2023 Keystone ISS Biology Module 1 PDF

BIOLOGY MODULE 1 ================ MULTIPLE-CHOICE ITEMS --------------------- 1. Some prokaryotic bacteria and certain eukaryotic microorganisms can survive in extremely salty environments. Which characteristic do these organisms **most likely** have in common? A. the presence of a...

BIOLOGY MODULE 1 ================ MULTIPLE-CHOICE ITEMS --------------------- 1. Some prokaryotic bacteria and certain eukaryotic microorganisms can survive in extremely salty environments. Which characteristic do these organisms **most likely** have in common? A. the presence of a nervous system B. the ability to maintain homeostasis C. the ability to perform photosynthesis D. the presence of a nuclear membrane 2. Which statement **best** compares the plasma membrane in prokaryotes and eukaryotes? E. The plasma membrane is a single layer of lipids in prokaryotes, but it is a bilayer in eukaryotes. F. The plasma membrane in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes separates the cell from the external environment. G. The plasma membrane is lined with ribosomes in prokaryotes, but it is lined with lipids in eukaryotes. H. The plasma membrane in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes contains chloroplasts for starch storage. 3. **Use the chart below to answer the question.** ---------------------------------- -- number of neutrons number of protons number of electrons atomic masses of stable isotopes ---------------------------------- -- I. number of neutrons J. number of protons K. number of electrons L. atomic masses of stable isotopes 4. **Use the model below to answer the question.** M. In Step 1, amino acid monomers are present. In Step 2, the monomers are attached together to form a protein polymer. In Step 3, more amino acid monomers are added to the chain, making a larger protein. N. In Step 1, nucleotide monomers are present. In Step 2, the monomers are attached together to form a protein polymer. In Step 3, more nucleotide monomers are added to the chain, making a larger protein. O. In Step 1, amino acid polymers are present. In Step 2, the polymers are attached together to form a protein monomer. In Step 3, more amino acid polymers are added to the chain, making a larger protein. P. In Step 1, nucleotide polymers are present. In Step 2, the polymers are attached together to form a protein monomer. In Step 3, more nucleotide polymers are added to the chain, making a larger protein. 5. **Use the information below to answer the question.** Q. The student's claim is correct because carbohydrates form DNA. R. The student's claim is correct because all complex molecules store data. S. The student's claim is incorrect because carbohydrates are simple compounds, not complex ones. T. The student's claim is incorrect because nucleic acids, not carbohydrates, are the data- storage molecules. 6. **Use the graph below to answer the question.** U. Enzyme W V. Enzyme X W. Enzyme Y X. Enzyme Z 7. Genetic mutations can cause chloroplasts in leaf cells to lack pigment and appear pale yellow. Which statement describes how a plant is **most** immediately affected by the presence of these genetic mutations? Y. The ability to absorb minerals is reduced. Z. The rate of ATP production by mitochondria increases. A. The sensitivity to changes in air temperature increases. B. The amount of light energy transformed into chemical energy is reduced. 8. Muscle cells have a comparatively large number of mitochondria. Which action does this characteristic allow muscle cells to accomplish? C. rapidly release chemical energy for use D. rapidly convert carbohydrates into lipids E. reduce oxygen demand when releasing stored energy F. reduce carbon dioxide production when releasing stored energy 9. **Use the diagram below to answer the question.**  G. Type 1 does not require energy and molecules move with their concentration gradient. Type 2 requires energy and molecules can move against their concentration gradient. H. Type 1 does not require energy and molecules can move against their concentration gradient. Type 2 requires energy and molecules move with their concentration gradient. I. Type 1 requires energy and molecules move with their concentration gradient. Type 2 requires energy and molecules can move against their concentration gradient. J. Type 1 does not require energy and molecules move with their concentration gradient. Type 2 does not require energy and molecules can move against their concentration gradient. 10. Which statement **best** describes the role of the Golgi apparatus within the cell? K. It is the site where glucose is oxidized to produce energy. L. It is the site where lipids and proteins are translated and folded. M. It is the site where DNA and RNA are stored, maintained, and controlled. N. It is the site where proteins are sorted, packaged, processed, and modified. 11. Which reaction helps maintain homeostasis when the body becomes dehydrated? O. The skin starts to sweat. P. The muscles contract rapidly. Q. The lungs exhale more frequently. R. The kidneys produce concentrated urine. ### Thermophilic Bacteria of Yellowstone National Park -------------------- -- -- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- *Hydrogenobaculum* chemosynthesis using hydrogen, hydrogen sulfide, and carbon dioxide as energy sources; can use arsenic in place of hydrogen sulfide *Phormidium* photosynthesis *Synechococcus* photosynthesis by day; fermentation by night -------------------- -- -- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 12. According to the theory of endosymbiosis, free-living cyanobacteria moved into some eukaryote cells millions of years ago and evolved into the chloroplasts of plant cells. Which statement correctly compares a cyanobacterium and a chloroplast? S. Both have a cell wall. T. Both contain a nucleus. U. Both perform photosynthesis. V. Both are single-celled organisms. 