Solar System PDF

Luminous Self-glowing Not self-glowing, but can reflect light Non-Luminous...

Luminous Self-glowing Not self-glowing, but can reflect light Non-Luminous from other sources Asteroids small, rocky objects that orbit the Sun Earth’s natural satellite Meteoroids enters Earth’s atmosphere and burn up Non-Luminous / Meteors in Mesosphere Radii - 1.74 x 10^6 km CELESTIAL Comet Small icy dirt balls that orbit the Sun, Origin of BODIES burn upon reaching Sun Time taken by light to reach Earth - 1.26sec. UNIVERSE Group of stars Moon Constellation Largest - Hydra Distance b/w Earth & Moon = 3,84,000 km Urja Major - Sapta Rishi Earth’s gravity = 6 times Moon's gravity Rigel - Brightest star in Orion Constellation Rotation = Revolution = 27.3 days (same) Stars Sirius (Dog Star) - Brightest star in night sky Only one side of the Moon is visible (far Closest star to Earth - Sun side) Distance: 150 million km (1.5 x 10^8 km) only star in our solar system Closest star to Sun - Proxima Centuri powerhouse of solar system Solar System Composed of Hydrogen (73%), Helium (25%) and other metals Carries 99% mass of our solar system Nebular Theory - Approx 109 times Earth size Sun Origin of 1755 - by Light takes 8min. 30sec. to reach Earth SOLAR SYSTEM Immanuel Kant Speed of light - 3 lakh km/sec 1796 - modified by Laplace Temperature at surface = 5800 K/5600 C Temperature at centre = 15.7 million K Outer layer - CORONA  Farthest planet known as - Ice Giant Mercury Atmosphere has Hydrogen, Helium Closest planet to Sun Bluish in colour due to Methane Neptune Smallest planet in solar system Discovered by Johann Galle and Urbain Le Verrier in 1846 Diameter: 4900 km (only planet found by Mathematical Predictions) Fastest planet takes 88 days to complete revolution Has 14 satellites famous moon - Triton Planet with no satellite Green Planet (Methane) Discovered by William Herschel in 1781 Hottest planet in solar system Jupiter > Saturn > Uranus > Neptune > Earth > Known as - Ice Giant Venus > Mars > Mercury Brightest planet in Solar System known as - Evening Star & Morning Star Atmosphere has Hydrogen, Helium, Water, Ammonia, Methane Uranus Venus No satellite Coldest planet known as - Earth’s Twin (similar mass & size) tilted 98 degree at its axis Saturn known as - Rolling/Lopsided Planet Earth Rotates clockwise Rotates clockwise like Venus Second largest planet only planet to give support to life Has bright & concentric rings made of known as - Blue Planet (70% water) tiny rocks, gas, dust, ice Planets one satellite - Moon least dense planet Mars Densest in the entire solar system Largest satellite - Titan Jupiter 1655 - Huygenes (discover Saturn’s rings) Known as - Red Planet (Iron Oxide (FeO)) 1675 - Cassini (discovered Cassini Largest planet divisions) shortest rotation (10 hours) 2nd smallest planet Atmosphere has Hydrogen, Helium, other Two satellite - Phobos & Deimos gases Largest Volcano & tallest mountain - Third brightest after Moon & Venus Olympus Mons Largest satellites - Lo, Europa, Callisto & Ganymede (largest among all) (all discovered by Galileo) Has unclear ring around it  by Radioactive dating invented by Ernst Rutherford (1905) divides horizontally Equator Northern & Southern Hemisphere Uranium-lead dating method (oldest Division Age rocks) divides vertically Prime Meridian Eastern & Western Hemisphere Potassium-argon method Types of Dating Rubidium-strontium method Axial - 23.5 degree Inclination Radiocarbon dating method Orbital - 66.5 degree When nearest to Sun Chlorine-36 dating method Perihelion January 3rd (14,75,00,000 km) Carbon-dating (C ) (latest rocks) When farthest from Sun Geoid or Oblate Spheroid Aphelion Distance (a little flat from top and bottom) July 4 (15,25,00,000 km) from the Sun towards the axis of rotation or centre when moon is closest to Earth Perigee Shape Centripetal