The Health Care Delivery System - PDF

The Health Care Delivery System WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION LOURDES O. DECREPITO, RN MAN Objective Here’s what you’ll find in this Slidesgo template: 1. A slide structure based on a health center, which you can easily adapt to your needs. For more info on how to edit t...

The Health Care Delivery System WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION LOURDES O. DECREPITO, RN MAN Objective Here’s what you’ll find in this Slidesgo template: 1. A slide structure based on a health center, which you can easily adapt to your needs. For more info on how to edit the template, please visit Slidesgo School or read our FAQs. 2. An assortment of pictures that are suitable for use in the presentation can be found in the alternative resources slide. 3. A thanks slide, which you must keep so that proper credits for our design are given. 4. A resources slide, where you’ll find links to all the elements used in the template. 5. Instructions for use. 6. Final slides with: ❒ The fonts and colors used in the template. ❒ More infographic resources, whose size and color can be edited. ❒ Sets of customizable icons of the following themes: general, business, avatar, creative process, education, help & support, medical, nature, performing arts, SEO & marketing, and teamwork. You can delete this slide when you’re done editing the presentation. MILLENIUM DEVELOPMEN T GOALS 01 The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) are eight goals to be achieved by 2015 that respond to the world’s main development challenges. The MDGs are drawn from the actions and targets contained in the Millennium Declaration that was adopted by 189 nations- and signed by 147 heads of state and governments during the UN Millennium Summit in September 2000. The United Nations Millennium Development Goals “Eradicating extreme poverty continues to be one of the main challenges of our time, and is a major concern of the international community. Ending this scourge will require the combined efforts of all, governments, civil society organizations and the private sector, in the context of a stronger and more effective global partnership for development. The Millennium Development Goals set timebound targets by which progress in reducing income poverty , hunger, disease, lack of adequate shelter and exclusion – while promoting gender equality, health, education and environmental stability – can be measured. They also embody basic human rights - the rights of each person on the planet to health, education, shelter and security. The Goals are ambitious but feasible and, together with “the comprehensive United Nations development agenda, set the course for the worlds efforts to alleviate extreme poverty by 2015. United Nations Secretary General BAN Ki-moon In September 2000, AIM 189 countries To reduce poverty, recognized the hunger and disease, importance of all address lack of countries developing adequate shelter and partnerships that access to health care, aimed to reduce while promoting extreme poverty by gender equality, 2015 through the health and education achievement of set and environemental targets. sustainability Millennium Development Goal 1 has three targets: 1. To halve the proportion of people whose daily income is less than $1.25 2. To achieve full and productive employment, as well as decent work for all, including young people and women 3. To halve the proportion of individuals suffering from hunger in the period between 1990 and 2015. Pioneering efforts have led to profound achievements including: A considerable reduction in extreme poverty over the last 25 years. In 1990, nearly 50 percent of the population in developing nations lived on less than $1.25 a day. As of 2015, that proportion has dropped to 14 percent. The number of people living in extreme poverty worldwide has reduced by more than 50 percent. In 1990, 1.9 billion people were said to be living in extreme poverty, compared to 836 million in 2015. Most progress was seen in the new millennium. The number of living on more than $4 a day – those in the working middle class – has nearly tripled between 1991 and 2015. In 1991, this group made only 18 percent of the population, and rose to 50 percent in 2015. The proportion of undernourished people in the developing world has dropped by almost 50 percent since 1990; from 23.3 percent in 1990 – ’92 to 12.9 percent in 2014 – ’16. Final note Progress in hunger reduction has been significant despite the challenging global environment over the last decade. Major challenges have included rising unemployment, higher food and energy prices, volatile commodity prices, economic recessions, frequent extreme weather events and natural disasters, and political instability and civil strife. These obstacles have slowed down progress in reducing extreme poverty and hunger in some of the most vulnerable nations of the world. Even though the MDG targets have been met, it will be extremely difficult to eliminate the remaining extreme poverty and hunger. There is only one target for millennium development goal 2: 1. To ensure that children universally – including both boys and girls – will be able to complete a full course of primary education by 2015. Some of the achievements of MDG 2 include: An increase in the primary school net enrolment in the developing world from 83 percent in 2000 to 91 percent in 2015. Nearly 50 percent decrease in the number of out-of-school children or primary school age globally, from 100 million in 2000 to around 57 million in 2015 Remarkable improvement in primary education in Sub-Saharan Africa since the establishment of the MDGs. The net enrolment rate increased from 8 percent in the period between 1990 and 2000 to 20 percent in the period between 2000 and 2015. Global increase in the literacy rate among youth aged 15 – 24 from 83 percent in 1990 to 91 percent in 2015. At the same time, the gap between men and women has lessened. Final note According to projections, the literacy rate among youth 15 – 24 years old is expected to reach 93 percent for men and 90 percent for women in 