Chemistry Notes - AASH Education PDF

7618207917 (AASH djk;sxk Exam. ikl) AASH EDUCATION PVT. LTD. Musallahpur Hatt, Laxmi Cold Storage, S.K. Jha Campus, Patna-6 Mob.: 8210049013, 8271947190 ALP/Te...

7618207917 (AASH djk;sxk Exam. ikl) AASH EDUCATION PVT. LTD. Musallahpur Hatt, Laxmi Cold Storage, S.K. Jha Campus, Patna-6 Mob.: 8210049013, 8271947190 ALP/Tech. Special Quick Revision Batch Chemistry (Notes) OUR USEFUL TEST ALP TEST (6 Shift) 6:30AM-6:30PM ` 200 / month Railway Technician Test (6 Shift) 6:30AM-6:30PM ` 200 / month Reasoning Test ( Gaurav Giriraj Sir) 5PM - 6PM ` 200 / month Science Test (By- Er. 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(Gas) ( ): > > (Chemical Compounds) > > > > C2H5OH, CH3COOH > > > > > > H2O, NO2, SO2 > > (Substance or Matter) > > NCERT Note : (i) (ii) (i) (Plasma state) : (Plasma State) – + – (Solid) (Liquid) (Gas) + – + – – – + (Element) (Compound) + + – 1879 Metal Non-Metal Metalloids Youtube Channel :- SK jha Telegram Channel :- S k jha pdf Science by Er. S.K. JHA [P-1]  7618207917 NCERT (ii) O2 + BEC NCERT NCERT (i) [Physical Change] (ii) [Chemical Change] I. [Physical Change] : (Soft Drink) [NCERT Examplar] [NCERT Examplar] ZnCl2 II. [Chemical Change] : NCERT 1. (Element) CO2 2. (Compound) 3. (Mixture) 1. (Element) 2. (Compound) (Element) 1661 NCERT NCERT 118 92 [NCERT Examplar] Note : NCERT NCERT NCERT (Element) [NCERT Examplar] (Metal) (Non-Metal) (Metalloid) (Compound ) [NCERT Examplar] [NCERT Examplar] NCERT [NCERT Examplar] Youtube Channel :- SK jha Telegram Channel :- S k jha pdf Science by Er. S.K. JHA [P-2]  7618207917 (Types of Molecules) H 2O 2:1 2 : 16 = 1 : 8 (Homomolecules) (Heteromoleculer) 3 (i) 2 (O2), (H2), 100°C = 373K = 80°R = 212°F (Cl2) 0°C = 273K = 0°R = 32°F (ii) (Mixture) (H2O : + ), (CO2 : + ) (Atomicity) (Homogeneous Mixture) (Hetrogeneous Mixture) (Ar) (He) (Fe) (H2) NCERT (Cl2) Ex : Fe, Ni, Co (H2O) Ex : CO2, H2O (NH3) Ex : (S8) (Crystallization): Fe 1 Ca 1 H2 2 H2SO4 7 (Distillation) : CaSO4 6 Ca3(PO4)2 13 H3PO 4 8 Ca(OH)2 5 [NCERT Examplar] NH4Cl 6 (Fractional Distillation) : H2O > > > Youtube Channel :- SK jha Telegram Channel :- S k jha pdf Science by Er. S.K. JHA [P-3]  7618207917 25ºC NCERT [NCERT Examplar] (Steam Distillation) : [NCERT Examplar] CuSO4 (Filtration) : [NCERT Examplar] [NCERT Examplar] [NCERT Examplar] (Desalination) : (Diffusion) : NCERT NCERT (Melting) (Freezing) ( Deposition) (Evaporation) (Condensation) (Osmosis) : NCERT NCERT (Sublimation) : (NH4Cl) (Reverse Osmosis) : Note : Note : NCERT N2 > He NCERT (H2) (He) H2 NCERT Hydrogen Youtube Channel :- SK jha Telegram Channel :- S k jha pdf Science by Er. S.K. JHA [P-4]  7618207917 (He) H2 – He He O2 + He N2 – O2 + N2 O2 +He (Substance) (Boiling Point) N2 1. 