Force of curvature (inside) When moon is farthest from Earth Apogee directed away from the centre of the Centrifugal Force circle Earth around the Sun in Elliptical orbit Radius One revolution - 365days 6hr. 9min. 9sec. Rotation - spinning on its own axis Orbital speed: 29.8 km/sec Revolution One rotation - 23hr. 56mins. 4sec. Equatorial Radius: 6378 km Max orbital speed: Mercury Polar Radius: 6357 km Rotation West to East Direction Min orbital speed: Neptune Mean Radius: 6371 km Rotational Speed is maximum at Equator & minimum at Poles  Imaginary vertical lines form North to South Angular Distance of a plane from Prime Meridian Distance from each longitude varies from poles towards equator Least distance at poles - 0 km Maximum distance at equator - 111.32 km Longitude Total longitudes: 360 All longitudes divide Earth into 2 equal parts Passes through 8 countries - Prime Meridian - 0 degree UK, France, Spain, Algeria, Mali, (passes from Greenwich, London) Burkina Faso, Togo & Ghana International Date Line - 180 degree (Zig-Zag line) Latitude & Longitude Latitude Imaginary horizontal lines from East to Lunar Solar Eclipse West Angular Distance of a place from the Solstice & Equinox equator Distance b/w each latitude is same 1 degree of latitude = 111 km (approx) Total latitudes - 181 Largest - Equator Smallest - Poles Super Moon - during Lunar Eclipse + Perigee Moon (North & South) (appears bigger) Summer Solstice - continuous Sun rays on North Pole for 6 months Winter Solstice - continuous Sun rays on South Pole for 6 months Equinox - direct Sun rays fall on the Equator  Temperature - indirect source made of Silica & Aluminium layer (SiAl) Volcanoes and rock - direct source Thickness - 5-70 km Method Meteorites - indirect source land part of crust Earthquakes - indirect source Crust Continental Crust 30 km (thick/lighter) made of Granitic rock water part of crust Oceanic Crust 5 km (thick/denser) made of Basaltic rock made of Silica & Magnesium (SiMa) Thickness - 2900 km Mantle Top layer - Solid form Upper Mantle division Lower Mantle Asthenosphere semi-molten form made of Nickel & Iron (NiFe) Earthquake Core Inner Core Solid form - 2200 km division Liquid form - 1300 km Outer Core (shows magnetic properties) Tectonic plates Earth’s Interior Discontinuity measure magnitude Magnitude - 0-10 Richter Scale It is a limitless scale Scales to measure measure intensity Mercalli Scale Magnitude - 1-11 7 Major + few minor plates Major plates marked in red & Minor plates marked in blue Crust + Upper solid part of Mantle Lithosphere Thickness - 10-200 km Asthenosphere is not part of Lithosphere  formed when magma Igneous Rock cools and solidifies when water is too warm, corals will expel the algae (Zooxanthellae) living in their tissues Intrusive - solidifies inside causing the corals to turn completely white Types sea organisms, known as Rainforest of Sea Extrusive - solidifies outside Exists in symbiotic relationship with Sediments are broken, transported & deposited Zooxanthellae algae Coral bleaching They exists in layers/strata exists in colony In sedimentary compaction takes place - Saline water Lithifaction (cannot survive in fresh water) Corals Rock Sedimentary Rock Fossils are found in it Sunlight Favourable conditions Formed mechanically eg: Sandstone, limestone and shale Clear water Formed organically Temperature Types eg: chalk, limestone, coal (between 30-35 C) by Alfred Wegener, in 1912 Formed chemically Great Barrier Reef, Australia eg: Limestone, halite Barrier Reef due to Tidal force & Polar fleeing force (largest) formed by recrystallisation & reorganisation of due to development of convection cells Continental drift materials within the original rocks Jig Saw fit Igneous + Sedimentray (in Pressure, Volume & Metamorphic RocK Temperature) Fossils deposits Evidences Continents Thermal formed by