2015. However, this still leaves an estimated 103 million youth who cannot read and write in 2015 – 22 million fewer compared to 2010. Even as the global community seeks to extend the scope to universal secondary education, it is important that there be renewed attention to achieving universal primary education in the post-2015 era. There is only one target for millennium development goal 3: 1. To eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary education by 2005, and in all levels of education by 2015. Some of the achievements of MDG 3 include: An increase in the number of girls in school in 2015 compared to 2000. The developing world as a whole has achieved the goal of eliminating gender disparity in all levels of education, including primary, secondary, and tertiary. In Southern Asia, the number of girls enrolled in primary school was 74 for every 100 boys in 1990. By 2015, there were 103 girls enrolled for every 100 boys. The proportion of women in vulnerable employment compared to total female employment has reduced by 13 percent in the period between 1991 and 2015, compared to a 9 percent decrease for men. Significant gains in women’s parliamentary representation in nearly 90 percent of 174 countries for which data has been available in the past two decades. At the very least, the average proportion of women in parliament has increased by nearly 100 percent during the last 20 years, yet this still translates to one woman for every five men. Final note Significant progress has been made towards girls’ and women’s equality in education, employment, and political representation since 1990, though there are still many gaps in areas not targeted in the MDGs. For the universal realization of gender equality, it may be necessary to address certain areas like: Violence against girls and women Men’s and women’s unequal opportunities in the labor market Gender-based discrimination in law and practice The unequal division of unpaid care and domestic work Women’s limited control over property and assets, and Women’s unequal representation in public and private decision making Gender perspectives should be fully integrated into post-2015 agenda goals. There is only one target for millennium development goal 4: 1. To reduce the under-five mortality rate by two-thirds in the period between 1990 and 2015 Some of the achievements of MDG 4 include: A decrease in worldwide rate of mortality in children under-five by over 50 percent, reducing from 90 to 43 deaths per 1,000 live births between 1990 and 2015. A global drop in the number of children under-five deaths from 12.7 million in 1990 to nearly 6 million in 2015, despite the population growth in developing regions. Three-fold increase in the rate of reduction of under-five mortality since the early 1990s. In sub-Saharan Africa, the annual rate of reduction of under-five mortality was more than five times between 2005 and 2013 compared to between 1990 and 1995 The measles vaccination helped prevent almost 15.6 million deaths between 2000 and 2013, translating to a 67 percent decline in the number of cases of measles reported globally. Nearly 84 percent of children across the globe received at least one dose of measles containing vaccine in 2013 – a 73 percent increase since 2000 Final note Reducing the mortality of children-under-five requires sound strategies, adequate resources, and political will. The MDGs have led to amazing, unprecedented gains in reducing child deaths, through improved service delivery, effective and affordable treatments, and political commitment. The achievement of MDG 4 by most developing countries shows that it can be done. And with 11 children dying every minute around the world before celebrating their fifth birthday, more needs to be done to improve child survival rates. Millennium development goal 5 has two targets: 1. To reduce the maternal mortality ratio by 75 percent 2. To achieve universal access to reproductive health Some of the achievements of MDG 5 include: A 45 percent reduction in the maternity mortality ratio worldwide since 1990, though most of the reduction occurred since 2000 A 64 percent reduction in maternal mortality ratio in Southern Asia between 1990 and 2013, and 49 percent in sub-Saharan Africa A 12 percent increase in the number of births assisted by skilled health personnel globally in 2014 compared to 1990 – 59 percent to 71 percent. An increase in the proportion of pregnant women receiving four or more antenatal visits in North Africa from 50 percent in 1990 to 89 percent in 2014. Increase in contraceptive prevalence among women 15 – 49 years old – whether married or in some other union – from 55 to 64 percent between 1990 and 2015. Final note One of the most fundamental ways to reduce maternal morbidity and mortality is ensuring that every birth occurs with the help of skilled health personnel – midwife, nurse, or doctor. Progress in increasing the proportion of births delivered with skilled attendance has been modest over the MDG time frame, which is an indication of the lack of universal access to care. Significant progress has been made in reducing maternal deaths and increasing global access to reproductive health, though the targets were not achieved. Improvements can be made by addressing the large inequities in maternal health, and strengthening individual country capacity to tackle the problems. Millennium development goal 6 has three targets: 1. To halt by 2015 and have started to reverse the spread of HIV/AIDS 2. To achieve global access to treatment for HIV/AIDS for those who need it by 2010 3. To have ceased and started reversal of the incidence of malaria and other major diseases by 2015 Some of the achievements of MDG 6 include: 40 percent reduction in new HIV infections from 3.5 million cases in 2000 to 2.1 million cases in 2013 A massive increase in the number of people living with HIV receiving anti-retroviral therapy (ART) globally, from 800,000 in 2003 to 13.6 million in 2014. ART have helped avoid over 7.6 million deaths from AIDS between 1995 and 2013. Averting over 6.2 million deaths associated with malaria between 2000 and 2015, mostly