Brain Anatomy Notes PDF

Okay, here's the conversion of the image into a structured markdown format. ### Forebrain * Telencephalon * Diencephalon 1. **Forebrain** * Cerebrum * Thalamus & Hypothalamus 2. **Midbrain** 3. **Hindbrain** * Brainstem (except cerebellum) * Pons * Medulla Oblo...

Okay, here's the conversion of the image into a structured markdown format. ### Forebrain * Telencephalon * Diencephalon 1. **Forebrain** * Cerebrum * Thalamus & Hypothalamus 2. **Midbrain** 3. **Hindbrain** * Brainstem (except cerebellum) * Pons * Medulla Oblongata #### CEREBRUM * Located in anterior and middle cranial fossae. * 2 Hemispheres, separated by the longitudinal fissure BUT connected by corpus callosum. #### Corpus Callosum * **TSA through Gyrus and Sulcus** * gyrus (elevation) * sulcus (depression) * stores more info. Image: Top view of brain beneath the skull cap with labels such as Anterior cranial fossa, Middle cranial fossa, Posterior cranial fossa. Image: Sagittal section of the brain with the brain stem coming off the bottom. Image: Cross-section of the brain demonstrating gyrus. --- ### Cerebrum - Grey Matter (cortex) 3 poles, borders & surfaces #### Superolateral Surface Image illustrates the superolateral surface of the brain with structures labelled such as; Frontal pole, Temporal pole, Occipital pole. #### Inferior Surface Image illustrates the inferior surface of the brain with labels such as Inferomedial border, Inferolateral border. #### Medial Surface Image of a sagital cut showing the internal surface of the brain with structures such as Hypothalamus, Pons, cerebellum. * **Lobes & Main Sulci** Image shows the left side of the brain. 1. Central sulcus: Is immediately behind the midpoint of the Frontal & Occipital pole 2. Lateral sulcus: Extends laterally between the Frontal & Temporal lobes; splits into 3 Rami 3. Parieto-occipital sulcus 4. Occipital pole Frontal pole --- * **(2): Divides parietal & temporal lobe (behind)** Image shows the left side of the brain indicating Frontal lobe, parietal lobe, temporal lobe, and occipital lobe including Anterior ramus, ascending ramus, and posterior ramus * **Point where direction changes** * Sylvian point * (lateral sulcus divides into rami) * **Insula (5th lobe)** * located withing lateral sulcus * involved in control of internal organs, taste, smell and emotions * **Major Sulci + Gyri** Image: Superior view of a horizontal section of the brain with the left and right hemisphere. * Motor cortex * Central Sulcus * Sensory Cortex * Postcentral Sulcus * Precentral Sulcus * Superior Frontal Sulcus * Inferior Frontal Sulcus * Middle Frontal Gyrus * Superior Temporal Gyrus * Inferior Temporal Gyrus Image shows the left side of the brain with labels such as Sup. frontal sulcus, Central sulcus, Precentral gyrus, Postcentral gyrus, Sup. parietal lobule, Parieto-occipital sulcus --- ### Medial Surface Image showing the left side of the brain with structures such as Cingulate gyrus, Corpus callosum. * **Functional Areas** * Frontal Eye Field Premotor area, Primary motor area, Primary somesthetic area. Image showing the left side of the brain with labels such as Motor speech area of Broca, Promotor area, Primary auditory area, Secondary visual area, Wernicke sensory speech area. * Primary motor area (4) * Primary sensory area (3,1,2) * Broca's area (44,45) * Primary visual area (17) * Primary auditory area (41,42) * Wernicke's area (22,39,40) * **Wernicke’s area (along angular gyrus; in temporal & parietal lobe)** --- * F ~ function, L ~ lesion 1. **Primary motor area/ motor cortex:** * F controls voluntary motor movements of the opposite half of body * L muscle weakness of affected part 2. **Primary sensory area/sensory cortex:** * F responsible for sensations of fine touch, position and movements of opposite half of body, kinesthesia; awareness of body movement * L affects general sensation 3. **Sensory speech area:** * Wernicke's area, angular gyrus * F receives input from hearing/vision/touch/proprioception; language comprehension. 