Social Cognition Lecture 2-W2 PDF

Social Cognition - Lecture 2 - W2 Tricky Topic Videos #1 Fundamental Attribution Error...

Social Cognition - Lecture 2 - W2 Tricky Topic Videos #1 Fundamental Attribution Error - Common E When we try to figure out others' intentions we have a tendency to process info in a biased way - can lead to mistakes Attributions explanations : we make for the cause of behaviour or Causal Inferences Internal/dispositional - ex. personality External/Situational-ex. life events Ex. Almost getting hit by a fast car dispositional + that guy's a Jerr Situational-driving his sick kid to the hospital Attributions SocialJudgemento + tive Dispositional Like the person + Not going to like that person wind/generous (Internal think they much at all are very - D Di W - We want like this person Might not feel judgy ⑭ so even Situational very much, think did it don't admire them if we (external) to get ahead or - selfish - Self Serving Bias ↳ When describing your actions want to make you look better : Use Situational Attribution Dispositional for own (t) but Situational for own (t -Tendency to explain others' behaviour by dispositional) situational causes ↳ Fundamental Attribution Error #2 - Stanford Prison Experiment ↳ A look at prison behaviour. In 1971 , volunteer students acted so badly during a study of the psych of prisoners+ guards , the study had to be cut short ↳ Philippe zombardo conducted prison experiment , Psych Prof ↳ Good ppl in an evil place Answer A system : of evil, majority of good people succumb , given , comply , not everyone Parallels to Baghdad Prisons - Social Modeling -Guards were not given training , have unlimited power  Stanford Prison Experiment Contid Worst abuse at night - Pickedmost normal/healthy Had participants to end too abusive - - Each day became 4 Prisoners had emotional breakdown, more good people evil - - Prisoners bored got "played" w/prisoners System (War) - so is responsible - Maj. Corr Officers. are under lots of stress Inmates feel powerless Video #3 Cognitive Dissonance - ↳ Powerful Force for attitude change 1st Festinger in the Tate 1950s proposed by ↳ Although we are often unaware of it, we have a strong need for internal order/consistency ↳ We like to see ourselves as sensible rational ↳ Uncomfortable when we have evidence that contradicts it /reduce/avoid Festinger + Carlsmith 1959 60 participants completed an hr of tedious boring tasks - Randomly assigned to 3 groupsw/ diff instructions I groups asked if they'd be willing to help wh next participant tell them it was fun (lie $1 $203) - or , , - They then rated enjoyment (-5- s) + Those that lied ($1) ranked high while 1$201 similar to control - was Control slightly (t - = 20 alr had didn't need good reason to feel uncomfortable - a Cognitive Dissonance Mental discomfort : caused by holding inconsistent behaviours, thoughts , beliefs , or values ↳ Tension when we hold 32 contradictory beliefs or behaves in such way. Strategies 3 to Reduce it Change behaviour Change Thinking to justify behaviour - $20 group New thinkingConsistent with behaviour Strategies Smokers of Change behaviour (Quitt - - Change Cognition (Say they have been doing it forever or helps w/stress)  Textbook Readings - Chapter 12 Social Psychology how people affect another and look at the of the situation : one power ↳ How ppl. Conceptualize + interpret situations + how these interpretations influence their thoughts feelings behaviours , - Situationism : view that our behaviours+ actions are determined by our immediate envrm. + surroundings Dispositionism : behaviour is determined by internal factors Internal Factor : an attribute of a person" includes personality traits temperment Individualistic Culture focuses : on indu. achievements + autonomy , more likely fund: attribution error Collectivistic Culture focuses : on communal relationships w/ others , less likely Actor-observer Bias attributing other people's behaviour to : internal factorswhile your own to Situational forces Attribution Belief about the : cause of a result Controllability : extent to which the circumstances associated can be controlled Self-Serving Bias : explain our successes as due to dispositional char. but failures as situational Just-World Hypothesis belief that outcomes they desire : people get the Social-Role : pattern of behaviour that is expected of in given setting /group a person a Social Norm : for it's group's expectation appropriate/acceptable behaviour of what is members Script : knowledge about the sequence of events expected Person's in a specific setting Attitude Evaluation of a person an ideaor : object , an Log. Dissonance psych discomfort arising from holding : · 12 inconsistent attitudes, behaviours or cognitions Justification of Effort : we value goals/acheivements that we put a lot of effort into Persuasion : Process of changing our attitude toward something based on some form of communication Central Route Logic driven t uses data-facts to convince argument's people of an worthiness : Peripheral Route : Indirect route that uses peripheral cues to associate positivity w/the message Foot-in-the-door technique persuader gets : a person to agree to bestow a small favour/buy a small item to later request move/log Confederate Person : who is aware of the experiment + works for the researcher Asch Effect : influence of the group majority on an indu. judgement Normative Social Infl : people conform to the group norm to fit in, feel good , be accepted Informational Social Infli conform b 1C they believe the group is competent , has correct into , when ambiguous Obedience change : of an Indu's behaviour to comply w/the request b / they are concerned abt the consequence. : Group Polarization : Strengthening ofan original group attitude after the discussion of views within a group Social loafing : reduction in indu. output on tasks where contributions are pooled Social Facilitation : indu. performs better when an audience is watching than when alone Types of Social Influence ↳ Conformity , Compliance Normative , Social Infl, Informational "" , Obedience, Groupthink Group , polarization , Social facilitation , Social loafing, De individuation Prejudice : Affective feelings abt. people both (4) and (-) Discrimination : Behaviour ( + /) treatment of others Stereotype Cognitive thoughts : about people Racism prejudice discrim. against : + an indu due. to race Sexism prejudice " discrim toward :. indus based on their sex Ageism : prejudice + discrim toward indus. Solely based on their aga Self-fulfilling