of children under five years in sub-Saharan Africa. The universal malaria incidence rate has also reduced by an estimated 37 percent, and the mortality rate by 58 percent. The delivery of over 900 million insecticide-treated mosquito nets to malaria-endemic countries in sub-Saharan Africa between 2004 and 2014. Tuberculosis prevention, diagnosis, and treatment interventions conducted between 2000 and 2013 saved an estimated 37 million lives. The TB mortality rate reduced by 45 percent between 1990 and 2013, while prevalence rate fell by 41 percent within the same time period. Final note In 2013, there were an estimated 35 million people living with HIV in the world. This number is increasing as more people gain access to antiretroviral therapy (ART). And while ART has averted 7.6 million deaths worldwide, including 4.8 million in sub-Saharan Africa, this is only 36 percent of the 31.5 million people living with HIV in developing regions. And while 98 malaria-endemic nations have reversed malaria incidence nationally in 2015 compared to 2000, malaria continues to pose a huge public health challenge with an estimated 214 million cases and 472,000 deaths worldwide in 2015. 97 countries and territories across the globe, or 3.3 billion people, are still at risk of malaria infection, so more still needs to be done. For patients diagnosed with tuberculosis in 2012, 86 percent were successfully treated globally, hitting the target of 85 percent set in 1991. Millennium development goal 7 has four targets: 1. To integrate the principles of sustainable development into every nation’s policies and programmes, and also reverse the depletion of environmental resources 2. To reduce biodiversity loss and achieve a substantial reduction in the rate of loss by 2010 3. To halve the proportion of the universal population without sustainable access to clean and safe drinking water and basic sanitation by 2015. 4. To achieve substantial improvement in the lives of a minimum of 100 million slum dwellers by 2020. Some of the achievements of MDG 7 include: The virtual elimination of ozone-depleting substances since 1990. Consequently, the ozone layer is expected to recover by around the middle of the century Substantial increase in marine and terrestrial protected areas in many areas since 1990. In Caribbean and Latin America, coverage of terrestrial protected areas increased from 8.8 percent in 1990 to 23.4 percent in 2014. The number of people using improved drinking water sources has increased from 76 percent in 1990 to 91 percent in 2015. 2.6 billion people have gained access to better drinking water since 1990. Of these, 1.9 billion have access to piped drinking water on premises, with 58 percent of the global population enjoying this level of service in 2015. 147 nations in the world have fulfilled the drinking water target; 95 nations have achieved the sanitation target; and 77 nations have met both. 2.1 billion people in the universe have gained access to improved sanitation. At the same time, the proportion of people practicing open defecation has reduced by nearly 50 percent since 1990. A reduction in the proportion of urban population in developing nations living in slums from 39.4 to 29.7 percent in the period between 2000 and 2014. Final note Many regions have increased their terrestrial protected areas significantly since 1990, especially in Latin America where it rose from 8.8 to 23.4 percent between 1990 and 2014, and Western Asia where it more than quadrupled from 3.7 to 14.4 percent in the same period. Between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of the world population using improved drinking water source and using improved sanitation facility has increased significantly, surpassing the MDG target in 2010. The lives of slum dwellers have also improved considerably since 2000 to 2015, with more than 320 million people gaining access to improved water, durable housing, improved sanitation, or less crowded housing conditions. This means that the MDG7 target was surpassed. Although MDG7 targets have been largely achieved, environmental sustainability is still a core pillar of the post-2015 agenda, as healthy, diverse, and well- managed ecosystems can play a critical role in improving livelihoods and mitigating future environmental challenges. Millennium development goal 8 has six targets: 1. To further develop an open, predictable, rule-based, non- discriminatory trading and economic system 2. To address the special needs of the least developed countries 3. To address the special needs of small island developing States and landlocked developing countries 4. To deal exhaustively with the debt problems of developing nations 5. To provide access to affordable essential drugs in the developing world – in collaboration with pharmaceutical companies 6. To avail benefits of new technologies, especially information and communications, in collaboration with the private sector Some of the achievements of MDG 7 include: A 66 percent increase in official development assistance from developed nations in real terms in the period 2000 to 2014, reaching $135.2 billion In 2014, the United Kingdom, Sweden, Norway, Denmark, and Luxembourg continued to exceed the UN official development assistance target of 0.7 percent of gross national income Imports from developing to developed countries admitted duty-free increased from 65 percent in 2000 to 79 percent in 2014 The proportion of external debt service to export revenue in the developing world reduced from 12 to 3 percent between 2000 and 2013. 