100°C He N2 2. 100°C [NCERT Examplar] 3. (D2O) 101.4°C 4. 34°C 125°C 130°C L.P.G KNO3 (Potassium nitrate) (CO2) CaCO3 Hg Hydrargyrum Quick Silver, Ex : CO2 + H2O H2CO3 CaCO3 (Calcium Carbonate) [NCERT Exemplar] CaCO3 Youtube Channel :- SK jha Telegram Channel :- S k jha pdf Science by Er. S.K. JHA [P-5]  7618207917 (Atom) (i) (ii) (iii) 1. 2. 3. 4. J.J. Thomson (iv) [NCERT Examplar] 2. (Dalton's Atomic Theory): 1. (Thomson Atomic Theory) : 1891-1897 1898 = 10–10m 3. (Rutherford's Nuclear Theory): Plum-Pudding Model, 1906 NCERT NCERT 105 NCERT NCERT THOMSON'S ATOMIC MODEL (gold foil) (i) (gold foil) Youtube Channel :- SK jha Telegram Channel :- S k jha pdf Science by Er. S.K. JHA [P-6]  7618207917 (ii) Note : 1886 (iii) NCERT 1905 (iv) NCERT Electron Proton Electron Proton NCERT Electron Neutron Proton Electron (Penetrating Power) n > p > e– Note : (a.m.u) : C –12 12 amu Note : (Radius of Nucleus)= 10–15m = 1 Fermi/Femto 1amu 1.66 10 24 g (Radius of atom) = 10–10m C-12 =1 Å n+p= –10 10 m ( 00 n ) : = 1 Angestrom 00 n n, P –15 10 m = 1 Fermi = Femto Note : 5 =10 m (S.N. Bose) (nm) NCERT 10–10m NCERT Positron = 105m e+ Electron (Antiparticle) 9.1 × 10–28g 1.6 × 10–19c Note : (Antiparticle) (Orbit) (Shell) (kg) (orbit) shell e– –1.6022×10 –19 –1 0 7 p +1.6022×10–19 +1 1 K, L, M, N, O, P, Q n 0 0 1 K Youtube Channel :- SK jha Telegram Channel :- S k jha pdf Science by Er. S.K. JHA [P-7]  7618207917 Q P Q N s=2 1 M L K p=6 3 n+p n=1 d = 10 5 n=2 n=3 n=4 f = 14 7 n=5 n=6 K – × × × (Binding energy) > = > – ×O × × × × ×O × O=O O ×× × ×O × × Trick-[ ] × × Ex : H2O H H = Covalent + Co-ordinate 1 H 1s 1 1 × 1 Ex : N2O H ×O × H O 8 O 1s ,2s ,2p 16 2 2 4 ×× × × bond = 2 N N × ×O ×× or N N O × bond = 0 Ex : C2H2 Note : H – C C – H bond = 3 N2O (laughing) 6 C 1s ,2s , 2p 12 2 2 2 bond = 2 Ex : CO2 O = C = O bond = 2 N2O O2 bond = 2 Ex : C2H4 [ ] (Ozone) O3 O = O O H H bond = 5 C=C bond = 1 (Covalent bond) 2 H H Ex : [C6 H6] H (Co-ordinate bond) 1 C bond = 12 bond = 3 H C C H H C C H C CFC H Youtube Channel :- SK jha Telegram Channel :- S k jha pdf Science by Er. S.K. JHA [P-16]  7618207917 (Lone-Pair) : O3 Ex : NH3 [NCERT Exemplar] 7N 1s2, 2s2, 2p3 1H 1s Note : 1 H × (AgI) H× N ×H (AgNO3) HF (Lone Pair) (Hydrogen bond) orbital = - + + Ex : CH4 Hybridisation. H -bond = 4 long-pair = 0 H C H co-ordinate bond = 0 Dotted line (..........) H (Covalent bond) + H.O = 4 = sp3 = 109º Ex : NH3 N Hybridisation H–F ----- H – F ----- H – F H bond = 3 lone pair = 1 H N Co-ordinate bond = 0 Hydrogen bond (H.B) H H.B HF H 2 O NH 3 H.O 4 = sp3 H2S, HCl Ex : Ethene (C2H4) bond = 3 H H lone pair = 0 H C=C H co-ordinate bond = 0 H.O 3 = sp2 Ex : Ethyne or [C2 H2] (Hybridisation) : bond = 2 Hybridisation H–C C–H lone pair = 0 orbital co-ordinate bond = 0 orbital Hybridisation H.O. = 2 = sp = 180º Atomic 1 Atomic Benzene (C6H6) : Orbital s p2 Orbital H bond = 3 lone pair = 0 C co-ordinate = 0 sp2 H C C H H.O = 3 = sp2 Hybrid Orbital (H.O) H C C H = 120º No. of H.O Hybridisation C 2 (s,p) sp 180º H 3 (s, p, p) sp2 120º Note : Hybridisation = sp3 4 (s, p, p, p) sp3 109º.28' Hybridiation = sp2 Youtube Channel :- SK jha Telegram Channel :- S k jha pdf Science by Er. S.K. JHA [P-17]  7618207917 Note : 1 Ex : 1. A + B = AB 2. CaO(s) + H2O(l) Ca(OH)2(aq) Ex : C2H6 H H bond = 4 3. C(s) + O2 (g) CO2(g) lone pair = 0 H C C H 4. 2H2(g) + O2(g) 2H2O(l) co-ordinate bond = 0 2. (Decomposition H H No. of Hybridisation Reaction) : = 4 = sp3 = 109º (Stybridisation) (Example) SP Ex: BeH 2, BeCl2, CO 2, C2H2 Ex : AB A + B SP2 Ex: BF3, BCl3, CH3, C2H 4 H2O H+ + OH– SP3 Ex: CH 4, C2H 6, CCl4, NH 4 (i) (Thermal Decomposition) : (Chemical Reaction) Ex. CaCO3(s) CaO (s) + CO2(g) (Characteristics of 2Pb(NO3 )2 2PbO(s) 4NO2 (g) O 2 a Chemical Reaction) : (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) 2KClO3 2KCl + 3O2 (v) (vi) (Chemical Equation) : NH4NO3 N2O + 2H2O Fe O +SO + SO + 7H O 2FeSO4.7H2O 2 3 2 3 2 (i) NaCHO3 Na2CO3 + H2O + CO2 (Reactants) (+) (LHS) (ii) (Photolysis) : (ii) (Products) (+) (RHS) (iii) 2AgCl(s) 2Ag (s) Cl2 (g) (iii) (Electrolysis) : Zn + H2SO4 ZnSO4 + H2(g) 2H 2 O(l ) 2H 2 O2 (Types of Chemical Ractions) : 3. (Displacement Reaction) : 1. (Combination Reaction) : Youtube Channel :- SK jha Telegram Channel :- S k jha pdf Science by Er. S.K. JHA [P-18]  7618207917 (i) (Single Displacement Ex : Reaction) (ii) (Double Displacement 6CO 2 12H 2 O C 6 H12O 6 6H 2 O 6O 2 Reaction) 9. (Oxidation Reaction) : (i) H2S + O2 H2O + SO2 Ex : Ex : AB + C AC + B 2Mg + O2 2MgO Fe(S) CuSO 4 (aq) FeSO4 (aq) Cu(S) C + O2 CO2 10. (Exothermic and Endothermic Reactions) : (ii) Ex : AB + CD AC + BD N a 2 SO 4 (aq ) BaC l 2 (aq ) BaSO 4 (S) 2 NaCl (aq ) A + B C + E [NCERT Examplar] 4. (Neutralisation Re- A + B C – E actions) : [NCERT Examplar] [NCERT Examplar] 11. (Precipitation Reaction) : Ex : HCl NaOH NaCl H 2 O 5. (Isomerisa- tion or Rearrangement Reactions) : BaCl 2 (NH4 )2 SO4 BaSO4 ( ) NH4Cl ( ) BaCl 2 K 2SO4 BaSO4 ( ) 2KCl ( ) Ex : NH 4CNO NH 2 CONH 2 AlCl3 NH4 OH Al(OH)3 ( ) NH4Cl 6. (Reversible ( ) and Irreversible Reaction) : AgNO3 NaCl AgCl ( ) NaNO3 ( ) Pb(NO3 )2 KI PbI2 ( ) 2KNO3 ( ) Fe,Me Ex : N 2 3H 2 2NH 3 Pb(CH3OO)2 KI PbI2 ( ) 2CH3COOK ( ) Ca(OH)2 CO2 CaCO3 ( ) H2O ( ) Ex : 2NaOH H2SO 4 Na 2SO4 2H2O 7. (Hydrolysis Reaction) : (double-displacement) Note : CaCO3 CO2 Ex : CH3COONa H2O CH3COOH NaOH 12. (Chlor Alkali Method) : 8. (Photochemical Reaction) : Youtube Channel :- SK jha Telegram Channel :- S k jha pdf Science by Er. S.K. JHA [P-19]  7618207917 CaOCl2 2NaCl(aq) 2H2O(l ) 2NaOH(aq) Cl 2 (g) H2 (g) Ca(OH)2 + Cl2 CaOCl2 + H2O 2H+ + 2e– H2 (g) 2Cl– Cl2 (g) + 2e– 13. (Washing Soda) : Na2CO3.10H2O (i) 16. (Plaster of Paris) : (ii) CaSO4.½H2O NaCl (aq) + H2O + NH3 + CO2 NH4CO3 373 K NH4CO3 + NaCl NaHCO3( ) + NH4Cl 373K 1 3 NaHCO3 + NaCl Na2CO3 + H2O + CO2 CaSO4.2H2O CaSO4. H2O H2O 2 2 ( ) ( ) NaOH (aq) + CO2 Na2CO3 + H2O NaHCO3 Na2CO3 + H2O + CO2 Note : CaSO4.2H2O 14. (Baking Soda) : 17. : NaHCO3 NaOH (i) (i) 2NaCl(aq) H2O(l ) 2NaOH H2 Cl 2 (ii) (ii) Na2CO3 + H2O + CO2 2NaHCO3 Na2CO3 Ca(OH)2 CaCO3 ( ) 2NaOH (10% ) NH3 + H2O + CO2 (NH4)HCO3 (NH4)HCO3 + NaCl NaHCO2 + NH4Cl CO2 Note : 15. (Bleaching Powder) : Youtube Channel :- SK jha Telegram Channel :- S k jha pdf Science by Er. S.K. JHA [P-20]  7618207917 CuO H2 Principle of Conservation of Mass Change NCERT NCERT (Antonie Lavoisier) AgCl Ag NCERT [NCERT Exemplar] Ex : C + O2 CO2 12 + 2 × 16 12 + 2 × 16 44g = 44g [NCERT Exemplar] Fe [NCERT Exemplar] Fe3O4 [NCERT Exemplar] Change NCERT FeSO4(s) Fe2O3 + SO2 + SO3 H2 NO2 [NCERT Exemplar] NCERT Mn Mg NCERT H2 HNO3 [NCERT Exemplar] AgCl AgBr AgBr CuCO3 NCERT [NCERT Exemplar] + = NCERT O2 CuO Na Ca NCERT [NCERT Exemplar] Youtube Channel :- SK jha Telegram Channel :- S k jha pdf Science by Er. S.K. JHA [P-21]  7618207917 (Radioactivity) 1 = 106 disintegration/second 82 1 = 1 dis/sec 60 (Radioactive) (Radioctivity) Co 60 Co 59 (Radio- active Decay of Radioactive Disintegration) (Radioactivity) (Henery Becquerel) 1896 (U), (Th) (Po), (Ra), , , 1903 (Irene Curie) F-Joliot (G.M. Counter) 207 82 Pb 1/10 9/10 SI (Ci) 4- 1 curie = 3.7 × 1010 disintegration/second 1/1837 Youtube Channel :- SK jha Telegram Channel :- S k jha pdf Science by Er. S.K. JHA [P-22]  7618207917 > > Ex : 14 e=7 7 N > > p=7 n = 14 – 7 = 7 [Half life Period] n 7 1 p 7 235 Ex : 92 U e = 92 = p = 92 0.693 n = 235 – 92 = 143 t1/2 Disintegration constant n 143 1.56 p 92 (Stimulating) (Average Life or Mean Life) : Photographic (1/ ) Plate + – 1 0.693 Radioactive Substance Q. Half life period 1600 8 gram 1 Note : I. (Ionisation Potential) t1 Sol : 8g 2 4g = 1600 t1 4g 2 2g = 1600 II. (Penetrating Power) t1 2g 2 1g = 1600 4800 8g 1 gm III. Photographic Plate Q. (Po) 140 25% t1 Sol : 100% 2 140 (Nuclear Fussion Reaction) t1 50% 140 2 t1 25% 2 140 280 1g 25% Helium Q. 1600 8 gram Deuterium 1 4 Sol : 8g 4 g = 1600 1 Neutron 8 2 4 Tritium 4g 2 g = 1600 Radioactive element Energy n Note : 1.5 Radioactive p n 1.5 Radioactive p Youtube Channel :- SK jha Telegram Channel :- S k jha pdf Science by Er. S.K. JHA [P-23]  7618207917 238 92 U (Hydrogen Bomb) (USA) 1952 U 238 235 U (1H2 D2) (1H3 T3) U-235 Pu-239 1000 (Neutron Bomb) 20 1977 (Nuclear Fission Reaction) : Note : 1000 (Atom Bomb) (Nuclear Fission) 235 239 Reactor 1942 1945 (Atmospheric Pressure) 107oC 1. 2. 3. Note : 4. 5. 6. 18 1974 7. 8. (Smiling Budha) 1942 ‘‘Little boy’’ 6 1945 D2O, n- ‘‘Fatman’’ B, Cd n- (9 Aug 1945) Na, K Youtube Channel :- SK jha Telegram Channel :- S k jha pdf Science by Er. S.K. JHA [P-24]  7618207917 (D2O), (C–1414 ) Swimming Pool Open Pool (U238 ) (Pb700) (Rb87) (Sr) (K40) (Ar 40) Reactor (Group displacement rule) Note : Zr 1. - – 1 a.m.u = 931 Mev 1.4896 84 Po 214 82 Pb210 × 10–10 (VIA) [IVA] 1 MeV = 1.6 × 10–13 2. - –32 (e) 6 C14 7 N14 (Enriched Uranium) (IVA) (VA) 235 3. - 235 Ex.: U 235 – X 231 –2 Y 231 92 90 90 238 235 Isotopes 235 (Breeder Reactor) 235 238 235 0.124 amu 239 232 233 (FBR) (4 Aug 1956 ) 30 KW Youtube Channel :- SK jha Telegram Channel :- S k jha pdf Science by Er. S.K. JHA [P-25]  7618207917 n (Oxidation) Oxd + – Ex : Na +.Cl : Na Cl Reduction (Oxidation) (Reduction) (Oxidation Number) : O2 O2 H2 H2 Ex : Na = 0, H2 = 0, H2SO4 = 0 CO3– – = –2 NH4+ = +1 Oxidation Number (Oxidising Agent) 1. Oxidation Number electron (a) IA H, Li, Na, K, Rb +1 (b) II A Be, Mg, Ca, Sr +2 (exception) (c) VII A (Halogen) F, Cl, Br, I –1 HNO3, KMnO4 [(Potassium Parmegnet) ] (d) (O) –2 K2Cr2O7 (Potassium dichromate) Oxidising Agent Note : (i) Oxidation Number = Oxidation (Reducing Agent) : (ii) Oxidation Number = Reduction Ex : H2SO4 S Sol : S =x Reducing Agent H2SO4 Oxidation Number = 0 H2SO4 1 × 2 + x + (– 2 × 4) = 0 + – Na + Cl Na + Cl (2,8,1) (2,8,7) 2+x –8=0 x = 6 Ans. Ex : KMnO4 Mn (Oxidation num- Note : ber) Sol : KMnO4 O. No. = 0 H2O 2 1 + x + (–2 × 4) = 0 1 + x –8 = 0 O3 x=8–1 HNO2 Nitrous acid =7 Redox Reaction : Ex : K2Cr2O7 Cr (Oxidation num- ber) Sol : K2Cr2O7 O.No = 0 Redox Reaction 1 × 2 + x × 2 + (–2 × 7) = 0 Youtube Channel :- SK jha Telegram Channel :- S k