20_Intro Research-1 - Introduction.pdf

Introduction Introduction to Research in Energy INTRODUCTION What is Engineering Research? I NSTITUTE FOR E NERGY E NGINEERING Universitat Pol...

Introduction Introduction to Research in Energy INTRODUCTION What is Engineering Research? I NSTITUTE FOR E NERGY E NGINEERING Universitat Politècnica de València  QUESTIONS 2 analysiestration ,  What is Research? "To explenation an look initial for. an theory of  What is not Research? hathering info- >  What is Scientific Research? Validating data justificati > - ,  What is Engineering Research? Applied practica , Introduction Introduction to Research in Energy  What’s Research? 3  The word came from the freng word “Recherché” which means “to go about seeking”  According to Merrian-Webster Dictionary: “Investigation or experimentation aimed at the discovery and interpretation of facts, revision of accepted theories or laws in the light of new facts, or practical application of such new or revised theories or laws”  According to Hazelrigg “the process of finding out something that we don’t already now”  According to OECD “creative and systematic work undertaken to increase the stock of knowledge” Introduction Introduction to Research in Energy  What’s Research? 4 KEYPOINTS  New Knowledge "We need method Systematic "  > - a standaragied  Experimentation  New Theories Introduction Introduction to Research in Energy  What’s not Research? 5 Any work or process that not create new world-body Knowledge is not Research. Examples:  Simply gathering information  Merely rummaging around for hard-to-locate information  Transfer of facts from one location to another  Secret Research (for example military research) Introduction Introduction to Research in Energy  QUESTIONS 6 Determine what of these examples is Research R  A student conducts a research about new types of producing energy from biomass.  An engineer test a new additive in the gasoline R resulting in a lower consumption.  A scientist found a patent for improving steam Not-R plants that can be used in PV plants. Introduction Introduction to Research in Energy  What’s Scientific Research? 7  Knowledge produced by Research must be substantiated by a conclusive proof and must be validated internally and externally.  How we can demonstrate that knowledge is true everywhere (Universality) and always (Causality Principle)?->Epistemology Introduction Introduction to Research in Energy  What’s Scientific Research? 8  Epistemology: Philosophy branch-theory of knowledge. Studies its methods, validity and scope and distinction between justified belief and opinion. BRIEF HISTORY of Epistemology  Middle Age  Two Opposite Theories ◼ Rationalism (Descartes, Spinoza, Leibniz) ◼ Empiricism (Bacon, Locke, Hume, Berkeley) Introduction Introduction to Research in Energy  What’s Scientific Research? 9  Rationalism  Criterionof truth is intellectual and deductive  Concept of “innate ideas” or “traditions”  Can be lead to dogmatism  Create universal laws  Empiricism  Knowledge is based only in experiments  Rejects reasoning, intuition or revelation  Principle of Science  Can not create universal and valid laws Introduction Introduction to Research in Energy  What’s Scientific Research? 10  Rationalism  Criterion of truth is intellectual and deductive -Our experiences from eyes, ears, can be false (i.e. see the world with red glasses) -Deductive reasoning Uses inferences from Valid (and true) statements (Premises) to demonstrate a final statement (Conclusion). Example: If All rabbits are white and this is a rabbit, this rabbit is white PREMISES CONCLUSION Introduction Introduction to Research in Energy  What’s Scientific Research? 11  Rationalism  Concept of “innate ideas” or “traditions” Premises have to be truth without demonstration Examples of innate ideas ◼ Two parallel lines never cuts ◼ If A=B and B=C, then A=C ◼ God is perfect and origin of all the things Introduction Introduction to Research in Energy  What’s Scientific Research? 12  Rationalism  Can be lead to dogmatism We don’t need to demonstrate the innate ideas, because they are “natural”. Examples of dogmatism: -Sun is the center of the universe -Climate change does not exist -Free market will solve the economic and social problems of the humanity -Communism wil solve the economic and social problems of the humanity -….. Introduction Introduction to Research in Energy  What’s Scientific Research? 13  Rationalism  Create universal laws Rationalism advantage is that statements are valid always and everywhere. Introduction Introduction to Research in Energy  What’s Scientific Research? 