Urology Tools PDF

+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | **Male | \- Elastic tube | | | | Urethra** | from neck of | | | | | bladder to the | | | | **...

+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | **Male | \- Elastic tube | | | | Urethra** | from neck of | | | | | bladder to the | | | | **Anatomy** | tip of glans | | | | | penis | | | | | | | | | | **[3 | | | | | Parts]{.underli | | | | | ne}** | | | | | | | | | | **[Prostatic | | | | | (pars | | | | | prostatica)]{.u | | | | | nderline}** | | | | | | | | | | \- The part of | | | | | urethra passing | | | | | through | | | | | prostate. | | | | | | | | | | \- Elevation in | | | | | middle | | | | | (colliculus | | | | | seminalis), has | | | | | depression | | | | | called | | | | | utriculus | | | | | masculinus, on | | | | | either side of | | | | | which are the | | | | | ejaculatory | | | | | ducts. | | | | | | | | | | **[Membranous | | | | | (pars | | | | | membranacea)]{. | | | | | underline}** | | | | | | | | | | \- The part of | | | | | urethra passing | | | | | through pelvic | | | | | floor. | | | | | | | | | | \- Surrounded | | | | | by external | | | | | sphincter | | | | | muscle. | | | | | | | | | | \- | | | | | Bulbourethral | | | | | glands (cow's | | | | | glands) open | | | | | into bulbar | | | | | urethra, to | | | | | lubricate it | | | | | before | | | | | ejaculation. | | | | | | | | | | **[Cavernous | | | | | (pars | | | | | cavernosa)]{.un | | | | | derline}** | | | | | | | | | | \- Divided into | | | | | bulbourethral | | | | | and penile | | | | | urethra | | | +=================+=================+=================+=================+ | **Histology** | **[Prostatic | **[Membranous | **[Cavernous | | | (pars | ]** | (pars | | | prostatica)]{.u | | cavernosa)]{.un | | | nderline}** | **[(pars | derline}** | | | | membranacea)]{. | | | | \- Transitional | underline}** | \- Squamous | | | epithelium | | cell epithelium | | | | \- | | | | | Pseudostratifie | | | | | d | | | | | columnar | | | | | epithelium | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | **Female | \- External | | | | Urethra** | opening of | | | | | female urethra | | | | **Anatomy** | is 2cm below | | | | | clitoris | | | | | | | | | | **[Skene | | | | | Glands]{.underl | | | | | ine}** | | | | | | | | | | \- Paraurethral | | | | | glands or | | | | | female | | | | | prostate, are a | | | | | pair of glands | | | | | located on | | | | | either side of | | | | | the female | | | | | urethra. | | | | | | | | | | **[Urethra | | | | | Mucosa]{.underl | | | | | ine}** | | | | | | | | | | \- This lining | | | | | helps the | | | | | urethra | | | | | accommodate the | | | | | passage of | | | | | urine and | | | | | prevents | | | | | leakage between | | | | | voids. | | | | | Additionally, | | | | | the surrounding | | | | | musculature, | | | | | including the | | | | | external | | | | | urethral | | | | | sphincter, | | | | | provides | | | | | voluntary | | | | | control over | | | | | the release of | | | | | urine. | | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | **French | **[French | | | | Catheter | Catheter | | | | Scale** | Scale]{.underli | | | | | ne}** | | | | | | | | | | \- System used | | | | | to measure the | | | | | outer diameter | | | | | of catheters | | | | | and other | | | | | medical tubing. | | | | | | | | | | 1 FR=3/uX(pi) | | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | **Urethrocystos | **[Indications] | | | | copy** | ** | | | | | | | | | | \- Hematuria, | | | | | suspected | | | | | bladder | | | | | carcinoma, | | | | | control of | | | | | resection of | | | | | bladder | | | | | carcinoma, | | | | | overview of | | | | | urethra, | | | | | cystitis, | | | | | urinary | | | | | incontinence, | | | | | bladder | | | | | fistula, | | | | | strictures of | | | | | urethra, BPH, | | | | | foreign body in | | | | | urethra or | | | | | bladder. | | | | | | | | | | **[Contraindica | | | | | tions]{.underli | | | | | ne}** | | | | | | | | | | \- Acute | | | | | urinary tract | | | | | infection | | | | | (prostatitis, | | | | | urethritis, | | | | | epididymorchiti | | | | | s) | | | | | | | | | | \- Septic | | | | | conditions | | | | | | | | | | **[Technique]{. | | | | | underline}** | | | | | | | | | | \- Anaesthesia | | | | | (local, venous, | | | | | spinal) | | | | | | | | | | \- Lubrication | | | | | to reduce | | | | | mucosal trauma | | | | | | | | | | \- French | | | | | catheter scale | | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | **Resectoscope* | \- Similar to | | | | * | cystoscope but | | | | | with capability | | | | | to perform | | | | | resection using | | | | | electrical | | | | | current | | | | | | | | | | **[Indication]{ | | | | |.underline}** | | | | | | | | | | \- Benign | | | | | prostate | | | | | hyperplasia | | | | | (BPH) | | | | | | | | | | \- Bladder | | | | | carcinoma, | | | | | | | | | | \- Ureterocoele | | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | **Urethrotomes* | \- Surgical | | | | * | instruments | | | | | designed | | | | | typically | | | | | consists of a | | | | | narrow, sharp | | | | | blade or | | | | | cutting element | | | | | that can be | | | | | introduced into | | | | | the urethra to | | | | | make precise | | | | | incisions in | | | | | the strictured | | | | | area. | | | | | | | | | | \- The | | | | | procedure is | | | | | often done | | | | | under local or | | | | | general | | | | | anaesthesia. | | | | | | | | | | \- For the | | | | | treatment of | | | | | urethral | | | | | strictures. A | | | | | urethral | | | | | stricture is a | | | | | narrowing of | | | | | the urethra | | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | **Ureteroscopy* | Similar to | **[Contraindica | | | * | cystoscopy but | tions]{.underli | | | | longer (45cm -- | ne}** | | | | 55cm in length) | | | | | | \- Inflammatory | | | | **[Indications] | processes | | | | ** | | | | | | \- Narrow | | | | \- Bleeding | ureters | | | | from upper | | | | | urinary tract | \- Severe | | | | | strictures of | | | | \- Stones in | ureter | | | | upper urinary | **[Types]{.unde | | | | tract | rline}** | | | | | | | | | \- Tumours in | \- Semi-rigid | | | | upper urinary | | | | | tract | \- Flexible | | | | | | | | | \- Strictures | | | | | in ureter | | | | | | | | | | \- Extraction | | | | | of foreign | | | | | bodies in upper | | | | | urinary tract | | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | **Nephroscopes* | **[Rigid | | | | * | Nephroscope]{.u | | | | | nderline}** | | | | | | | | | | \- Antegrade | | | | | manipulations | | | | | | | | | | \- for | | | | | visualizing and | | | | | treating larger | | | | | kidney stones. | | | | | They provide a | | | | | clear and | | | | | direct view of | | | | | the kidney\'s | | | | | interior, | | | | | allowing | | | | | urologists to | | | | | fragment and | | | | | remove stone. | | | | | | | | | | **[Flexible | | | | | Nephroscope | | | | | ]** | | | | | | | | | | \- Antegrade | | | | | manipulations | | | | | | | | | | \- Particularly | | | | | useful for | | | | | accessing | | | | | calyces and | | | | | smaller spaces | | | | | within the | | | | | kidney | | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | **Sources of | **[Resection]{. | | | | Energy** | underline}** | | | | | | | | | | \- Monopolar | | | | | single | | | | | electrode for | | | | | cutting and | | | | | coagulation | | | | | | | | | | \- Bipolar | | | | | minimizing the | | | | | risk of injury | | | | | to surrounding | | | | | tissues | | | | | | | | | | **[Lithotripsy] | | | | | ** | | | | | | | | | | \- Ultrasound | | | | | | | | | | \- Lasers | | | | | | | | | | **[Tissue | | | | | Vaporisation | | | | | ]** | | | | | | | | | | \- Lasers | | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | **Biopsy** | **[Ultrasound | **[Bladder | | | | Guided | Biopsy]{.underl | | | | Biopsy]{.underl | ine}** | | | | ine}** | | | | | | [Indications]{. | | | | [Indications]{. | underline} | | | | underline} | | | | | | \- Interstitial | | | | \- Small | cystitis | | | | tumours (no | | | | | treatment | \- Malakoplakia | | | | required) | | | | | | \- Bladder | | | | \- Inoperable | carcinoma | | | | large tumours | | | | | | [Technique]{.un | | | | **[Prostate | derline} | | | | Biopsy]{.underl | | | | | ine}** | \- | | | | | Endoscopically | | | | [Indication]{.u | (cystoscope or | | | | nderline} | resectoscope) | | | | | | | | | \- Cancer | \- With clip or | | | | suspected | resection loop | | | | | | | | | \- Elevated PSA | **[Testicular | | | | | Biopsy]{.underl | | | | \- Abnormal | ine}** | | | | digital rectal | | | | | exam [ | [Indication]{.u | | | | ] | nderline} | | | | | | | | | [Technique]{.un | \- Testicular | | | | derline} | tumour | | | | | | | | | \- Transrectal | \- Male | | | | | infertility | | | | \- | | | | | Transperineal | [Technique]{.un | | | | | derline} | | | | [Complications] | | | | | | \- | | | | | Contralateral | | | | \- Pain | testes also | | | | | screened (high | | | | \- Bleeding | risk of spread) | | | | | | | | | \- Prostatitis | \- Open biopsy | | | | | (with incision | | | | | instead of | | | | | needle) | | | | | | | | | | [Obstructive | | | | | Azoospermia | | | | | ] | | | | | | | | | | \- Mature | | | | | spermatozoa | | | | | detected | | | | | | | | | | [Non-obstructiv | | | | | e | | | | | Azoospermia]{.u | | | | | nderline} | | | | | | | | | | \- No | | | | | spermatozoa | | | | | detected (no | | | | | spermatogenesis | | | | | ) | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | **Lymph Nodes** | \- Lymph nodes | | | | | indicate stage | | | | | of cancer | | | | | progression. | | | | | | | | | | **[Kidney | | | | | Carcinoma]{.und | | | | | erline}** | | | | | | | | | | \- | | | | | Retroperitoneal | | | | | lymph nodes | | | | | | | | | | **[Testicular | | | | | Carcinoma]{.und | | | | | erline}** | | | | | | | | | | \- | | | | | Retroperitoneal | | | | | lymph nodes | | | | | | | | | | **[Prostate | | | | | Carcinoma]{.und | | | | | erline}** | | | | | | | | | | \- Pelvic lymph | | | | | nodes | | | | | | | | | | **[Bladder | | | | | Carcinoma]{.und | | | | | erline}** | | | | | | | | | | \- Pelvic lymph | | | | | nodes | | | | | | | | | | **[Penile | | | | | Carcinoma]{.und | | | | | erline}** | | | | | | | | | | \- Inguinal | | | | | lymph nodes | | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | **Lower urinary | **[Vesicostomy] | | | | tract | ** | | | | drainage** | | | | | | \- Involves | | | | | creating an | | | | | opening in the | | | | | bladder that is | | | | | brought to the | | | | | surface of the | | | | | abdomen. | | | | | | | | | | \- A catheter | | | | | is then | | | | | inserted into | | | | | this opening to | | | | | allow urine to | | | | | drain directly | | | | | from the | | | | | bladder to the | | | | | outside. | | | | | | | | | | **[Suprapubic | | | | | Drainage]{.unde | | | | | rline}** | | | | | | | | | | \- Catheter is | | | | | inserted | | | | | through the | | | | | abdominal wall | | | | | directly into | | | | | the bladder. | | | | | | | | | | \- This is | | | | | typically done | | | | | by making a | | | | | small incision | | | | | above the pubic | | | | | bone. | | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | **Bladder | **[Diagnostic | **[Ballon | | | Catheterization | ]** | Inflation | | | ** | | Catheter]{.unde | | | | \- Monitor | rline}** | | | | hourly diuresis | | | | | | \- Inflation | | | | \- Taking urine | limitations | | | | for | marked on | | | | microbiological | catheter | | | | examination in | | | | | women | \- In adults | | | | | 5ml-15ml | | | | \- Injecting | maximum | | | | drugs | | | | | (cystatics) or | \- Saline | | | | contrast agents | solution or 10% | | | | (cystography) | glycerine | | | | | solution is | | | | **[Therapeutics | used for | | | | ]** | silicone | | | | | catheters | | | | \- Relieve | | | | | acute urine | **[Catheter | | | | retention | material]{.unde | | | | | rline}** | | | | \- Irrigation | | | | | of bladder | \- Latex | | | | | | | | | **[Patient | \- Silicone | | | | Preparation]{.u | (more suitable | | | | nderline}** | for mucosa) | | | | | | | | | \- Cleaning of | **[Catheter | | | | genital with | size]{.underlin | | | | antiseptic | e}** | | | | solution | | | | | | \- Children | | | | \- Anaesthesia | (6-10) | | | | using sterile | | | | | gels containing | \- Adults | | | | lidocaine (wait | (12-16) | | | | 3 minutes) | | | | | | | | | | \- Lubrication | | | | | to reduce risk | | | | | of urethral | | | | | trauma | | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | **Suprapubic | \- Catheter is | **[Advantages]{ | | | Drainage of | inserted |.underline}** | | | Urine** | through the | | | | | abdominal wall | \- Patient | | | | directly into | comfort (local | | | | the bladder. | anaesthesia) | | | | This is | | | | | typically done | \- Reduced risk | | | | by making a | of urinary | | | | small incision | tract infection | | | | above the pubic | | | | | bone. | \- Absence of | | | | | strictures | | | | **[Indications] | | | | | ** | **[Disadvantage | | | | | s]* | | | | \- Impossible | * | | | | transurethral | | | | | bladder | \- Need for | | | | catheterization | hospitalization | | | | | | | | | \- Traumatic | \- Risk of | | | | urethral injury | perforation of | | | | | intestinal loop | | | | \- Neurogenic | or bleeding | | | | bladder damage | | | | | [ ] | \- Leakage of | | | | | urine around | | | | **[Technique]{. | catheter during | | | | underline}** | detrusor | | | | | contractions | | | | \- Under | | | | | ultrasound | | | | | control | | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | **Upper Urinary | **[Nephrostomy] | **[Ureteral | | | Tract Drainage | ** | Stent (Double J | | | Methods** | | Stent)]{.underl | | | | Tube carrying | ine}** | | | | urine drainage | | | | | from kidney | \- The ureter | | | | allows urine to | is the tube | | | | bypass the | that connects | | | | obstruction and | the kidney to | | | | flow directly | the bladder, | | | | from the kidney | allowing urine | | | | to an external | to pass from | | | | drainage bag. | the kidney to | | | | | the bladder. | | | | [Risk and | | | | | Complications]{ | [Indication]{.u | | | |.underline} | nderline} | | | | | | | | | \- Infection | \- | | | | | Hydronephrosis | | | | \- Bleeding | | | | | | [Complications] | | | | \- Accidental | | | | | removal of tube | | | | | | \- Iatrogenic | | | | | injuries | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | **Condom | Condom | | | | Catheter** | connected to | | | | | drainage tube. | | | | | | | | | | [Disadvantages] | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | \- High | | | | | infection risk | | | | | | | | | | \- Allergy to | | | | | material | | | | | | | | | | Compression or | | | | | squeezing of | | | | | penis | | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | **Prostate | **[Prostate | **[Prostate | | | Tumour | specific | Cancer Antigen | | | Markers** | Antigen]{.under | 3 | | | | line}** | (PCA-3)]{.under | | | | | line}** | | | | \- Organ | | | | | specific but | \- Gene that | | | | not tumour | expresses | | | | specific | non-coding RNA | | | | | only present in | | | | \- Function is | human prostate. | | | | to liquify | | | | | semen | \- Screening | | | | | performed after | | | | \- Half-life: | negative | | | | 14 days | biopsy, before | | | | | deciding to | | | | \- Consistent | perform | | | | elevation 5+ | repeated | | | | days = likely | biopsy. | | | | metastasis | | | | | | \- Located in | | | | [Increased]{.un | urine | | | | derline} | | | | | | **[Rectal | | | | \- Carcinoma of | Douche]{.underl | | | | prostate | ine}** | | | | | | | | | \- Benign | \- A medical | | | | prostatic | procedure | | | | hyperplasia | involving the | | | | | introduction of | | | | \- Prostatitis | a liquid into | | | | | the rectum and | | | | [Decreased]{.un | colon via the | | | | derline} | anus for | | | | | cleaning. | | | | \- | | | | | Transurethral | \- Then first | | | | resection of | urine is tested | | | | prostate | for PCA-3 | | | | | | | | | \- Prostate | \- | | | | removal | | | | | | | | | | \- 5 Alpha | | | | | reductase | | | | | inhibitors | | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+