2. Key element of ISM Framework.pdf

Key Element of the Cyber Framework:- Cyber security is the shielding of web associated systems, for example, hardware, software, and information from cyber dangers. The training is utilized by people and ventures to defend against unapproved access to the servers and other electronic systems. Vario...

Key Element of the Cyber Framework:- Cyber security is the shielding of web associated systems, for example, hardware, software, and information from cyber dangers. The training is utilized by people and ventures to defend against unapproved access to the servers and other electronic systems. Various elements of cyber security are given below: Application Security Information Security Network Security Disaster Recovery Planning Operational Security End-user Security Let’s see an explanation of the elements in detail: 1. Application Security:- Application security is the principal key component of cyber security which adds security highlights inside applications during the improvement time frame to defend against cyberattacks. It shields sites and online applications from various sorts of cyber security dangers which exploit weaknesses in source code. Application security is tied in with keeping software applications away from dangers. The general focus of application security is on cloud service-based organizations. Due to misconfiguration of settings the data of the cloud gets insecure. The fundamental reason for cloud application misconfiguration are: Absence of attention to cloud security approaches Absence of sufficient controls and oversight Utilization of such a large number of connection points to oversee. Vulnerabilities of Application:- Denial-of-service (DoS) and Distributed denial-of-service(DDoS) attacks are used by some isolated attackers to flood a designated server or the framework that upholds it with different sorts of traffic. This traffic in the end keeps real users from getting to the server, making it shut down. A strategy called SQL injection (SQLi) is used by hackers to take advantage of database flaws. These hackers, specifically, can uncover user personalities and passwords and can also create, modify and delete data without taking permission of the user. Types of Application Security:- The types of Application Security are Authentication, Authorization, Encryption, Logging, and Application security testing. Tools of Application Security:- The various tools of application security are firewall, antivirus, encryption techniques, web application firewalls that protect applications from threats. 2. Information Security:- Information Security is the component of cyber security that denotes the methods for defending unapproved access, use, revelation, interruption, modification, or deletion of information. The protection of the companies data, code, and information that is collected by the company from their clients and users is protected by Information security. The primary standards and principles of Information security are Confidentiality, Integrity, and Availability. Together it is called as CIA. Confidentiality:- The protection of information of authorized clients which allows them to access sensitive information is known as Confidentiality. For example, assuming we say X has a password for my Facebook account yet somebody saw while X was doing a login into the Facebook account. All things considered, my password has been compromised and Confidentiality has been penetrated. Integrity:- The maintaining of consistency, accuracy, and completeness of the information is known as Integrity. Information cannot be modified in an unapproved way. For example, in an information break that compromises the integrity, a programmer might hold onto information and adjust it prior to sending it on to the planned beneficiary. Some security controls intended to keep up with the integrity of information include Encryption, Controls of Client access, Records Control, Reinforcement, recovery methodology, and Detecting the error. Availability:- The information which can be accessed any time whenever authorized users want. There are primarily two dangers to the accessibility of the system which are as per the following: Denial of Service Loss of Data Processing Capabilities 3. Network Security:- Network security is the security given to a network from unapproved access and dangers. It is the obligation of network heads to embrace preventive measures to safeguard their networks from potential security dangers. Network security is one more element of IT security which is a method of defending and preventing unapproved access into computer networks. Network Security Strategies:- There are numerous strategies to further develop network security and the most well-known network security parts are as per following: Firewalls, Antivirus, Email Security, Web Security, Wireless Security. Network Security Software: There are different types of tools that can shield a computer network like Network firewall, Cloud application firewall, Web application firewall, etc. 4. Disaster Recovery Planning/Business Continuity Planning:- The planning that describes the continuity of work in a fast and efficient way after a disaster is known as Disaster Recovery Planning or Business Continuity Planning. A disaster recovery technique should begin at the business level and figure out which applications are generally vital to run the activities of the association. Business continuity planning (BCP) is tied in with being ready for cyber danger by distinguishing dangers to the association on schedule and examining how activities might be impacted and how to conquer that. The primary objectives of disaster recovery planning include: Protect the organization during a disaster Giving a conviction of security Limiting the risk of postponements Ensuring the dependability of backup systems Giving a