sudden temperature change Placer deposits Continents & oceans Types Dynamic formed without any chemical change Cinder most viscous lava Composite low viscosity lava Shield Volcano Rock Cycle most explosive lava Caldera collapses on itself Oceans  Rainfall is a precipitation Hail big size rain bearing small size Weather phenomenon black/dark grey coloured Nimbus Sleet Frozen & refozen drops Lowest layer of the atmosphere opaque to sunlight Low level Rainfall occurs when surface of Earth Poles - 8 km layered clouds Stratus Convectional Height is heated up by the Sun Equator - 18 km flat base, cotton wool shaped Clouds Orographic rainfall caused due to mountain 4000-7000 m Cumulus Tropopause divide Troposphere & Stratosphere Cyclonic due to cyclone does not rain generally decreases with altitude High level High altitude Troposphere Temperature Lapse Rate 165m - 1 degree C Feathery appearance Cirrus 1km - 6.5 degree C does not cause rain (78%) Nitrogen, (21%) Oxygen, (0.9%) Argon, water vapour present in atmosphere Composition of gases (0.036%) Carbon dioxide, Helium actual amount of water vapour present in Tropospheric Ozone is bad for our environment Absolute Humidity atmosphere Conduction - layer that’s near to Earth will % of moisture present in atmosphere heat through conduction (also vertical) compared to its full capacity Relative Humidity Humidity Convection - Vertically transfer of heat after temperature at which saturation occurs Dew Point Atmosphere heats up due to conduction moisture that forms as a result of Advection - Horizontal transfer of heat Dew condensation eg: loo is a result of advection Stratosphere Big particles Fog Condensation no solid surface needed, water vapour condenses around hygroscopic particles Water Small particles Mist Ozone layer is seen here which protects from deposition of white crystals Frost (97.2%) Saline water Atmosphere harmful UV rays Coldest layer atmosphere Ozone layer seen b/w 30-35 km Ice gaps/glaciers (2%) 68.7% of total fresh water Mesosphere Meteorites end here Temperature increases with altitude/moving upwards Ground water (0.68%) Temperature decrease with altitude 30.1% of total fresh water Jet planes fly in this layer Lakes (0.4%) (2.8%) Fresh wate Ozone day - 16th Sept. 1987 Hottest layer Atmosphere Stratopause divides Stratosphere & Mesosphere Temperature increases with altitude Rivers known as Ionosphere layer (presence of Ions) Thermosphere its Reflects Radiowaves water (liquid) - water vapour (gas) Evaporation boundary b/w the Earth’s atmosphere and water vapour (gas) - water (liquid) Condensation Water Cycle Karman line Exosphere (100km) weather condition where something falling Precipitation lines connecting the points having same from sky (like - rain, snow, hail ) Isotherm temperature  usually seen in places where rock is soft (Dolomite/Limestone) Changes in the configuration of Earth Land build/elevate Endogenic forces Geomorphic process Erosion Exogenic forces by Groundwater if Endogenic > Exogenic Himalayas continuously increasing if Exogenic > Endogenic Aravalis continuously decreasing pressure within the earth, also known as internal forces pools, sink holes, dolines, lapies, uvalas, limestones Erosional Radioactive decay Stalactite, Stalagmite, Pillars Depositional Energy from Primordial heat kind of process that move/elevate/build up Endogenic forces the process of Earth Orogenic process through which mountains are built Diastrophism Epeirogenic other changes except mountain build up Erosional: cliff, caves, stack , arch Earthquake shaking of Earth Depositional: beaches, by Sea Waves Landforms Changes Plate tectonics dunes, bars, barrier, spits Volcano openings/vents where lava or magma erupts due to Exogenic forces, causes wearing and Exogenic Processes tearing Gradation wearing down of relief features of Earth Collectively Exogenic forces