Exam SS 2021 - Psychology and Neuroscience Practice Questions - PDF

Okay, here is the converted text from the images into a structured markdown format. ### Exam SS 2021 1. What is Cognitive Science? See above 2. Name examples for computations performed by the mind. See above 3. What is dualism? See above 4. What is the scientific method? ### Psych...

Okay, here is the converted text from the images into a structured markdown format. ### Exam SS 2021 1. What is Cognitive Science? See above 2. Name examples for computations performed by the mind. See above 3. What is dualism? See above 4. What is the scientific method? ### Psychology and the scientific method This is accompanied by a diagram, which shows the stages of the scientific method. The stages are: 1. Theory (general) 2. Hypothesis (specific) 3. Experiment * Experimental Group (independent variable) * Control Group (no independent variable) 4. Results (dependent variable). Eg: Studying the effect of memory while listening to music 5. What is the role of neurons? See above 6. What is an action potential? See above 7. Explain what the term plasticity means The brain is dynamic. It can adapt (regrow, reorganise). Given a injured part in the brain or malfunction it can regrow and reorganise In the same way learning works - reorganisation - routing new paths through the brain 8. What is the central nervous system? See above 9. What are gyri and sulci? Gyrus is a ridge on the cerebral cortex Sulcus is a groove on the cerebral cortex Both give the specific shape of the brain - they increase the surface 10. After birth, neurons grow to a specific shape and form spines. Describe the event after the outgrowth phase. -> Initiation > Outgrowth > Branching > Spine formation > Stopping/pruning (growth is stopped and unnecessary connections are removed, important ones are strengthened) 11. We talked about various electrophysiological methods. Name three and order these with increasing invasiveness. See above 12. GFP is used to track proteins in vivo. What is GFP and what makes it so special? See above 13. What is CT (in contrast to MRI)? * Computer Tomography: x rays * MRI magnetic resonance imaging: uses magnetic field * Both are used to capture disease as cancer * CT can scan whole body * MRI can show some disease which are nearly unable to trace with CT 14. Understanding neural connectivity (“connectomics”) is very important. Explain briefly why. Maybe use an adequate example where the connection matters. Knowing the circuitry helps in identifying the purpose. 15. What are split-brain patients? The hemispheres are no longer connected to each other Patient WJ: WorldWar attendant injuried, “one hand tried to open the door and the other one tried to block" 16. What is lateralization of brain function? That specific functions performed by the brain are located in one of the hemispheres 17. What is the organ of corti? Organ of corti converts sound signal to electric signals in the inner ear. Basilar membrane decomposes the signal into something similar to a Fourier transformation. 18. Roughly describe the organization of the olfactory system. The smell bind to the olfactory receptor cells in the nasal epithelium. The glomeruli aggregate the signals from the receptors and pass them to the Mitral cells in the olfactory bulb. Then it is passed to the corresponding position in the brain directly bypassing the thalamus. 19. Which taste is strongly pH-dependent? Sketch why. Sour (acidic) - because of the amount of protons The olfactory bulb contains receptors in the nose where protons can directly bind to 20. Conductances from fibres is depending on the myelination. Describe what myelination is and how it affects conduction velocity. See above 21. Pain is not a single wave. Describe the waves of pain and which kind of fibres are important in pain sensation. See above 22. There are multiple kinds of cones in our retina.] their role and how they are distinct to each other. See above 23. How does the brain and convolutional neural networks relate? Explain. The text is accompanied by a diagram illustrating CNN Depth. The first line of the diagram reads: Receptive field size Features then CNN Depth. The diagram shows a progression of visual processing, going from low-level features like edges and lines (V1), to shapes and objects (V2, V4), to more complex features like faces (IT). * Low-Level Feature * Mid-Level Feature * High-Level Feature * Trainable Classifier 24. The basal ganglia are important in action generation. Name at least one common disease and describe how the basal ganglia are affected. 25. What is procedural memory? Procedural memory is a type of implicit memory which aids the performance of particular types of tasks without conscious awareness of these previous experiences. Procedural memory guides the processes we perform, and most frequently resides below the level of conscious awareness. 26. What is Wernicke's area and what happens if it is dysfunctional? a German physician, anatomist and anthropologie, who was working on receptive aphasia Introduced patients who had impaired comprehension of written and spoken language. He recognized that this phenomenon occurred after injury to the **left superior temporal gyrus**, a part of the **neocortex** that is now known as **Wernicke's area** 27. What is the Global Workspace theory? explained in terms of a "theater metaphor". In the "theater of consciousness" a "spotlight of selective attention" shines a bright spot on stage. The bright spot reveals the contents of consciousness,The audience is not lit up—it is in the dark (i.e., unconscious) watching the play. Behind the scenes, also in the dark, are the director (executive processes), stage hands, script writers, scene designers and the like. They shape the visible activities in the bright spot, but are themselves invisible.