standard to testing the plan. Limiting decision-production during a disaster Disaster Recovery Planning Categories: The categories of Disaster Recover Planning are Data Center disaster recovery Cloud applications disaster recovery Service-based disaster recovery Virtual disaster recovery Steps of Disaster Recovery Planning: The steps are: Acquire Top Management Commitment Planning panel establishment Performing risk management Establish priorities for handling and tasks Decide Recovery Strategies Data Collection Record a composed plan Build testing rules and methods Plan testing Support the plan 5. Operational Security:- The process that encourages the managers to see the activities according to the viewpoint of a hacker to protect sensitive data from various threats is known as Operational Security (OPSEC)n or Procedural security. Operations security (OPSEC) is utilized to defend the functions of an association. It tracks basic data and resources to distinguish weaknesses that exist in the useful technique. Steps of Operational Security:- There are five stages to deal with the operational security program, which are as per the following: Characterize the association’s delicate data Distinguish the types of dangers Investigate security openings and weaknesses Evaluation of Risks Execution of accurate countermeasures Practices of Operational Security:- The best practices of Operational Securities are: Implement exact change management processes Limit access to network devices Minimum access to the employees Carry out double control Task automation Reaction and disaster recovery planning 6. End User Education:- End-user training is most the significant element of computer security. End users are turning into the biggest security threat in any association since it can happen whenever. One of the primary errors that lead to information breaks is human mistakes. An association should prepare its workers about cybersecurity. Each representative should know about phishing attacks through messages and interfaces and can possibly manage cyber dangers. Threats of End-User:- There are many reasons, that danger can be made. The end-user dangers can be made in the following ways: Utilizing of Social Media Text Messaging Utilization of Email Applications Download Creation and irregular uses of passwords Planning In ISM Framework:- What is an ISMS? An information security management system (ISMS) is a framework of policies and controls that manage security and risks systematically and across your entire enterprise—information security. These security controls can follow common security standards or be more focused on your industry. What is an ISMS? An information security management system (ISMS) is a framework of policies and controls that manage security and risks systematically and across your entire enterprise—information security. These security controls can follow common security standards or be more focused on your industry. For example, ISO 27001 is a set of specifications detailing how to create, manage, and implement ISMS policies and controls. The ISO doesn’t mandate specific actions; instead, it provides guideline on developing appropriate ISMS strategies. The framework for ISMS is usually focused on risk assessment and risk management. Think of it as a structured approach to the balanced tradeoff between risk mitigation and the cost (risk) incurred. Organizations operating in tightly regulated industry verticals, such as healthcare or finance, may require a broad scope of security activities and risk mitigation strategies. Continuous Improvement in Information Security:- While ISMS is designed to establish holistic information security management capabilities, digital transformation requires organizations to adopt ongoing improvements and evolution of their security policies and controls. The structure and boundaries defined by an ISMS may apply only for a limited time frame and the workforce may struggle to adopt them in the initial stages. The challenge for organizations is to evolve these security control mechanisms as their risks, culture, and resources change. According to ISO 27001, ISMS implementation follows a Plan-Do- Check-Act (PCDA) model for continuous improvement in ISM processes: Plan. Identify the problems and collect useful information to evaluate security risk. Define the policies and processes that can be used to address problem root causes. Develop methods to establish continuous improvement in information security management capabilities. Do. Implement the devised security policies and procedures. The implementation follows the ISO standards, but actual implementation is based on the resources available to your company. Check. Monitor the effectiveness of ISMS policies and controls. Evaluate tangible outcomes as well as behavioral aspects associated with the ISM processes. Act. Focus on continuous improvement. Document the results, share knowledge, and use a feedback loop to address future iterations of the PCDA model implementation of ISMS policies and controls. Popular ISMS frameworks:- ISO 27001 is a leader in information security, but other frameworks offer valuable guidance as well. These other frameworks often borrow from ISO 27001 or other industry-specific guidelines. ITIL, the widely adopted service management framework, has a dedicated component called Information Security Management (ISM). The goal of ISM is to align IT and business security to ensure InfoSec is effectively managed in all activities. COBIT, another IT-focused framework, spends significant time on how asset management and configuration management are foundational to information security as well as nearly every other ITSM function—even those unrelated to InfoSec. ISMS security controls:- ISMS security controls span multiple domains of information security as specified in the ISO 27001 standard. The catalog