are called Exogenic forces Denudation Exogenic Agents running water, wind, waves, ground water Ultimately sources of energy for all exogenic forces - Sun by Wind Action of elements of weather and climate Erosional: Pediplain, Playas, Mushroom Geomorphology over Earth Materials rock, Pedestal rocks In-situ process Depositional: Sand Dunes (Barchan/Seif) erosion or disintegration of rocks, building Chemical materials, etc. Weathering Types Physical/Mechanical disintegration without chemical change Biological caused by movement of plants and animals by River process when large, curved plates or slabs of Effect Exfoliation rocks are stripped away from the outer surface of a rock mass Youth stage - V-shaped valley, Gorges, Canyon, Waterfalls, Rapids, entrenched meander Mature stage - Meanders weathering is not a pre-requisite for Mass Old - Ox-bow lakes, delta, levees, flood plain Movement, it aids the Mass Movement V-shaped valley, Gorges, Canyon, Waterfalls, Pothole, Main force involved - Gravity Erosional features Plunge pools, River terraces Creep slow downslope movement of particles flood plains, Delta, ox bow lakes, meanders, Alluvial fans Depositional features Landforms slow progressive movement of mass down a Mass Movement Solifluction slope Landslide Avalanche Types Earthflow by Glacier Cirque, Ridges/Arête, Horn, Hanging Valley, Glacial Valley Erosional Mud flow Moraine, Eskers, Drumlins, Outwash plains Depositional  Pressure difference causes wind Warm air rises - Low pressure Cold air sink - High pressure High pressure - Low pressure Large Sea Surface temperature Coriolis force Favourable conditions Cyclone Small variation in vertical wind speed Pre-existing weak LP area During cyclone, Cumulonimbus clouds are formed & causes heavy rain & thunderstorms Cyclone at High Latitudes are caused due to Frontogenesis Land & Sea breeze Local wind Wind Geostrophic winds winds that blow parallel to isobars Isobars line connecting the points having same pressure  Weather short term Climate long term (Roughly 30 years data is taken) Climate by Koeppen, in 1918 Empirical Climatic Classification Benguela, Peru, Greenland, Oyashio, Labrador, Falkland, West Australian Drift, Canary & Cold Ocean Current California Heating by Sun Ocean Currents Wind Density different Reasons of origination Coriolis force Coastline of continents Surface - 10% Types Deep Sea - 90% Creates foggy conditions: worse for Warm ocean current + cold ocean current Harbouring = Best fishing zones Max. desert seen on Western side of the continent Effects Cold ocean current - creates desert  Gujarat, Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Odisha, West 9 States Bengal Andaman & Nicobar, Lakshadweep, Daman & 4 UTs Diu, Puducherry UTs - Andaman and Nicobar (1912 km) Longest coastline Coastal Boundary State - Gujarat (1214 km) 4,096.7 km (longest) Goa Shortest coastline Border - Radcliffe Line Total: 7516.6 km Meghalaya, Assam, Mizoram, Tripura & West Mainland: 6100 km Bangladesh Bengal BSF 3,488 km Ladakh, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Sikkim & Arunachal Pradesh India Expention China ITBP (under Ministry of Home Affairs) 3,323 km Facts Gujarat, Rajasthan & Punjab Pakistan Boundries India was part of Gondwanaland BSF India in terms of area is in the 7th position 1,751 km India occupies 2.4% of total world’s land area Pass through 8 states Sikkim, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal & Uttarakhand Nepal Facts Indian Population is 17% world’s total Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, population Tropic of Cancer Chattisgarh, Jharkhand, West Bengal, Tripura & Mizoram SSB (under Ministry of Home Affairs) State sharing boundary with maximum no. of Uttar Pradesh = state 8 states + 1 UT (Delhi) capital cities of these 8 States are above - 1,643 km Jaipur, Rajasthan Myanmar Aizawl, Mizoram