Sex & Punishment (Part 1) Chapter 7 PDF

Sex & Punishment NBL230 (Part 1) Jonathan Roth, Ph.D. Brain Science Chapter 7 10/29/2024 Welcome to class! Notes: Today: Moving back into the Autonomic nervous fun part of the nervous...

Sex & Punishment NBL230 (Part 1) Jonathan Roth, Ph.D. Brain Science Chapter 7 10/29/2024 Welcome to class! Notes: Today: Moving back into the Autonomic nervous fun part of the nervous system system Sympathetic vs Four F’s parasympathetic 1. Fight Hormones and the 2. Flight endocrine system 3. Feeding HPA axis 4. Reproduction “Fawning” “Fornicating” … © UAB. All Rights Reserved. Fight or flight! What are some physiological responses? · Acceleration of heart and respiratory rate · Paling or flushing; or alternating between both. · Inhibit digestion · General effect on the sphincters of the body. · Constriction of blood vessels in many parts of the body. · Liberation of nutrients (particularly fat and glucose) for muscular action. · Dilation of blood vessels for muscles. · Inhibition of the lacrimal gland (responsible for tear production) and salivation. · Dilation of pupil (mydriasis). · Relaxation of bladder. · Inhibition of erection. · Auditory exclusion (loss of hearing). · Tunnel vision (loss of peripheral vision). · Disinhibition of spinal reflexes; and shaking. © UAB. All Rights Reserved. The nervous system voluntary involuntary Fight & Flight Rest & Digest © UAB. All Rights Reserved. The autonomic nervous system Largely unconscious Regulates bodily functions: heart rate, respiratory rate, digestion, pupillary response, micturition (urination), sexual arousal, etc. Innervates 3 major types of tissues: Cardiac/skeletal muscle Smooth muscle Glands © UAB. All Rights Reserved. The autonomic nervous system Glands Release hormones ANS controls release of hormones from the glands Control those bodily functions, energy metabolism, etc. What are some hormones and what do they do? insulin, glucagon, epinephrine/adrenaline, etc. Homeostasis! © UAB. All Rights Reserved. Autonomic nervous system subdivisions Sympathetic Parasympathetic Division “Fight or Flight” Division “Rest & Digest / Feed & Functions in actions Breed” requiring quick responses Functions in actions that Some actions of SNS: don’t require immediate Diverting blood flow away action from the gastrointestinal Some actions of PSNS: tract and skin via Dilating blood vessels vasoconstriction leading to the GI tract Enhancing blood flow to Constriction of the pupil skeletal muscles and the lungs Contraction of the ciliary Dilating the bronchioles of muscle (closer vision) the lung to allow for greater Stimulating salivary gland oxygen exchange secretion Increasing heart rate © UAB. All Rights Reserved.  Hormones neurons = fast, hormones = slow © UAB. All Rights Reserved. How does the nervous system do this? © UAB. All Rights Reserved. Autonomic nervous system pathways ANS divisions are structured as a 2-neuron series that goes from the CNS to peripheral effectors (with one exception which we will discuss later) © UAB. All Rights Reserved. Dual innervation © UAB. All Rights Reserved.  SNS vs PSNS characteristics Parasympat Sympatheti hetic c Origin of Thoracolum division/SC exit Cranio-sacral bar points Pre-ganglionic fiber length (CB in Long Short CNS) Post-ganglionic fiber length (CB Short Long outside CNS) Divergence (# of post synaptic fibers Low High to a single 1:~4 1:~20 preganglionic fiber) Pre-ganglionic Acetylcholin neurotransmitter CNS Acetylcholine e preganglionic postganglionic (cholinergic) Post-ganglionic Norepinephri neurotransmitter ne Acetylcholine © UAB. All Rights Reserved. What happens if you see a tiger in the forest? Sympathetic or parasympathetic response? Dumps of epinephrine (adrenaline) into the bloodstream Smooth muscle needs to shut down, skeletal muscle/heart turn on So stop digesting, start running/fighting How does epinephrine affect smooth and skeletal muscle differently? © UAB. All Rights Reserved. How do hormones affect physiology in general? © UAB. All Rights Reserved.  Adrenergic receptors α subtype has lower binding affinity, but are more highly expressed β subtype has higher binding affinity, but lower expression Thus, only high levels of circulating epinephrine cause vasoconstriction This is also tissue specific i.e. coronary arteries have high β receptor expression Which types of muscle have which type of receptor? *note: epinephrine/NE can be used as BOTH a neurotransmitter and a hormone © UAB. All Rights Reserved. Parasympathetic cranial nerves CN III Oculomotor (pupillary constriction/dilation, lens) CN VII Facial (salivary/lacrimal glands) CN IX Glossopharyngeal (parotid gland: salivation) CN X Vagus (heart and lungs and gastrointestinal tract) © UAB. All Rights Reserved. Recall: Cranial nerves For next practical, you will need to know in a CN is sensory/motor/or both Some say marry* money, but my brother says big brains matter more. *with the exception of CN III, the parasympath etic fibers are in mixed nerves © UAB. All Rights Reserved. Summary: © UAB. All Rights Reserved. Chronic stress ANS is in response to acute stress. i.e. you see a tiger in a forest and need to survive What happens if you see a tiger all day erryday? © UAB. All Rights Reserved. HPA axis – chronic stress H: hypothalamus P: anterior pituitary A: adrenal cortex Hypothalamus releases hormones into the infundibulum to signal to the pituitary gland (NOT in the brain), which secretes hormones to regulate body homeostasis. © UAB. All Rights Reserved. HPA axis – chronic stress H: hypothalamus P: anterior pituitary A: adrenal cortex Hypothalamus  (CRH)  anterior Pituitary  (Acth)  Adrenal cortex  (cortisol) © UAB. All Rights Reserved.  ANS vs HPA axis Acute stress Chronic stress Sympathetic HPA axis Division, ANS Adrenal medulla Adrenal cortex Catecholamines Corticosteroids Epi, NE Cortisol © UAB. All Rights Reserved. Stress is good in small doses ‘window of tolerance’ © UAB. All Rights Reserved. Stress is bad in chronic large doses Acute stress Chronic stress © UAB. All Rights Reserved. Coming up! Thursday: Sex and Punishment Part II: Limbic system and Halloween! © UAB. All Rights Reserved. See you Thursda y Wear a costume for extra credit! Don’t forget your final Neuroscience and Race discussion post on Canvas by Thursday!