13. Which statement **best** contrasts the role of enzymes in thermophilic bacteria and the plants living in Yellowstone National Park? W. Enzymes of thermophilic bacteria store energy at higher sulfur concentrations than enzymes of plants do. X. Enzymes of thermophilic bacteria catalyze biochemical reactions at higher temperatures than enzymes of plants do. Y. Enzymes of thermophilic bacteria control DNA replication in the nucleus at higher sulfur concentrations than enzymes of plants do. Z. Enzymes of thermophilic bacteria control the water moving into and out of the cell at higher temperatures than enzymes of plants do. CONSTRUCTED-RESPONSE ITEM ------------------------- 14. The model shows a biochemical reaction utilizing sucrase. CONSTRUCTED-RESPONSE ITEM BIOLOGY MODULE 2 ================ MULTIPLE-CHOICE ITEMS --------------------- 1. Which statement **best** describes how DNA replication results in the conservation of genetic information? A. Enzymes associated with DNA replication are used over and over by the cell. B. Each strand of DNA serves as a template for a new strand during DNA replication. C. Nucleic acids linked to sugars twist in a specific pattern following DNA replication. D. Random shuffling of DNA base pairs during DNA replication maintains the base pair ratios. 2. **Use the diagram below to answer the question.** E. X: allele F. X: gene G. X: allele H. X: gene 3. An individual of a plant species shows a certain physical characteristic that requires two copies of the same allele to be expressed. Based on this information, how would the allele for the characteristic **most likely** be classified? I. recessive J. dominant K. sex-linked L. polygenic 4. What is one important result of chromosomal crossing-over during meiosis? M. an increase in the likelihood of having gametes in offspring that are genetically the same as their parents N. an increase in the amount of genetic variation within a population that can improve its ability to survive O. a decrease in the number of chromosome pairs that can be passed from each parent to its offspring P. a decrease in the frequency of genetic mutations and a limit to the diversity of traits within a species 5. Antibiotics are medicines that slow the growth of disease-causing bacteria. One of the ways that antibiotics work is by interfering with the normal functioning of bacterial ribosomes. How does this interference reduce the rate of bacterial reproduction? Q. by preventing the bacterial cell from synthesizing essential proteins R. by increasing the rate at which bacterial cells go through the cell cycle S. by blocking the bacterial cell's access to nutrients from the host organism T. by allowing harmful substances to enter the bacterial cell through its cell membrane 6. **Use the diagram below to answer the question.** U. a point mutation caused by a base deletion V. a point mutation caused by a base substitution W. a frameshift mutation caused by a base insertion X. a frameshift mutation caused by a base substitution 7. **Use the diagram below to answer the question.** Y. They could teach offspring to develop antibiotic resistance. Z. They could prey upon bacteria that are not antibiotic resistant. A. They could pass on genes for antibiotic resistance to offspring. B. They could be consumed by bacteria that are not antibiotic resistant. 8. **Use the drawing below to answer the question.** C. New types of organisms develop in stages from earlier organisms. D. Similar selection pressures will eventually yield similar adaptations. E. New types of organisms cannot develop until earlier organisms become extinct. F. All possible adaptations appear repeatedly by chance over a long enough timeline. 9. **Use the chart below to answer the question.** -- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Cells placed in water with red dye turned red after several hours. If a cell is placed in distilled water without ions, the cell will swell. Cells are the basic unit of structure in all organisms and the basic unit of reproduction. -- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- G. student W H. student X I. student Y J. student Z 10. **Use the illustration below to answer the question.**  K. The researcher is studying how change in an ecosystem will affect the biome. L. The researcher is studying how change in a community will affect the organism. M. The researcher is studying how change in an organism will affect the population. N. The researcher is studying how change in a population will affect the community. 11. **Use the diagram below to answer the question.** O. The rain erodes the rock. P. The river moves water into the lake. Q. The grasses use energy from the Sun to grow. R. The grasses provide a food source for the deer. ### Hummingbirds 12. Which factor would **most likely** contribute to the development of new hummingbird species? S. having the ability to hover T. having a common ancestor U. having a high rate of metabolism V. having different courtship displays 13. Which food chain **best** describes how energy flows in an urban ecosystem that includes hummingbirds? W. catshummingbirdsinsectsplants X. catsinsectshummingbirdsplants Y. plantsinsectshummingbirdscats Z. plantscatshummingbirdsinsects CONSTRUCTED-RESPONSE ITEM ------------------------- 14. A student is observing a cell under a microscope. The cell is growing, but its genetic material has not begun to replicate nor is the cell preparing for division. The student is referencing a model of the cell cycle while observing the cell. CONSTRUCTED-RESPONSE ITEM -------------------------