Arunachal, Nagaland, Manipur & Mizoram Sikkim (West Bengal) Agartal,aTripura State sharing boundary with least no. of states 699 km Meghalaya (Assam) West Bengal, Assam, Sikkim & Arunachal Sikkim (Nepal, Bhutan, China) Bhutan Pradesh States sharing boundary with 3 countries Arunachal (Bhutan, China, Myanmar) SSB (under Ministry of Home Affairs) West Bengal (Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh) 106 km (least) Afghanistan 1 UT that shares boundary with 3 countries Ladakh (Pakistan, China, Afghanistan) Ladakh by Palk Strait Sri Lanka  Eg - Andes Mt. Range (South America) Young fold mountains Northern Mountains Alps Mt. Range (Europe) Core made up of Granitic rock (formation: million of years ago) Rockies Mt. Range (North America) Northern Plains 3 mountain ranges Eg - Peninsular Plateau highest peak - K2 / Godwin Austin (8611 m) Ural Mt. Range (separates Europe and Asia) Old fold mountains Physiographic world’s second highest peak Appalachians (North America) Aravalli (India) (formed billion years ago) Divisions The Great Indian Desert Karakoram Range Siachen Eg - types of Mountains Coastal Plains Baltoro Trans Himalayas Glaciers Vosges Mountain (Germany) Block Mountains Caucasus Mountains Group of Islands Hisper Diafo Eg - Mount Kilimanjaro (Africa) Mount Stromboli (light house of Ladakh Shyok river flows b/w Karakoram and Ladakh Mediterranean) Volcanic Mountains Mount Fujiyama(Japan) Zanskar Indus flow b/w Ladakh and Zanskar Mount Ojas del Salado (Chile-Argentina border) Mount Cotopaxi (Ecuador) Known as Himadri / Inner Himalayas Tribe - Bhotia Himachal/Uttarakhand Himalayas Western most point Nanga Parvat Summer grasslands - Bugyal Eastern most point Namcha Barwa Mt. Kanchenjunga Himalayas Great Himalayas Avg. height: 6000 m Tribe: Lepcha/Bhutia tribe Darjeeling & Sikkim Himachal Mt. Everest (8848 m, highest in the world) Absence of Shiwalik - Duars Mt. Kanchenjunga (Sikkim): Highest in India Himalayan Range (8598 m) jhumming cultivation practiced Others Highest Peaks Nanda Devi: highest peak in Uttarakhand Important peaks - Kangtu & Namcha Barwa Arunachal Himalayas 1. Annapurna (8091 m) Important rivers - Kameng, Subansiri & Dihang Nepal: 2. Dhaulagiri (8167 m) Tribes - Monpa, Abor, Mishimi, Nyishi & Naga 3. Mount Makalu Patkai bum known as Himachal / Lesser Himalayas Naga Hills Avg. Height - 4000 m Eastern/Purvanchal Hills Manipur Hills J & K - Pir Panjal Range Mizo/Lushai Hills Himachal Pradesh - Dhauladhar Middle Himalayas Names Dal Lake Uttarakhand - Nagtibba fresh water lakes Wular Lake Nepal - Mahabharat Range Kashmir Valley is b/w Great Himalayas and Pangong Tso Lakes Lesser Himalayas salt water lakes Tso Morir Churiya Hills Meanders in its youth stage between Indus river & Sutlej river Punjab Himalayas Avg. height - 1000 m Jhelum River Srinagar between Sutlej & Kali river Kumaon Himalayas In the Eastern Himalayas gets replaced by Shiwalik Duars between Kali & Teesta river Nepal Himalayas Regional divisions B/w Lesser Himalayas and Shiwaliks - between Dihang & Teesta river Assam Himalayas longitudinal valleys known a Dune Karewas formation (glacial deposits) Kashmir Himalayas Largest dune - Dehradun  Arunachal Pradesh Jammu & Kashmir Jammu to Kashmir/Srinagar - Banihal & Pir Panjal Kashmir to Gilgit - Burzil Himachal Pradesh Kashmir to Leh - Zoji La Sikkim Passes Uttarakhand Rohtang pass connects - Kullu to Lahaul and Spiti Valley Baralacha La - Lahaul and Spiti to Leh Atal Tunnel in Rohtang Pass Lipu Lekh located at Trijunction  general elevation - 600-900 m Discontinuous, irregular, and Dissected by rivers Due to breaking & drifting of Gondwana land Stretched from Mahanadi Valley to the Nilgiri made up of black soil (Connects Western Ghats to Eastern Ghats) Continous and can be crossed through passes only Eastern Ghats broad and shallow valleys & rounded hills Highest