contains practical guidelines with the following objectives: Information security policies. An overall direction and support help establish appropriate security policies. The security policy is unique to your company, devised in context of your changing business and security needs. Organization of information security. This addresses threats and risks within the corporate network, including cyberattacks from external entities, inside threats, system malfunctions, and data loss. Asset management. This component covers organizational assets within and beyond the corporate IT network., which may involve the exchange of sensitive business information. Human resource security. Policies and controls pertaining to your personnel, activities, and human errors, including measures to reduce risk from insider threats and workforce training to reduce unintentional security lapses. Physical and environmental security. These guidelines cover security measures to protect physical IT hardware from damage, loss, or unauthorized access. While many organizations are taking advantage of digital transformation and maintaining sensitive information in secure cloud networks off-premise, security of physical devices used to access that information must be considered. Communications and operations management. Systems must be operated with respect and maintenance to security policies and controls. Daily IT operations, such as service provisioning and problem management, should follow IT security policies and ISMS controls. Access control. This policy domain deals with limiting access to authorized personnel and monitoring network traffic for anomalous behavior. Access permissions relate to both digital and physical mediums of technology. The roles and responsibilities of individuals should be well defined, with access to business information available only when necessary. Information system acquisition, development, and maintenance. Security best practices should be maintained across the entire lifecycle of the IT system, including the phases of acquisition, development, and maintenance. Information security and incident management. Identify and resolve IT issues in ways that minimize the impact to end users. In complex network infrastructure environments, advanced technology solutions may be required to identify insightful incident metrics and proactively mitigate potential issues. Business continuity management. Avoid interruptions to business processes whenever possible. Ideally, any disaster situation is followed immediately by recovery and procedures to minimize damage. Compliance. Security requirements must be enforced per regulatory bodies. Cryptography. Among the most important and effective controls to protect sensitive information, it is not a silver bullet on its own. Therefore, ISMS govern how cryptographic controls are enforced and managed. Supplier relationships. Third-party vendors and business partners may require access to the network and sensitive customer data. It may not be possible to enforce security controls on some suppliers. However, adequate controls should be adopted to mitigate potential risks through IT security policies and contractual obligations. These components and domains offer general best practices towards InfoSec success. Though these may vary subtly from one framework to another, considering and aligning with these domains will provide much in the way of information security. Key Features of an ISMS: Risk Assessment: An ISMS includes a systematic evaluation of potential security risks to identify vulnerabilities and prioritize mitigation measures. Policies and Procedures: Establishing clear and comprehensive security policies and procedures that outline specific security measures, access controls, and acceptable usage guidelines. Asset Management: Identifying and classifying organizational assets (hardware, software, data) to effectively allocate resources and protect critical information. Access Control: Implementing measures to prevent unauthorized access to information and resources through user authentication, role- based permissions, and regular review of user access rights. Incident Management: Developing a process to detect, respond to, and recover from security incidents, ensuring business continuity and limiting the impact of any breach. Internal Audits: Regularly conducting internal audits to assess the effectiveness of security controls, identify areas for improvement, and ensure compliance with security policies. Training and Awareness: Educating employees on security best practices, potential risks, and their roles and responsibilities in maintaining information security. Continuous Improvement: Establishing a culture of continual improvement by regularly reviewing and updating security measures based on changing threats, new technologies, and industry best practices. External audits and certification: Seeking certification from independent certification bodies validates the effectiveness of the organization's security management system and demonstrates compliance with international standards such as ISO 27001. Scope of the article Scope of the Article: Exploring the Key Features of an ISMS In today's digital age, where security risks and threats are prevalent, organizations need to prioritize safeguarding their valuable information from unauthorized access and cyber attacks. This is where an Information Security Management System (ISMS) plays a pivotal role. The purpose of this article is to delve into the key features of an ISMS and shed light on how it helps organizations address security risks and meet compliance requirements. An ISMS is a comprehensive framework that ensures the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of an organization's information. It goes beyond implementing security measures and focuses on establishing a proactive approach to manage and