical system to increase microscope magnification. The next breakthrough in microscopy was the invention of the compound microscope. While the origin of this device and the identity of its inventor are the subject of some debate, credit for the invention of the compound microscope has generally been given to Dutch optician Zacharias Janssen (1580-circa 1638).  COMPOUND MICROSCOPE Around 1590 Janssen reportedly stumbled upon an idea for a multiple-lens microscope design, which he then constructed. Though he affirmed its ability, no record exists of Janssen actually using his invention. It is now believed that Janssen's son fabricated the story. Meanwhile, Dutch scientist Cornelius Drebbel claimed that he had constructed the first compound microscope in 1619. The astronomer Galileo (1564- 1642) also reported using a two-lens microscope to examine and describe the eye of an insect.  TELESCOPE History of telescope started in 1608 with the group of Dutch spectacle-makers who all created first working models of telescope at the same time. However, credit for the creation of first one was given to Hans Lippershey, German-born lens grinder and spectacle maker who first managed to gain a patent on a telescope device. Discovery of Hans Lippershey was popularized across Europe not via its own design of telescope, but with the improved design that was created by Galileo Galilei just 2 years later.  TELESCOPE Even though this telescope had many limitations (chromatic aberrations, low field of view), it was enough for Galileo to start looking at the sky and discovery of phases of Venus, 4 largest moons of Jupiter, and find proof that will support astronomical model of heliocentrism. The pioneers in that field were Isaac Newton who in 1668 built first practical reflecting telescope (although it was not used much because it was very complicated and expensive for manufacture). JACQUARD LOOM Before the 1800s, complex woven designs were created by hand. This was very labour-intensive. As a result, patterned fabric was extremely expensive. In 1804 Joseph-Marie Jacquard (1752 – 1834) developed the Jacquard Loom, which mechanised the production of patterned textiles. The loom contributed to the transformation of textile weaving from a ‘cottage industry’ run by close-knit families of skilled workers, to a focus of mass production on an industrial scale.  ENGINE POWERED AIRPLANE Brothers Orville and Wilbur Wright did not invent flight, but their craftsmanship skills helped them form the early 20th-century equivalent of a startup. Their invention of the Flyer, which was the first crewed, powered, heavier -than-air and (to some degree) controlled-flight aircraft, brought people and ideas together like never before. In just a few decades, their ideas led to the creation of new aircraft in warfare, assisted with the spread of goods and people for globalization, and led to spaceflight — including putting the first people on the moon, in 1969. TELEVISION The history of the television can be dated back to the late 1800’s when inventors experimented with ways to have signals transmitted to a receiver. In fact, the first coaxial cable (commonly used to distribute cable TV signals) was invented during this time. The first actual transmission of images was successfully completed by John L. Baird in 1925, which led to rapid developments in television in subsequent years. And, the first television system was created by Philo Farnsworth in 1927. These early developments led inventors down the road to rapid improvement in the television industry. PHILIPPINE INVENTIONS Bamboo Incubator Erythromycin The PC chipset Challenge 21 Electronic Jeepney  BAMBOO INCUBATOR Doctor Fe Del Mundo (Bamboo Incubator Inventor) – credited with studies that lead to the invention of an improved incubator and a device to treat jaundice. Fe del Mundo’s invention has saved countless premature infants around the world. A medical incubator is an apparatus or device used to maintain environmental conditions suitable for a new-born baby. It is used in pre-term birth or for some ill full-term babies. The incubator maintains optimal temperature, humidity, and other conditions such as the CO2 and oxygen content of the atmosphere inside. ERYTHROMYCIN Abelardo Aguilar discovered the antibiotic from the Aspergillus species of fungi in 1949 and sent samples to Indiana-based pharmaceutical firm Eli Lilly Co. The drug firm allegedly registered the propriety name Iloson for the antibiotic in honor of Iloilo province where Aguilar discovered it. Erythromycin, the generic name of Iloson, was reportedly the first successful macrolide antibiotic introduced in the US.  THE PC CHIPSET Diosdado Banatao developed the first single- chip graphical user interface accelerator that made computers work a lot faster. This invention has allowed computer users to use graphics for commands and not the usual typed commands in older computers. It has allowed data processing to be a little faster using very little space (small chips instead of large boards). CHALLENGE 21 A unique board game that is truly Filipino, Challenge 21 promotes abstract thinking, mental alertness, observation skills, and strategizing out-of-the-box. Challenge 21 is an educational strategy board game for enhancing mental skills through the formation of natured-inspired shapes and patterns with mathematical logic, the invention of 68-year-old inventor Leonardo Mejia Yu, a retired economics professor and former Philippine Ports Authority officer. MY INVENTION IN USE! Talk about how people reacted to your invention Did it solve the problem/need you identified? Did it work as planned? Did it help whom it needed to help? *you can insert a new slide for these pictures/drawings if you *you can insert a new slide for these pictures/drawings if you *you can insert a new slide for these pictures/drawings if you need to! need to! need to!  REFERENCES: https://prezi.com/gcu_fafpk6e3/sumerian-invention-the-wheel/ http://history-world.org/wheel.htm https://www.ancient-origins.net/ancient-technology/revolutionary-invention-wheel-001713 https://quatr.us/china/invented-paper-ancient-china.htm https://quatr.us/africa/papyrus-ancient-egypt.htm https://www.ancient.eu/cuneiform/ https://www.britannica.com/technology/shaduf https://www.britannica.com/topic/Antikythera-mechanism https://www.britannica.com/technology/aeolipile  REFERENCES: https://sites.google.com/a/brvgs.k12.va.us/wh-15-sem-1-medieval-europe-gm/the-heavy-plow https://www.travelchinaguide.com/intro/focus/inventions.htm#:~:text=In%20Chinese%2C%20gunpowder%20is%2 0called,make%20an%20elixir%20of%20immortality.&text=At%20the%20end%20of%20the,being%20used%20in%2 0military%20affairs. https://www.thoughtco.com/the-invention-of-paper-money-195167 https://www.medievalchronicles.com/medieval-history/medieval-inventions-list/mechanical-clock/ https://www.uh.edu/engines/epi1506.htm https://www.encyclopedia.com/medicine/divisions-diagnostics-and-procedures/medicine/compound-microscope http://www.historyoftelescope.com/ https://ageofrevolution.org/200-object/jacquard-loom/ https://www.space.com/16634-wright-brothers-first-flight.html  REFERENCES: https://www.plethorist.com/who-invented-the-incubator/ https://www.plethorist.com/top-10-filipino-inventions/ http://www.science.ph/full_story.php?type=News&key=10456:challenge-21-a-truly-engrossing-pinoy-board- game#:~:text=Challenge%2021%20is%20an%20educational,former%20Philippine%20Ports%20Authority%2 0officer.