14  Empiricism  Knowledge is based only in experiments Uses inductive reasoning- A general principle is derived from a body of observations. Example: -It is observed that two samples of rabbits are all white, so I infer that all rabbits are white. Introduction Introduction to Research in Energy  What’s Scientific Research? 15  Empiricism  Rejects reasoning, intuition or revelation Rejects Innate Ideas Truth can only be discovered by experimentation  Principle of Science Once philosophers started to use experimentation in their reasoning, converted to Scientists  Can not create universal and valid laws This is the main problem of Empiricism. The statemens are not always or everywhere valid (Inductive reasoning). Introduction Introduction to Research in Energy  What’s Scientific Research? 16  Synthesis of theories  Immanuel Kant  “Critique of Pure Reason”  Scientific Knowledge ◼ Based on experiments (Evidences) ◼ Humans uses it rationality in order to understand and explain the world using general laws. ◼ Base of the scientific method. Introduction Introduction to Research in Energy  What’s Scientific Research? 17  Modern Theories  Rudolf Carnap ◼ Logical Positivism  Karl Popper ◼ Falsiability  Thomas Kuhn ◼ Paradigm Shift Introduction Introduction to Research in Energy  What’s Scientific Research? 18  Scientific research: Research that uses the scientific method  Scientific Method:  Method used to know the truth of a research question (or hypothesis)  Research question have to be demonstrated by experiments.  Experiments have to be: ◼ Controlled ◼ Rigorous ◼ Systematic ◼ Verifiable Introduction Introduction to Research in Energy  What’s Scientific Research? 19  EXAMPLE: “We want to make a research between two design flat plate solar collector called Design A and Design B. We want to know what is the best designs in terms of efficiency” Research question: “What is the best design (Design A or Design B) in terms of efficiency?” Introduction Introduction to Research in Energy  What’s Scientific Research? 20 Engineer A states Engineer B states Design A is better than Design Design B is better than Design B because I have both A because I measure both in a installed in a roof that provides laboratory under the same hot water and I can change conditions and outlet water from one to another using a temperature of Design B was system of valves. I used hot hotter than Design A. water yesterday at 10:00 from Design A and was hotter that hot water used today at 11:00 from Design B. What Engineer B proposes complies with the Scientific Method as uses controlled conditions. What Engineer A states is not Scientific Research Introduction as the experimentation is not controlled. Introduction to Research in Energy  What’s Scientific Research? 21  Controlled Experimentation  “Experiments that fix constant values for some variables of the problem”  To know what variables must be controlled, it is needed previous theory (“Rationalism”).  Flat Plate Collector Example  From the heat transfer laws we know that outlet hot water temperature depends on the following variables (that must be controlled): ◼ Solar Radiation ◼ Ambient Temperature ◼ Inlet Water Temperature ◼ Water Flow Rate ◼ Collector Area Introduction Introduction to Research in Energy  What’s Scientific Research? 22 Engineer A states Engineer B states Design A is better than Design Design B is better than Design B because measuring both A because measuring both under controlled conditions, under controlled conditions, outlet water temperature outlet water temperature measured by a thermometer measured by a calibrated bought in Internet is slightly RTD is 1.3ºC higher in Design higher in Design A than in A than in Design B with an Design B. uncertainty of ±0.3º𝐶. What Engineer B proposes complies with the Scientific Method as uses rigorous Research. What Engineer A states is not Scientific Research as the experimentation is not rigorous. Introduction Introduction to Research in Energy  What’s Scientific Research? 23  Rigorous Experimentation  “Experiments that uses the best methods available to solve the problem, calibrates the experimental apparatus and describe results in terms of uncertainty”  Flat Plate Collector Example  We know from previous knowledge that best method is to test the flat plate in a climatic chamber using calibrated RTD.  Before starting the measurements, all the instruments are calibrated.  Uncertainty calculation is required in order for compare both designs. Introduction Introduction to Research in Energy  What’s Scientific Research? 