peak - Mahendragiri (1501 m) / Jindagarah (1690 m) Block mountains Higher than eastern - 900-1600 m Shevaroy Hills & Javadi Hills are located to the Rajpeepla Stretch from Tapi to South of Nilgiri Hills southeast to it 3 hills Mahadeo Spread across - Gujarat, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Goa Maikal Formation Satpura Highest Peak - Dhupgarh (Madhya Pradesh) Cause Orographic rainfall located on Mahadeo Hills Height increase from North to South Western Ghats Hill station - Panchmadi Hills Queen of Satpura Highest peak - Anaimudi (Anaimalai Hills) 2695 m Rivers that flow - Narmada & Son Amarkantak Plateau Makes radial drainage pattern 2nd highest peak - Doddabetta (2637 m) Panna (Madhya Pradesh) - Famous for diamond Southernmost Hills - Cardamom Hills Vindhya triangular landmass lying South of Narmada Highest peak - Sadbhavna Shikhar Bhorghat - Mumbai to Pune Borders (Peak of Goodwill) Thalghat - Mumbai to Nasik Passes Satpura - Northern borders Central Highlands Part lying to the North of Narmada River Divisions Pal Ghat - Annamalai to Nilgiri Mahadev, Kaimur hills, and Maikal range - Peninsular Plateau Deccan Plateau Covered by Vindhya at North, Satpura at Eastern borders South, & Aravalis on the Northw Tilted towards East Malwa Plateau (largest) Deccan Plateau Central Highlands - Western side higher in the west and slopes gently eastwards Main plateaus Chota Nagpur Plateau extension of these found in North East - Eastern side Spread across - Jharkhand, Chattisgarh, Rajmahal Hills - makes North Eastern boundary Malwa Plateau wider in West but narrower in the East Odisha, West Bengal Malda fault/Malda gap - known as Ruhr State (famous for minerals) Separates from Karbi Anglong Plateau, In Gujarat, Rajasthan, and Madhya Pradesh Meghalaya Plateau (Garo, Khasi & Jantia Hills) Ranchi Plateau & North Cachar Plateau (Mikir & Rangma Hills) Made of lava (Basaltic rock) Spread across 860 km (Black soil originates) Hazaribagh Plateau 3 hills Old fold mountains Rivers that flow - Chambal, Betwa, Sindh, Ken Koderma Plateau Chota Nagpur Plateau (Tributaries of Yamuna) Aravalis residual mountains Highest peak - Parsavnath (name of 23rd Tirthankar) Spread across - Gujarat, Rajasthan, Delhi, Haryana River that flows in rift valley - Damodar River (eastern side) Highest peak - Guru Shikhar (1722 m) (situated in Mt. Abu Hills) Jadugada Mines - famous for Uranium  Arabian Sea Total - 36 islands Largest - Andrott Lakshadweep Shompen Tribes Nicobarese Bay of Bengal Total - 572 islands Largest - Great Nicobar 9 coastal states + 4 UTs Andaman & Nicobar Northern Plains Narrow in middle and wider in the ends Coasts Submerging Rivers do not form delta Western Coastal Plains Islands Formation of Kayals (Backwaters) Punnamada Kayal: Nehru Trophy (Boat race) North Andamanese Port development is easy Jarawa Negrito group Tribes Wider Once Senthelese Eastern Coastal Plains Emerging Form Delta Netaji S. C. Bose Island Ross Islands 12 Govt. Owned Ownership & management by Central Govt Shaheed Dweep Neil Island Islands renamed 13 1 Pvt. Owned Ennore (Kamrajkar Port) Swaraj Dweep Havelock Island Parts of India Major Dessert Seen in North Western of Aravali Low rainfall - more than 150 mm/year Ports Also known as Marusthali Burchans, Seif Mushroom rocks Most rivers are ephemeral Features Pedestrial Rocks Minor 200 Owned by State Govt green part in desert Oasis is seen here  They are Perennial Dendritic - resemble the branch of a tree Water throughout the year Brahmaputra Trellis - tributaries join the river at right angle Origin/Source - Glaciers Radial - rivers originating from a central Patterns dome/peak Himalayan Rivers They have long courses from their source to 2900 km the sea Centripetal - rivers draining their water into a Length in India: 916 km 3 major rivers - Indus, Brahmaputra & Ganga central lake/depression