Prophecy expectation : held by a person that alters their behaviour in a way that tends to make it true. In-group : Group we identify W/or see ourselves belonging to Out-group : we view as fundamentally different from us Scapegoating : blaming an out-group when the in-group exp. Frustration or is blocked from a goal Ifostile Aggression! motivated by feelings of anger w/ intent to cause pain Instrumental Aggression : motivated by achieving a goal and doesn't always have intent to cause pain Bystander Effect : witness doesn't volunteer to help a victim or person in distress Diffusion of Responsibility : tendency for no one in a group to help b/ the responsibility to help is spread Homophily : tendency for ppl. to form networks inclu. friends , marriage, business w/those that are similar  Lecture 2 - Social Psychology Thursday January 16th , 2015 Social Psychology : Study of how living among others influences thought feeling and , behaviour -Social Cognition the psychological concerns processes that enable individuals to take advantage of being part of social a group ↳ Social signals that enable to learn about the world to social us are very important cognition Conformity Adapting : our behaviour to what others are doing in a situation by we want to belong to a group Attributions : Explanations we make for the causes of behaviour ↳ Internal / Dispositional - ex. Personality ↳ External/Situational- ex. Life Events Example-you got hit by a car driving fast while on your bitre Dispositional Attribution That is a Jerk guy - Situational Attribution - That guy's driving his sick kid to the hospital Attributions a +Social Judgem , live ( + Dispositional Like the person + Not going to like that person wind/generos Internal think they much at all are very - D Di W - We want like this person Might not feel judgy # so even Situational very much, think did it don't admire them if we (external) to get ahead or - selfish - Fundamental Attribution Error (FAE) Tendency explain others' behaviour ↳ to in dispositional rather than situational terms Fundamental Attribution Error Cause(s) Caused by taking only the first automatic step in attribution process and forgetting about the second step which some effort requires Some evidence suggest these I processes involve different types of brain activity Only people who are motivated or forced use the thorough analysis of possible causes  Castro Debate Experiment underestimate the situation and overestimate the FAE is a cognitive bias when we personality in others' behaviour One FAE blaming the victim ↳ of type of is a crime FAE-Cultural Difference Western Cultures - people are in charge of their own destinies Eastern Cultures - Consider more the impact of circumstances No low difference in below 18 years of age or groups ↳ Crimes in Western countries often focus on personality traits of the murderers ↳ Crimes in Eastern countries place the main focus on the life-situations of the murderers Attractiveness Bias ↳ food-looking children are less likely to be punished for their misbehaviour than those who are not so good looking Cognitive Dissonance ↳ Discomfort caused by information that challenges a person's conception as a rational person 3 Strategies to reduce this - Change Behaviour > - Change Thinking to justify behaviour > - Create new thinking Consistent , with behaviour Example-Smoking Choices 1) Quit Smoking 3(Justify smoking by adding 2 Justify smoking by minimizing the risks (this is not willing everyone a new Cognition (it makes me feel better so it's worth the damage) Festinger and Carlsmith , 1959 tasks for Ihr had to rate from 1-S- + 3) 60 participants completed boring , Control group given no money , $1 Lie group and $20 Lie group -$1 group gave the highest ratings bic they felt they had to justify their actions Person Perception tend to outweigh the positive and can last ↳ Negative first impression ones long Attitudes ↳ Favorable or Unfavorable feelings beliefs actions toward an object, idea , , , or or person Affective component (enthusiasm) - Cognitive component I knowledge about the subject) - - Behavioural component (participation in events) Schemas Scripts Stereotypes , , We tend to organize information about our and others behaviour This allows us to make shortcuts and gives us an idea how to behave in a given situation Schemas : Models about the social world that act like filters for our own perceptions ↳ Used in forming impressions - Some schemas are more accessible than others Ex A woman at has. a party is shaky and slurring her speech would you think she is drunk or partinsons Scripts : A cognitive schematic structure or mental road map containing the basic actions (and their temporal and casual relations) that comprise a complex action, Also called Script Schema > Sequence of actions for situation you have ready use in a particular Stereotypes : Schemas of how people are likely to behave based upon group membership ↳ Allow for quick impressions of other ↳ Avoiding use of them activates prefrontal cortex > - inhibits inappropriate responses ↳: If you are using them you aren't thinking carefully Prejudice Negative : attitudes and feelings toward individuals based solely on their membership in a group Just World -"Just World Hypothesis" - people get what they deserve - Equivalent of Karma - Defensive Attribution - blaming victims for their misfortune ↳ Allows to feel safe (we are to us) us not like that so it would not happen ex Thinking poor lazy victims Seductive people are vape. , Social Cognition Model Social Brain Network Social Perception Uses perceptual into like facial and voice, to gestures postures body language : Expressions , , , , learn about someone's feelings and intentions Mirror System : Activated by action observation Mentalizing System : ability to interpret the behaviour of others in terms of mental states (Theory of Mind, ToM) Superior Temporal Sulcus Map -Large groove in the temporal Lobe Note : Some dysfunction observed in patients Process Auditory Information diagnosed Schizophrenia but - with none in Face Recognition patients diagnosed - with autism - Asymmetry Social Brain Network Posterior Superior temporal sulcus (pSTS) is the indicated region where the integration of Social Brain network takes place Social Life and Physiology - Social life can counteract negative physiological changes When aging Social Relationships and Mortality Risk Meta-analytic review with 300 , 000 participants - Over 50 % Increased likelihood for participants stronger social relationships · of survival with