jha pdf Science by Er. S.K. JHA [P-26]  7618207917 2 + 2x – 14 = 0 Ex : CaH2 O.No. = 0 2x = 12 2 + 2x = 0 12 2x = – 2 x= 6 2 x = –1 Ans. Ex : OF2 O (Oxidation number) 1. (a) = (b) = 8 Sol : OF2 O.No. = 0 Ex : S x + (–1 × 2) = 0 x–2=0 Sol : 16S = 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p4 x = +2 S Maximum O.No. Ex : H2O2 O (Oxidation number) = +6 Minimum O.No. = 6 – 8 = –2 S O.N –2 +6 Sol : H2O2 O.No = 0 2 + 2x = 0 Ex : 8O x = –1 Ans. Ex : KO2 O (Oxidation number) Sol : 8O = 1s2, 2s2, 2p4 = VI, =6 Sol : KO2 O.No. = 0 [super oxide] =6–8=–2 1 + 2x = 0 2. O.N = +1 2x = –1 = Metal Hydride [Ex : LiH, NaOH, CaH2] O.N = –1 1 3. (compound) x= 2 O.N = –2 Ex : CaH2 H (Oxidation Number) Paroxide (–O– O–) O 0.N = –1 Ex : H2O2 (H–O–O–H), Na2O2 etc. 8. (Solution) (Solution) (Osmotic Pressure) isotonic (Solvent) (Solute) HNO3 (Nitric acid) 1 HCl (Hydrochloric acid) (Homogeneous mixture) (Au) (Pt) (over dose) (a lesser extent) HNO3 : HCl = 1 : 3 Ex: Ex: + = 1. (Saturated Solution) (Solution) 2. (Un-Saturated Solution) 3. (Super Saturated Solution) + = 1. (Saturated Solution) (Solute) Ex : Ex: (Solvent) 2. (Un-Saturated Solution) Ex: H2O (Universal Solvent) Youtube Channel :- SK jha Telegram Channel :- S k jha pdf Science by Er. S.K. JHA [P-27]  7618207917 3. (Super Saturated Solution) Tyndall Effect 1. (Homogeneous Solution) 2. (Hetrogeneous Solution) Flashlight 1. (Homogeneous Solution) Solution Mixture of water and milk Ex : [NCERT Exemplar] (Radiant) 2. (Hetrogeneous Solution) 2. (Coagulation) : (Precipitate) Ex : 1. (Suspension) 3. (Brownian Motion) : (colloid solution) 10–5 cm 1827 (Strength of Solution) (Normality) = NCERT 'N' 2. (Colloid) W 1000 N V E E= 10–5 to 10–7 cm W= V= E = Gram Equivalent A. (Emulsion) B. (Jell) (Molarity) A. B. face wash, shampoo, cream etc. 'M' W 1000 M V m W= V= m= [NCERT Exemplar] (Molality) 1. (Tyndall Effect) (molality) Molality 'Mo' a 1000 Mo = b m Youtube Channel :- SK jha Telegram Channel :- S k jha pdf Science by Er. S.K. JHA [P-28]  7618207917 a= (%) b= m= 100 Q. 500 ml3 120 gm NaOH 1 120 1000 6 (10–10M) 10 (10–9 ) N= 500 40 % × 100 9 1. (Sol) 2. (Sol) 3. 4. CO2 5. (Smoke) 6. 7. (fog), (mist), (Cloud), 8. 9. Alcohol (Gas Laws) Or / (Boyle's Law) (Charles's Law) 1 V (Gay - Lussac's Law) P K (Avogadro's Law) V.... (i) k= P (Dalton's Law) PV K (Ideal Gas Law) P1V1 = P2V2 = P3V3 =.......... V1 P2 V2 P1 (Boyles Law) V Note : (Boyle's) (Charl's) P 1/V B C V T (M) ( ) = P T (V) G (Galusac) M P T V Youtube Channel :- SK jha Telegram Channel :- S k jha pdf Science by Er. S.K. JHA [P-29]  7618207917 STP NTP 1 22.4 K litre 22.4 litre P V V Avogadro Number = 6.022×10 23 K Note : P M (good conductor) P Note : Boyle (Dalton's Law) (Charles's Law) : 1802 (Dalton's Law of Partial V (Boyle's) (Charl's) Pressure) P 1/V B C V T P T G CO+H2 (Galusac) P T = (Partial) K= PTotal = P1 + P2 + P3 + P4............Pn V= T= (Ideal Gas) V T V = KT V1 T1 1 V2 T2 V...