4. **Broca's area:** * F plans/coordinates speech production 5. **Primary visual area:** * F process isolated visual features; eg. colour/motion/size * **Broca's area** * Majority in L hemisphere (dominant) * Eg, stroke affects L frontal lobe; speech affected Image showing the brain's language center for Reading indicating Broca area and other brain regions. Image showing the brain's language center for Listening including auditiory asa --- Image showing the brain regions including Brocas area, Central sulcus, Wernickes area. * **Connects Wernicke's area & Broca's area** * **Sensory & Motor Homunculus** Motor homunculus Image showing the Precentral gyrus in motor cortex and the areas that are controlled in the body. Sensory homunculus in the postcentral gyrus: Image showing the sensory cortex and the corresponding parts of the body that it controls. --- * **CEREBRUM - WHITE MATTER(inner)** * \*white → axons (due to myelin sheath) * Grey → call bodies (due to ribosomes) * **3 types of axons:** 1. **Association Fibers** * Within 1 hemisphere & connects I cortical area to another (eg. cingulum) 2. **Commissural Fibres** * Connects cortices of 2 hemispheres (eg. corpus callosum) * **Projection Fibres** * Connects cortex to subcortical structures & spinal cord (eg. internal capsule) Image showing an anterior view of the internal capsule with structures such as Anterior limb of internal capsule, Caudate nucleus, putamen labelled. --- * Internal capsule: internal capsule * Bundle of projection fibres Image representing the Corona Radiata (still corticospinal fibres; diff. name due to location) and internal capsule * From cerebral cortex to spinal cord * Responsible for motor + sensory innervation of the opposite half of the body ### Thalamus * Relay station: receives all sensory info. and sends to respective parts of brain. (eg. general sensation → parietal lobe) Image of the thalamus * Grey matter Image of the structure and location of the thalamus with notes indicating controls circadian rhythm, relays visual info, relays auditiory info --- ### Basal ganglia * grey matter within white matter of cerebral hemispheres Processes inputs from cerebral cortex and sends it back via thalamus Regulates voluntary movements prevents excessive/involuntary movements Parts * Caudate nuclous * lentiform nucleus Image of a cross section of the brain with labels indicating Head of caudate nucleus, lentiform nucleus, thalamus ### Brain stem * between cerebrum and spinal cord * grey matter surrounded by white matter (opp. of cerebrum) Image showing labels for Midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata Cranial nerves * 3,4 * 5,6 * 7,8 ponto medullary junction * 9,10,11, and 12 --- ### Ventricular System * where CSF is produced * Lateral ventricles * Interventricular foramen * Third ventricle Cerebral aqueduct * Fourth ventricle * Subarachnoid spaces (most CSF) * Central canal (into spinal cord) Image shows the ventricular system including the Lateral ventricles, cerebral aqueduct, and Fourth ventricle. ### Blood supply * Forman magnum Image shows the blood supply foramen magnum including 2 internal carotid A(ICA), 2 vertebral A * LKR: 3 cerebral A + 2 communicating A *Image showing the relationship between the common carotids and vertebral arteries. * Connects ICA & post Cerebral A * Connects basilar artery * Branch from ILA * formed by joining of vertebral arteries --- Image with Anterior communicating artery ,Anterior cerebral (artery), Middle cerebral (artery) * Circle of Willis * Medial, striate A supplies Internal capsule * Branch of anterior cerebral artery Image showing the Medial Surface * Anterior cerebral artery * Posterior cerebral artery * Middle cerebral artery *Lobes (blood supply): Superlateral surface Anterior cerebral artery *Lobe blood supply * *F* * *P* * *T* * *0* *supereo-lateral: MCA, MCA, PCA *Medial: ACA, PCA ,PCA --- * **LOBES - FUNCTIONS** *1. Frontal:* * Personality * Emotional response * Motor movements *2. Parietal:* * Calculation * Sensations of fine touch (eg. pressure/texture) *3. Temporal:* * auditory perception * Language *4. Occipital:* * Analysis of vision ###**SPINAL CORD** * Extends from medulla oblongata; ends at L1/L2 * Occupies upper 2/3 of the vertebral canal * Lower 1/3 =cauda equina * Surrounded by 3 layers of meninges: protects CNS * Dura, Arachnoid, pia meter * Cervical & Lumber enlargements * Cervical, Lumber- supplies upper limbs and supplies with lower limbs * Extension of tape * Filum terminale extends from conus modularis anchors spinal cord to coccyx --- * **Spinal nerve** *Image showing different parts of the spinal cord. * Ant Gray Horn * Ventral Root (Motor) * Dorsal root (sensory) * Dural (double) folds * Falx cerebri: separates 2 hemispheres * Tentorium cerebelli: separates cerebrum & cerebellum Tracts = bundle of axons carrying same type of info Spinal chord white matter (our) 1 . Descending (Motor) tracf * Corticospinal tract; controls opp. half of body 2 Asending( Sensong) I hope this markdown conversion is helpful! Let me know if you have any other questions.