Solar System PDF

C SS SOLAR SYSTEM R A RM PA  C SS - Nearest galaxy: Andromeda Galaxy Universe I R Study of Universe: Cos...

C SS SOLAR SYSTEM R A RM PA  C SS - Nearest galaxy: Andromeda Galaxy Universe I R Study of Universe: Cosmology ↓ Milky Way Galaxy ↓ A Solar System ↓ 8 planets RM ORIGIN OF UNIVERSE - Theories given: - BIG BANG THEORY PA ↑ - Infinitely hot and dense single - point -> Exploded  George Lemaitre: 1931 ↓ -> Increase in distance of celestial bodies Edwin Hubble Origin of Big Bang Theory. Also, - Explosion -13.6 billion years ago known as Big Bang Explosion C -> 4.5 billion years ago FORMATION OF OUR SOLAR SYSTEM - SS ↑ Nebular Theory, 1755: by Immanuel Kant 1796: modified by Laplace Nebula: A giant cloud of dust and gas x R Cloud Molecular gas + Dust A RM PA H + He Nuclear Fusion = H+H He = Formation of Sun (mostly made of H2 and He H I70% Indian Institute of Astrophysics HQ: Bangalore  CELESTIAL BODIES - Two types: - ~ Luminous: Self-glowing, eg: stars ↑ Non-Luminous: Not self-glowing, but can reflect light from other sources. Eg: Moon 1. Asteroids: they are small, rocky objects that orbit the Sun - 2. Meteoroids/Meteors: enters Earth’s atmosphere and burn up in Mesosphere (shooting stars) C - 3. Comet: Small icy dirt balls that orbit the Sun, burn upon reaching Sun - 4. Stars SS I Stars: luminous bodies - 1 Colour: Depends on temperature ↑ Group of stars: Constellation ↓ ↑ / - R Largest: Hydra Urja Major: Sapta Rishi A - · Brightest star in Orion Constellation: Rigel · Brightest star in night sky (overall): Sirius (Dog Star) 8 - Closest star to Earth: Sun -> Distance from Earth: 150 million km (1.5 x 10 km) RM ↓ After Sun, it is Proxima Centuri · Light Year/Parsec: celestial distances 12 & 1 LY: 9.46 x 10 km Sun ↑ 1 Parsec: 3.26 LY - PA · India’s first Solar Mission - The only star in our solar system and powerhouse of solar system Composed of Hydrogen (73%), Helium (25%) and other metals ↓ - - Carries 99% mass of our solar system ↑ ADITYA L1 mission ISRO, W Approx 109 times of Earth India - Takes 8 minutes 30 seconds for light at speed of 3 lakh km/sec to reach Earth Temperature at surface = 5800 K/5600 C W Temperature at centre = 15.7 million K - Outer layer: CORONA  Moon - I Earth’s natural satellite ↑ Rotation: object’s spinning motion - W Non-Luminous about its axis Radii: 1.74 x 10 e 6 I km m - Revolution: object’s orbital motion - - - Time of Moon’s light, takes to reach Earth: 1.26 around another object secs W All planets rotates from West to East C - Distance b/w Earth and Moon: 3,84,000 km (anti-clockwise) except Venus and W Gravity = Earth’s gravity - - Uranus (clockwise) 6 SS ↑ Rotation = Revolution (same) ↓ 27.3 days ->Only one side of the Moon is visible (far side) R A RM PA  ** Kuiper Belt C Jovian Planets/Exterior Terrestrial planets/Interior Planets SS planets I Asteroid Belt: b/w Mars and Jupiter / R Pandit Jasraj becomes the first Indian musician to have a minor planet named after him: Panditjasraj (300128) - Derived from his date of birth, 28 Jan 1930 A I Characteristics of Terrestrial Planets RM - Satellite PA - Revolves around planets  C SS ↓ A R I Saturn I RM I ↓ ↓ Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune 1st Planet: Mercury PA - Closest planet to Sun Smallest planet in solar system Diameter: 4900 km Fastest planet, takes 88 days to complete revolution around Sun Planet with no satellite Planet with no water and gases like Nitrogen, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Carbon Dioxide  2nd Planet: Venus -an Hottest planet in solar system: traps the gas easily, has thick clouds of H SO and COa Brightest planet in Solar System, also known as “Evening Star” and “Morning Star” No satellite/Moon - I Also known as “Earth’s Twin” due to similar mass and size - Rotates clockwise C 3rd Planet: Earth SS the only planet to give support to life Also known as “Blue Planet”: 70% water It has one satellite: Moon - Densest in the entire solar system 4th Planet: Mars - R A - Known as “Red Planet”: rich in Iron oxide (red soil) - Second smallest planet in solar system / Two natural moons: Phobos and Deimos RM Largest Volcano and tallest mountain of Mars: Olympus Mons - 5th Planet: Jupiter ↑ Largest planet with shortest rotation- 10 hours PA - Atmosphere filled with: Hydrogen, Helium, other gases · Third brightest after Moon and Venus - At present total moons: 95 92 moons (most no. of satellite) at present & Largest satellites: Io, Europa, Ganymede (largest among all), Callisto (all discovered by Galileo) Has unclear ring around it  6th Planet: Saturn - Second largest planet - Has bright and concentric rings made of tiny rocks, gas, dust, ice ↑ It is the least dense planet ↑ Has 146 at least 82 at moons moons present (the maximum) C - Largest satellite: Titan ↑ 1655: Huygenes (discover Saturn’s rings) ↑ 1675: Cassini (discovered gap b/w rings) SS ↓ Cassini divisions 7th Planet: Uranus / - R It is greenish in colour: “Green Planet” due to presence of Methane (CH4 ) Discovered by William Herschel in 1781 A - - Known as “Ice Giant” I Atmosphere has: Hydrogen, Helium, Water, Ammonia, Methane Rotates clockwise like Venus RM W - Coldest planet Its is tilted to 98 at its axis- Rolling/Lopsided Planet ↑ I 8th Planet: Neptune - PA I Farthest planet I It is also “Ice Giant” L Atmosphere composed of: Hydrogen, Helium / Bluish in colour due to Methane ↑ Fourth largest planet and third most massive planet & Discovered by: Johann Galle and Urbain Le Verrier in 1846 (only planet found by Mathematical Predictions) I Has 14 satellites, famous moon: Triton  Pluto - - No more a planet in 2006 by International Astronomical Union (IAU) : It is known as dwarf planet and is a member of Kuiper Belt Kuiper Belt is a spherical boundary outside the orbit of Neptune containing a number of asteroids, rocks and comets C SS Increasing to Decreasing Order 7 J S U N E V M M ↓ ↓ + ddt ↓ Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Earth Venus Mars Mercury R A RM PA