(i) p Note : 0 kelvin –273ºC Tn V T...(ii) V p (Gay-lussac’s Law) Tn V V n...(iii) V R (Boyle's) (Charl's) p P 1/V B C V T P= (absolute pressure) P T V= G (Galusac) n= P T R= (Universal gas constant) T= (absolute temperature) P.V = nRT P T P1 T1 R= P = KT P2 T2 R = 8.314 mol × kelvin n=1 PV = RT (Avogadro's Law) (Ideal Gas) (NTP) 1811 (Negligible space) V n n = Number of molecules Youtube Channel :- SK jha Telegram Channel :- S k jha pdf Science by Er. S.K. JHA [P-30]  7618207917 (Identical Molecules) (concentration same) (Negligible) (Homogeneous) (Random Motion) (Diffusion of Gases) (Collision) (Rate of Diffusion) : (Volume) (Permanent Gas) Q. 17ºC Sol : K = C + 273 = 17 + 273 = 290K Charles Law (Graham's Law of Diffusion) T1 = 290 K, T2 = ? V1 = V V2 = 2V 1848 V1 T1 V 290 (r) (d) V2 T2 , 2V T2 (square root) (inversely pro- T2 = 580 K = 307ºC portional) (Diffusion) r1 = (Diffusion) (Diffundere) r2 = (To Spread Out) M1 = (Highly M2 = Concentrated Region) (Low Concentrated Region) 1 r d Diffusion of Gases r1 d2 r2 d1 r1 M2 M r2 M1 Befor diffusion After diffusion Youtube Channel :- SK jha Telegram Channel :- S k jha pdf Science by Er. S.K. JHA [P-31]  7618207917 (Chemical Compound) [NCERT Exemplar] Note : (Acid) (Base) (Salt) (Acid and Base) [NCERT Exemplar] H+ OH– (1923) Ex : HCl, HNO3 Ex : NaOH, KOH [NCERT Exemplar] NCERT pH 7 7 NCERT + NCERT [NCERT Exemplar] [NCERT Exemplar] ABR BRB Acid Blue to Red Base Red to Blue (Oxyacids) : H+ H+ OH– OH– Ex : HCl, Ex : CH3COOH, Ex : NaOH, Ex : NH4OH, Ex.: HClO4, H2SO4, HNO3, H2CO3 HNO3 HCOOH KOH Ca(OH)2 (Hydracids) Note : Ex.: HCl,HF 1. NCERT 2. Note : NCERT 3. NCERT I. HClO4 > HClO3 > HClO2 > HClO 4. II. HI > HBr > HCl > HF NCERT HCl HCl 5. [NCERT Exemplar] NCERT CO2 CO2 CO2 [NCERT Exemplar] Youtube Channel :- SK jha Telegram Channel :- S k jha pdf Science by Er. S.K. JHA [P-32]  7618207917 4. [NCERT Exemplar] H 2S 5. NCERT 6. H2SO4 7. NCERT 8. 9. 10. 1. (Vinegar) 11. 2. 3. 