2022 - 23 Colonies of the Americas_#3.pptx

OVERVIEW OF THE EARLY EUROPEAN COLONIES STEP 1: Shade in the colonial territory of France, Britain & Spain in NORTH AMERICA based on the colored map STEP 2: Shade in the colonial territory of Spain & Portugal in SOUTH AMERICA based on the colored map SPAIN SPAIN Different shades of green sh...

OVERVIEW OF THE EARLY EUROPEAN COLONIES STEP 1: Shade in the colonial territory of France, Britain & Spain in NORTH AMERICA based on the colored map STEP 2: Shade in the colonial territory of Spain & Portugal in SOUTH AMERICA based on the colored map SPAIN SPAIN Different shades of green show boundaries of the 4 viceroyalties of Spain PORTUGAL PORTUGAL STEP 3: Now take notes about the regions (more detail to come about the British colonies) SPANISH COLONIES ● First & most dominant European power in South America ● Conquistadors collected and exported as much wealth as they could by conquering & enslaving Native people ○ Profitable gold & silver mines ● Missionaries converted Natives to Catholicism PORTUGUES ● Racial mixing was common E Brazil ● Colonized ● Imported enslaved Africans and forced them to grow sugar, tobacco, cotton, coffee, and other cash crops FRENCH COLONIES ● Mostly single men, some of whom intermarried with Native women ○ Fewer settlers & a less significant impact on the Natives than Spanish or English ○ Usually more cooperative relationships with Natives ● Focused on fur trading ● Jesuits attempted to convert Natives to DUTC Catholicism ● From the Netherlands:HBuilt a trading empire in the New World but was more successful in the Eastern spice trade ○ Dutch East & West India Companies KEY TERMS, PEOPLE & EVENTS: SPANISH & FRENCH COLONIES TIMELINE: SPAIN IN THE NEW WORLD 1494 - TREATY OF TORDESILLAS Pope Alexander VI decreed all land West of the line would belong to Spain & land East of the line would be Portuguese – gave an advantage to Spain 1519 - CORTES & CONQUEST OF THE AZTEC SPAI N PORTU GAL 1532 - PIZARRO & CONQUEST OF THE INCA TIMELINE: SPAIN IN THE NEW WORLD 1680 - PUEBLO REVOLT Missionaries forced the Pueblo to convert to Catholicism and demanded corn and labor from the Natives Popé (a Pueblo leader and medicine man) led the resistance during which they destroyed Spanish churches & expelled the Spanish Spain reasserted control 12 years later, but ended the encomienda system & began to practice 1769 - CALIFORNIA MISSIONS “syncretism” – blending native & EST. Catholic religious practices Franciscan priest Father Junipero Serra founded the first mission in San Diego. Though Spain had claimed California in 1542, it did not start occupying the land until the late 1700s. It was the 1st of 21 California missions TERMS: SPAIN IN THE NEW WORLD ENCOMIENDA SYSTEM The crown granted large landholders the “right” to Native labor if they converted the Natives to Christianity & provided protection. Conquerors and crown favorites were granted a repartimiento – grant of land, and any natives in that area had to pay tribute & provide labor CASTE SYSTEM The Spanish colonies developed a hierarchy based on people’s place of birth and blood. Those born in Spain, with full European blood, were at the top, and enslaved people were at the bottom. DESCRIBE at least 2 groups on the pyramid to the right VICEROYAL TY The system used by Spain to oversee its territory in the Americas. They were ruled by viceroys (or governors) and were actually NOT considered colonies but rather provinces of Spain The 4 Viceroyalties were: ● ● ● ● New Spain Peru Río de la Plata New Granada PEOPLE: SPAIN IN THE NEW WORLD JUAN DE OÑATE Established the colony of New Mexico for Spain. He sought mythical riches of gold but never found them. He resigned in 1607 & stood trial for his crimes as governor. Oñate was found guilty of cruelty, immorality & false reporting. BARTOLOMÉ DE LAS CASAS A Dominican friar who stood up for Natives against the mistreatment at the hands of the Spanish. Created the “Black Legend” which exposed Spanish atrocities in the name of converting natives to Catholicism. TIMELINE: FRANCE IN THE NEW WORLD 1608 - QUEBEC EST. 1763 - TREATY OF PARIS After losing the French & Indian War to the British and colonists, France gave up all its territory in North America. Saint-Domingue was one of the only territories France retained in North America after the war 1625 - FRENCH SETTLEMENTS IN HAITI Settlement began on the island of Tortuga in 1625. The colony of Saint-Domingue (later known as Haiti) was officially recognized in the Treaty of