24 Engineer A states Engineer B states Design A is better than Design Design B is better than Design B after measuring both under A because measuring both controlled and rigorous under controlled and rigorous experimentation, but Design A conditions and complying with is measured in a different lab the measurement standard (with different instruments) and EN12976 in the same data is taken after 10 min of laboratory. starting to circulate the water. What Engineer B proposes complies with the Scientific Method as uses systematic Research. What Engineer A states is not Scientific Research as the experimentation is not systematic. Introduction Introduction to Research in Energy  What’s Scientific Research? 25  Systematic Experimentation  “Experiments that uses always the same procedures, protocols, …, normally based on a standard or known procedures”. Introduction Introduction to Research in Energy  What’s Scientific Research? 26 Engineer A Engineer B Research is published in a Research is published in a digital newspaper remarking scientific journal with peer the novelty of the Design A review with details about the without giving details about the method used, the results methods and the results. obtained and analysis about the results. What Engineer B proposes complies with the Scientific Method as uses verifiable Research. What Engineer A states is not Scientific Research as the experimentation is not verifiable. Introduction Introduction to Research in Energy  What’s Scientific Research? 27  Verifiable Experimentation  “Experiments that can be replicated by a third party. Normally, for accomplishing it, the results are published and valilated by a peer review process” Introduction Introduction to Research in Energy  What´s Engineering Research? 28  First Question: “What is Engineering?”  Engineering: “Application of Science to realistic sytems which benefit humankind” (Davis, 2005)  “Engineering Research is based on the principles of Scientific Research which in turn, is based on the Scientific Method” (Thiel, 2014)  So, How does engineering research differ from research in science? Introduction Introduction to Research in Energy  What´s Engineering Research? 29  Engineering Research Activities have to fulfill all the following Objectives (Thiel, 2014)  The Research must be applied to human systems  The Research must yield practical outcomes  The Research must yield outcomes which benefit humanity  The Research must be ethically based  The research should consider environmental outcomes  The Research must be based on Standard Industry based Testing Introduction Introduction to Research in Energy  Types of Research 30 TResearch and Development Introduction Introduction to Research in Energy  Types of Research 31  Basic Research  “Basic Research is experimental or theoretical work undertaken primarily to acquire new knowledge of the underlying foundations of phenomena and observable facts, without any particular application or use in view”(Moris 2018) *Not the objective  Applied Research  “Applied Research is original Investigation undertaken in order to acquire new knowledge. It is, however, directed primarily towards a specific, practical aim or objective” (Moris 2018)  Engineering R&D > -can be research or. not  “Experimental development is systematical work, drawing or knowledge gained from research and practical experience and producing additional knowledge, which is directed to produce new products or processes or to improving existing products or processes.  “Development: Systematic use of the knowledge and understanding gained from Research for the production of useful materials, devices, systems or methods, including the design and development of prototypes and processes” (Moris 2018) Introduction Introduction to Research in Energy  Types of Research 32 Introduction Introduction to Research in Energy  SUMMARY ❖ What’s Research? ❖ What´s NOT Research ❖ What´s Scientific Research ❖ What´s Engineering Research ❖ Types of Research ❖ Research Questions Introduction Introduction to Research in Energy  References 34  Davis, M. (2017). Engineering ethics. Routledge.  Moris, F. (2018). Definitions of Research and Development: An Annotated Compilation of Official Sources. Retrieved September 12, 2022, from national Science Foundation website: https://www.nsf.gov/statistics/randdef/rd-definitions.pdf  Tang, H. (2021). Engineering research : design, methods, and publication. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.  Thiel, D. V. (2014). Research methods for engineers. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Introduction Introduction to Research in Energy