12. (Uses of Acids) (Acid) (Uses) (CHCOOH) 3 3-6% (Preservation) (C6 H8 O7 ) (Effervescant Salt) (H2SO4) (HNO3 ) (3HCl + HNO3 ) (Oxidizer) (HCl) (Dyes) (H3BO3 ) (C2 H2 O4 ) Note : CaSO42H2O (i) Hydro- gen Peroxide (H2O2) CuSO4 [NCERT Exemplar] (ii) Al2O3 NaOH pH (iii) (Use of Bases) [NCERT Examplar] (iv) (NaOH) [NCERT Examplar] (v) HCl NaOH Ca(OH)2 [NCERT Exemplar] (Bleaching Powder) pH pH Scale 1909 (Waste Water) Mg(OH)2 (Antacid) PH – Potenz of Hydrogen (CaO) ( – decreasing[OH ] (MgO) (Ionisation of Water) (KOH) (Electrolyte) H2O H+ + OH– Concentration Youtube Channel :- SK jha Telegram Channel :- S k jha pdf Science by Er. S.K. JHA [P-33]  7618207917 [H ] [OH ] 10–14 = –(–4) log10 10 =4 10 14 PH + POH = 14 [H ] [OH ] PH + 4 = 14 PH = 14 – 4 10 14 PH = 10 Ans. [O H ] [H ] pH Q. [OH–] 10–3 [H+] (pH Value of Substances) 10 14 (Substance) pH Sol : [H+] = = 10–11 10 3 (pH Value) PH [H+] 0–1 PH = – log [H+]...(i) (Gastric Juice) 1.2 – 2 POH = – log [OH–]...(ii) 2.2 – 3.4 PH POH 14 3.2 – 3.9 log 10 = 1 log mn = nlog m 4.0 – 4.4 log 105 = 5 log 10 4.5 – 5.5 =5×1=5 2.0 – 5.6 Note : 5.6 – 6 I. [H+] = [OH–] 6.4 – 6.6 II. [H+] > [OH–] 7 III. [H+] < [OH–] 7.3 – 7.5 Q. 1 [OH–] 10–4 [H+] Sol : [OH–] = 10–4 7.5 – 8.4 [H+] = ? 9.2 [OH–] × [H+] = 10–14 11.6 10–4 × [H+] = 10–14 13.0 10 14 14.0 [H+] = 10 4 = 10–10 Ans. pH PH Q. [OH–] 10–4 PH 0-3.5 HCl O Sol : POH = –log [OH–] 3.5-7 POH = –log [10–4] 7 7 POH = 4 PH + POH = 14 7 10.5 PH + 4 = 14 PH = 14 – 4 10.5 NaOH 14 PH = 10 Ans. Q. PH [H+] 0.001 M Sol. [H+] = 0.001 M = 10–3M (Hypo) : PH = –log [H+] 3 = – log10 10 =3 Q. PH [OH–] 1 × 10–4 M Sol. [OH–] = 10–4M (Pb3O4) POH = –log [OH–] PH 7 = –log [10–4] Youtube Channel :- SK jha Telegram Channel :- S k jha pdf Science by Er. S.K. JHA [P-34]  7618207917 (Buffer Solution) 2. Ex : NaHCO3, NaHSO4, NH4Cl NH4OH + HCl NH4Cl + H2O Ex : 3. (Alkaline Salts) : [Salt] Ex : Na2CO3, CuCO3, Cu(OH)2 2 NaOH + H2CO3 Na2CO3 + 2H2O [NCERT Exemplar] 4. (Double Salts) Acid + Base Salt + HCl + NaOH NaCl + H 2O K2SO4. Al2(SO4)3. 24H2O Neutralisation Reaction FeSO4 (NH4)2 SO4.6H2O NCERT Q. H2SO4 + = + H2 NCERT Sol : (Equivalent Mass) + = + H2O NCERT = H2 [NCERT Exemplar] 98 H2SO4 98, 49 2 Mn Mg 40 Q. NaOH 40 H2 HNO3 [NCERT Exemplar] 1 36.5 NCERT Q. HCl 36.5 1 Q. Al(OH)3 NCERT Sol : Al(OH)3 = 27 + (16 + 1)3 = 27 + 51 = 78 NCERT (NaCl) NaOH, 78 26 NaHCO3, Na2CO3, CaOCl2 etc. 3 NCERT Note : HCl + NaOH NCERT NCERT 6.4 (Equivalent Mass of Ion) = Q. Carbonateion (CO23 ) CO3– = 12 + 16 × 3 (NH4Cl) NH4+, Cl– = 12 + 48 = 60 Note : 60 = = 30 2 [NCERT Examplar] Q. NH14 18 Note : 1. (NaHCO3) Ex : NaCl, KCl, Na2SO4, CaSO4 HCl + NaOH NaCl + H2O KOH CO2 NCERT Youtube Channel :- SK jha Telegram Channel :- S k jha pdf Science by Er. S.K. JHA [P-35]  7618207917 (Some Common Salts and Their Uses) (Salt) (Salt) (NaCl) (NaOH)