95 percent of the global population is covered by a mobile cellular signal as of 2015 The number of mobile-cellular subscription has grown by nearly tenfold in the last 15 years, from 738 million to over 7 billion between 2000 and 2015 Internet penetration has increased from about 6 percent of the global population to 43 percent between 2000 and 2015. Consequently, 3.2 billion people are now linked to an international network of content and applications. Final note The post-2015 development agenda is currently being prepared for launch. But it is important that its scope and drive be matched by sufficient funding and renewed efforts to mobilize innovation, science, and technology for sustainable development. Finally, it is important that the widening digital divide is addressed, especially with respect to internet use and quality of access. For instance, only one-third of the population in developing nations uses the internet compared to 82 percent in the developed countries. It is only then that the transformative capability of ICTs and the data revolution can be harnessed to provide sustainable development for all. SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMEN T GOALS 02 ❒ The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), also known as the Global Goals, were adopted by the United Nations in 2015 as a universal call to action to end poverty, protect the planet, and ensure that by 2030 all people enjoy peace and prosperity. History ❒ The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development adopted by all United Nations Member States in 2015, provides a shared blueprint for peace and prosperity for people and the planet, now and into the future. ❒ At its heart are the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), which are an urgent call for action by all countries - developed and developing - in a global partnership. ❒ They recognize that ending poverty and other deprivations must go hand-in- hand with strategies that improve health and education, reduce inequality, and spur economic growth – all while tackling climate change and working to preserve our oceans and forests. History The SDGs build on decades of work by countries and the UN, including the UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs In June 1992, at the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, more than 178 countries adopted Agenda 21, a comprehensive plan of action to build a global partnership for sustainable development to improve human lives and protect the environment. Member States unanimously adopted the Millennium Declaration at the Millennium Summit in September 2000 at UN Headquarters in New York. The Summit led to the elaboration of eight Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) to reduce extreme poverty by 2015. The Johannesburg Declaration on Sustainable Development and the Plan of Implementation, adopted at the World Summit on Sustainable Development in South Africa in 2002, reaffirmed the global community's commitments to poverty eradication and the environment, and built on Agenda 21 and the Millennium Declaration by including more emphasis on multilateral partnerships. History At the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development (Rio+20) in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in June 2012, Member States adopted the outcome document "The Future We Want" in which they decided, inter alia, to launch a process to develop a set of SDGs to build upon the MDGs and to establish the UN High-level Political Forum on Sustainable Development. The Rio +20 outcome also contained other measures for implementing sustainable development, including mandates for future programmes of work in development financing, small island developing states and more. In 2013, the General Assembly set up a 30-member Open Working Group to develop a proposal on the SDGs. In January 2015, the General Assembly began the negotiation process on the post-2015 development agenda. The process culminated in the subsequent adoption of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, with 17 SDGs at its core, at the UN Sustainable Development Summit in September 2015. History 2015 was a landmark year for multilateralism and international policy shaping, with the adoption of several major agreements: Now, the annual High-level Political Forum on Sustainable Development serves as the central UN platform for the follow-up and review of the SDGs. Today, the Division for Sustainable Development Goals (DSDG) in the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UNDESA) provides substantive support and capacity-building for the SDGs and their related thematic issues, including water, energy, climate, oceans, urbanization, transport, science and technology, the Global Sustainable Development Report (GSDR), partnerships and Small Island Developing States. DSDG plays a key role in the evaluation of UN systemwide implementation of the 2030 Agenda and on advocacy and outreach activities relating to the SDGs. In order to make the 2030 Agenda a reality, broad ownership of the SDGs must translate into a strong commitment by all stakeholders to implement the global goals. DSDG aims to help facilitate this engagement. Goal 1: End poverty in all its forms everywhere Goal 2: End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture Goal 3: Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages Goal 4: Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all Goal 5: Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls Goal 6: Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all Goal 7: Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all Goal 8: Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all Goal 9: Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and foster innovation Goal 10: Reduce inequality within and among countries Goal 11: Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable Goal 12: Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns Goal 13: Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts Goal 14: Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development Goal 15: Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss Goal 16: Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access to justice for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels Goal 17: Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the global partnership for sustainable development Assignment No. 2 ❒ SDG goals: Where are we now? ❒ Read the SDG report 2023 (https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/report/2023/The-Sustainable- Development-Goals-Report-2023.pdf) and make a summary for every goals. ❒ Write your summary in 1 – 2 short bond paper.