Immunization Lecture 2024 PDF

Immunization Infection Control-1601382 17 & 18 December 2024 First Semester, Year 3 Dr Shuaibu A Hudu Week 10  Intended Learning Outcomes At the end of the lecture, you should be able to: Outline the Identify vaccine- List the typ...

Immunization Infection Control-1601382 17 & 18 December 2024 First Semester, Year 3 Dr Shuaibu A Hudu Week 10  Intended Learning Outcomes At the end of the lecture, you should be able to: Outline the Identify vaccine- List the types of Discuss the risks importance of preventable diseases vaccinations that are associated with immunization in the of special missing important healthcare field importance to dental vaccines healthcare workers 2  What is Immunization? 1. Process of making a person immune to a disease 2. Administered through vaccines to stimulate the immune system 3. Protects against infectious diseases Why Immunization? Immunizations (including screenings and postexposure prophylaxis in some cases) must be combined with other elements to provide the best level of protection to healthcare workers 4 Vaccine- Preventable Diseases 5  1. Live attenuated vaccines 2. Inactivated vaccines Types of Vaccines 3. Subunit, recombinant, conjugate vaccines 4. mRNA vaccines  How Vaccines Work 1. VACCINES INTRODUCE A 2. THE IMMUNE SYSTEM 3. WHEN THE ACTUAL PATHOGEN HARMLESS PART OF THE PATHOGEN RECOGNIZES AND MEMORIZES IT APPEARS, THE BODY FIGHTS IT EFFECTIVELY Immunization Schedule 2. Regular boosters 3. Each country has 1. Immunization are given for a recommended starts from infancy continued immunity schedule The National Programme for Routine Vaccination of Preschoolers  Benefits of Immunization 1. Prevents outbreaks of contagious diseases 2. Protects vulnerable populations (e.g., infants, elderly) 3. Reduces healthcare costs  Maintenance of immunity is an essential component of any effective infection control program Importance of Dental personnel are exposed Immunization daily to a variety of communicable diseases present in Health care in their work environment Immunization is the most effective method to reduce the chances of disease acquisition 11 Common Vaccines 1. Measles, Mumps, and 2. Hepatitis B Rubella vaccine (MMR) vaccine 3. Influenza 4. COVID-19 vaccine vaccine Importance to Dental Healthcare Workers Important “missing vaccines” for TETANUS dentistry include: ▪ HCV ▪ HIV ▪ TB Dentist ▪ Some forms of human herpesviruses HEPATITIS B INFLUENZA 13  TETANUS is caused by the neurotoxins (tetanospasmin) produced by spore-forming bacillus Clostridium tetani The immunization involves tetanus toxoid (inactivated toxin) in combination with other immunogens that protect against other diseases such as Tdap (Tetanus, Diphtheria, and Pertussis) CDC recommends that healthcare personnel who have not previously received Tdap should receive a single dose of Tdap. Protection against tetanus is based on the establishment and maintenance of adequate tetanus antitoxin levels and is achieved only through proper primary and routine booster injections  Influenza Influenza (the flu) is an acute respiratory disease caused by influenza type A or type B virus. Typical features of influenza include an abrupt onset of fever, coryza, a sore throat, and a nonproductive cough Also commonly present are systemic symptoms, such as headache, muscle aches, and extreme fatigue 15  CDC Recommendations for Influenza Vaccinations Annual vaccination of persons at high risk and their close contacts The CDC emphasizes that all healthcare workers Healthcare workers and others who work with be vaccinated annually against influenza. This severely immunocompromised patients preventive approach will help eliminate the spread who require a protected environment should of the influenza virus from healthcare workers to not receive the nasal spray Live Attenuated their patients Influenza Vaccine CDC recommends prompt treatment for people who have influenza infection or suspected influenza infection and who are at high risk of serious flu complications. 16  Hepatitis B vaccinations Hepatitis B is a major occupational hazard for dental personnel with attack rates among unvaccinated individuals 3 to 10 times higher than in the general population Many dental workers have repeated intimate contact with patient body fluids and with items soiled with such fluids The best protection against HBV infection is immunization 17  Hepatitis B vaccinations The most common adult vaccine regimen consists of three injections with the second dose given 1 month after the first and the third dose 5 months after the second The HEPLISAV-B is approved for two doses 1 month apart. Employees have the right to refuse vaccination. However, the employee must read and sign a declination statement. 18 Employee Declination Statement 19 Risks of Missing Important Opportunity The occupations or social behaviours of adults increase the risk of disease acquisition An important number of vaccine-preventable diseases occur today in the adult population. Anyone who passes through childhood without immunization or infection is at risk. Dental personnel should know their immune status to other vaccine-preventable diseases 20  Conclusion Immunization is a crucial public health measure. It saves lives by preventing diseases and boosting immunity at both the individual and community level Thank You 22