mitigate risks effectively. By adopting an ISMS, organizations can implement a systematic evaluation of potential security risks, identify vulnerabilities, and prioritize measures to counteract them. This risk assessment is a crucial first step towards developing robust security measures. Furthermore, an ISMS facilitates the establishment of clear and comprehensive security policies and procedures. These guidelines outline specific security measures, access controls, and acceptable usage guidelines that all employees must adhere to. By doing so, organizations can enforce access control policies and prevent unauthorized access to sensitive information, ensuring that only authorized personnel can access relevant resources. Another essential feature of an ISMS is incident management. It helps organizations develop a process to detect, respond to, and recover from security incidents swiftly. By having a well-defined incident management process, organizations can ensure business continuity, limit the impact of any security breach, and effectively minimize the damage caused. Additionally, an ISMS includes regular internal audits to assess the effectiveness of the implemented security controls. These audits help organizations identify areas for improvement and ensure compliance with security policies and standards. By conducting comprehensive internal audits, organizations can proactively identify and address any potential weaknesses and enhance their security posture. Security management Security management is a critical aspect of any organization's operations in today's digital age. With the increasing frequency and complexity of cyber attacks, organizations must prioritize safeguarding their valuable information from unauthorized access and breaches. Effective security management involves implementing security measures, establishing clear policies and procedures, conducting regular audits, and having a proactive incident management process in place. In this article, we will explore the key features of security management and how they help organizations address security risks, meet compliance requirements, and ensure the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of their information. Security measures Implementing effective security measures is crucial to protect the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of an organization's information assets. The ISO 27001 standard provides practical guidelines to establish and maintain an Information Security Management System (ISMS). The first key feature is the development and implementation of information security policies. These policies help define the organization's approach to managing information security and provide a framework for action. They should be regularly reviewed and updated to address evolving risks and compliance requirements. Asset management is another important aspect. Organizations need to identify their information assets, assess their value, and implement appropriate security measures to protect them. This includes conducting regular inventories, classifying assets based on their criticality, and implementing safeguards such as data encryption and backup procedures. Access control is a critical security measure to ensure that only authorized individuals can access sensitive information. It involves implementing strong authentication mechanisms, role-based access controls, and regular user access reviews. ISO 27001 also emphasizes the importance of physical and environmental security. Organizations should implement physical controls such as access control systems, surveillance cameras, and secure storage areas for sensitive information. Regularly monitoring and managing security incidents is essential. Organizations should establish incident management procedures to detect, respond to, and recover from security incidents promptly. Ensuring compliance with legal and regulatory requirements is a key obligation. Compliance requirements should be regularly assessed, and appropriate measures implemented to meet these obligations. Implementing these key security measures as per the ISO 27001 standard enables organizations to establish a robust ISMS that effectively mitigates risks and protects their valuable information assets. Access control policies:- Access control policies play a crucial role in an Information Security Management System (ISMS) as they establish rules and procedures to govern who can access and use an organization's information assets. Implementing effective access control policies is essential to limit access to authorized personnel and protect sensitive data from unauthorized access and potential security breaches. Access control policies should include mechanisms for strong authentication, such as password complexity requirements, two-factor authentication, or biometric identification. These measures ensure that only authorized individuals can gain access to the organization's systems and data. Monitoring network traffic is another vital aspect of access control. By implementing monitoring tools, organizations can analyze network traffic patterns, identify potential threats or unusual activities, and take action to prevent security breaches. This constant monitoring and analysis provide real-time protection against unauthorized access attempts and enhance the organization's ability to respond to security incidents promptly. It is equally important to establish well-defined roles and responsibilities for both digital and physical mediums of technology. By clearly stating who has access to certain systems or areas, organizations can ensure that access is limited to only those who require it to perform their duties. This helps minimize the risk of insider threats and unauthorized access attempts. Unauthorized access:- Unauthorised access refers to unauthorized individuals gaining entry into an Information