Ryswick (1697). It developed a slave-based economy centered on sugar, coffee, indigo & other cash crops TERMS: FRANCE IN THE NEW WORLD JESUIT S Catholic missionaries who attempted to convert Natives in French territories such as the Huron. The French missionaries did not set up extensive mission systems like the Spanish. “COUREURS DE BOIS” Translates to “runner of the woods.” These independent entrepreneurs travelled to the New World to trade with Natives: European manufactured goods for furs. Later, they began trapping furs themselves. PEOPLE: FRANCE IN THE NEW WORLD JACQUES CARTIER ROBERT DE LA SALLE After becoming a successful fur trader in Montreal, he was commissioned to explore the Ohio & Mississippi Rivers. He established a number of forts along the way. When he reached the Gulf of Mexico in 1682, he named the area he had explored after King Louis XIV: Louisiana, which doubled France’s holdings in the New World. REGIONS OF THE ENGLISH COLONIES Shade in the regions of the English Colonies based on the colored map Virginia & Maryland are the Chesapeake REGIONS OF THE ENGLISH COLONIES NEW ENGLAND The middle colonies supported a flourishing export economy based on cereal crops (wheat, rye, oats, etc.) and attracted a broad range of European migrants, leading to societies with greater cultural, ethnic, and religious diversity and tolerance. SOUTH & WEST INDIES CHESAPEAKE The New England colonies, initially settled by Puritans, developed around small towns with family farms and achieved a thriving mixed economy of agriculture and commerce. The inhabitants tended to be homogenous – all people practicing the same religion & from England. MIDDLE COLONIES Now, take notes about each region. The Chesapeake and North Carolina colonies grew prosperous exporting tobacco—a labor-intensive product initially cultivated by white, mostly male indentured servants and later by enslaved Africans. The colonies of the southern Atlantic coast and the British West Indies used long growing seasons to develop plantation economies based on exporting staple crops like rice and indigo. They depended on the labor of enslaved Africans, who sometimes constituted the majority of the population and developed their own forms of cultural and religious practices. INDIVIDUAL COLONIES Dat e Colony/ Settleme nt Region Governme nt Important Features Key People 160 7 Virginia South/ Chesapea ke Charter → Royal Jamestown = joint stock co.; mostly single men initially; sought gold → staple crop: tobacco; HOUSE OF BURGESSES (1619) - legislative body; BACON’S REBELLION (1676) John Smith previously indentured servants servants rise up against established landowners & the governor → preference toward slaves 162 6 163 0 New York Massachuset ts Middle* New England Proprieta ry → Royal Charter → Royal (trained 1st settlers to farm: “those who don’t work, don’t eat”) & John Rolfe (introduced tobacco) Formerly New Amsterdam; Peter Minuit (“purchased” economic & religious Manhattan from diversity Natives for ~$500) Peter * 1686: Sir Edmund Andros sent Stuyvesant by the King to consolidate DOMINION OF NEW ENGLAND which included NY (last governor of New Netherland before it became New York) Shipping & trade; MAYFLOWER COMPACT; Pilgrims were Separatists ≠ Puritans (Pilgrims wanted a John Winthrop (Governor for over 30 years - wanted INDIVIDUAL COLONIES Date Colony/ Settleme nt Region Governm ent Important Features Key People 1633 Maryland South/ Chesapea ke Proprieta ry → Royal Catholics, ACT OF TOLERATION; Agriculture: plantations & subsistence Lord Baltimore (Cecilius Religious toleration & ideas of separation of church & state Roger Williams (exiled 1636 Rhode Island New England Charter Calvert) (received a Charter to est. maryland as a haven for English Catholics) from New England for unorthodox teachings like separation of Church & State and toleration) & Anne Hutchinson (exiled for heresy & sedition: teaching one can have a personal connection with God outside the Church) 1636 Connectic ut New England Proprieta ry → Royal FUNDAMENTAL ORDERS = first Constitution; Pequot Wars (1636) over struggle to control trade. Colonists burned Pequot villages using “total war” strategy 1653 & 1663 North & South Carolina South Royal Plantations - single staple crop: rice, indigo & cotton 1682 Pennsylva nia Middle Proprieta ry → Royal QUAKERS; religious freedom & positive Thomas Hooker (wanted universal Christian male suffrage. Led a group of Puritans out of Massachusetts) William Penn (granted the colony to settle a debt owed