Security Management System (ISMS) or its associated resources without proper authorization. This could result in severe implications for an organization's information security and overall operations. The implications of unauthorised access can be significant. It can lead to data breaches, loss or theft of sensitive information, sabotage, or disruption of services. Unauthorised access can also compromise the integrity and confidentiality of data, affecting an organization's reputation and customer trust. To prevent unauthorised access, several measures can be implemented within an ISMS. One key measure is establishing robust access control policies. These policies define who can access specific systems, data, or physical areas, and under what circumstances. Access control policies should incorporate mechanisms for strong authentication, such as password complexity requirements, two-factor authentication, or biometric identification. Furthermore, organizations should regularly review and update their access control policies to align with changing security requirements. Implementing continuous monitoring and analysis of network traffic patterns is also essential. This allows for the detection of potential threats or unusual activities, facilitating proactive prevention of security breaches. Training employees on security best practices, conducting regular internal audits, and ensuring compliance with regulatory and contractual requirements are additional prevention measures that can mitigate the risk of unauthorised access. Risk assessment:- When conducting a risk assessment for an ISMS implementation, there are several key factors that need to be considered. One important factor is the ISO/IEC 27001 standard, which provides a framework for establishing, implementing, maintaining, and continually improving an ISMS. This standard outlines specific requirements that organizations must meet to effectively manage their information security risks. In conducting a risk assessment, it is crucial to evaluate both internal and external drivers for the ISMS initiative. Internal drivers can include the organization's goals, objectives, and strategies, as well as its internal resources and capabilities. External drivers, on the other hand, can include legal, regulatory, and industry requirements, as well as the expectations of customers, suppliers, and other stakeholders. Another crucial aspect of a risk assessment is considering the interests of internal and external parties. This means identifying and understanding the concerns, needs, and expectations of stakeholders, and ensuring that these are taken into account when defining the scope and objectives of the ISMS. Additionally, it is important to recognize the impact of internal and external interfaces and dependencies on the ISMS. This involves evaluating the relationships and interactions between different parts of the organization, as well as between the organization and its external partners, suppliers, and customers. Vast majority:- The vast majority of organizations today face numerous security risks and compliance requirements. To effectively manage these challenges, implementing an Information Security Management System (ISMS) is crucial. An ISMS is a framework of policies, processes, and controls that helps organizations protect their information assets and address security risks. Key features of an ISMS include comprehensive security measures to safeguard sensitive information. These measures can include technical controls like firewalls, encryption, and intrusion detection systems, as well as physical controls like CCTV monitoring and access control policies. By implementing these measures, organizations can prevent unauthorized access to their systems and data. Another important feature of an ISMS is conducting regular risk assessments. This involves identifying potential threats and vulnerabilities and assessing their potential impact on the organization. By understanding these risks, organizations can develop appropriate controls and mitigation strategies to minimize their impact. Security policies are also essential components of an ISMS. These policies outline the organization's approach to information security and define the responsibilities of individuals within the organization. By establishing clear policies, organizations can ensure consistency and adherence to security protocols. Asset management practices are equally important within an ISMS. This involves identifying and categorizing organizational assets, such as data, systems, and physical resources, and implementing measures to protect them. Asset management helps organizations prioritize their security efforts and allocate resources effectively. Implementing an ISMS with seriousness and commitment is crucial. It offers numerous benefits, including enhanced security, compliance with legal and regulatory requirements, protection against cyber attacks, improved business continuity planning, and increased customer trust. By effectively managing risks and protecting organizational assets, an ISMS provides a solid foundation for overall security and helps organizations navigate the constantly evolving security landscape. Security policies:- Security policies are an integral component of an Information Security Management System (ISMS). These policies are the documented guidelines and procedures that outline how an organization will protect its information assets. They provide a framework for ensuring the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of sensitive information. Common security policies in an ISMS include: Password Management:- This policy governs the creation, usage, and storage of passwords. It outlines best practices for creating strong and unique passwords, as well as guidelines for securely storing and changing passwords. Data Classification:- This policy defines how data should be classified based on its sensitivity and criticality. It establishes rules for handling, storing, transmitting, and disposing of different types of data. Incident Response:- This policy outlines the procedures to be followed in the event of a security incident or breach. It details the steps to be taken to mitigate the impact, investigate the incident, and restore normal operations. Regular review and updates of security policies are crucial to ensure they remain effective in the face of evolving security threats and organizational needs. As the threat landscape continues to evolve, new risks and vulnerabilities emerge. Therefore, security policies must be revised and updated to address these changes and provide adequate protection. Asset management:- Asset management is a key component of an Information Security Management System (ISMS) and involves the effective management and protection of organizational assets. The ISM code, which stands for the International Safety Management Code, emphasizes the company's responsibility for managing and documenting the responsibilities and authority of those involved in asset management. One of the key features of asset management in an ISMS is the documentation of all assets owned or used by the organization. This includes hardware, software, data, and physical assets. Documentation should include details such as asset location, ownership, value, and criticality to the organization's operations. This helps in identifying and prioritizing assets that require protection and supports effective decision-making. Another feature is the implementation of specific measures and processes to effectively manage and protect organizational assets. This includes conducting risk assessments to identify potential threats and vulnerabilities, implementing access control policies to prevent unauthorized access, regularly conducting internal audits to assess the effectiveness of asset management practices, and establishing physical controls to secure assets against theft, loss, or damage. Providing support and resources is also important to ensure the effective functioning and safety of the assets. This includes regular training and awareness programs for staff to understand their roles and responsibilities in asset management, ensuring adequate funding and resources are allocated for asset protection measures, and establishing a culture of continual improvement to adapt to evolving security threats. Effective Risk management:- Effective risk management is crucial in ensuring the smooth and safe operations of any organization. In the context of safety management certificates and management packs, there are key components and strategies that contribute to effective risk management. First and foremost, risk assessment plays a critical role in identifying and mitigating security risks. Through a systematic evaluation of potential threats and vulnerabilities, organizations can determine the likelihood and impact of various risks. This enables them to prioritize their efforts and allocate resources effectively. When implementing effective risk management practices, there are several key actions and considerations to keep in mind. These include developing and implementing robust security measures to prevent or minimize the impact of security risks. This may involve establishing access control policies, implementing physical controls, and regularly conducting audits to ensure compliance with security requirements. Furthermore, continuous improvement is vital in risk management processes. With the ever-evolving security landscape, organizations must constantly review and update their risk management strategies to address emerging threats. This involves monitoring changes in regulations and compliance requirements, staying informed about the latest security technologies and best practices, and actively seeking feedback from stakeholders. By adopting effective risk management practices, organizations can better protect their assets, mitigate security risks, and ultimately ensure the safety of their personnel and operations. This not only helps in obtaining safety management certificates and management packs but also contributes to the overall success and resilience of the organization. Compliance requirements:- Compliance requirements for an ISMS (Information Security Management System) play a crucial role in ensuring the security and integrity of organizational assets. In the maritime industry, these requirements are established by the International Maritime Organization (IMO) through guidelines such as Maritime Safety Committee (MSC) circular 1059 and Marine Environment Protection Committee (MEPC) circular 401. One key aspect of compliance is the handling of major non- conformities within the ISMS. Major non-conformities refer to significant deviations from the established security management practices. When a major non-conformity is identified, organizations must initiate the downgrading process, which involves reducing the status of their ISMS certification. To address major non-conformities, organizations must take timely corrective actions within a specified time frame. This requires identifying the root causes of the non-conformity and implementing appropriate measures to rectify the issues. Failure to comply with these corrective actions can lead to serious consequences, including the withdrawal of the Safety Management Certificate. To ensure compliance with ISMS requirements and effectively handle major non-conformities, organizations should closely follow the guidelines provided by IMO's MSC circ 1059 and MEPC circ 401. These guidelines provide detailed instructions and recommendations on how to establish and maintain an effective ISMS, including procedures for identifying, reporting, and addressing major non- conformities. By adhering to these compliance requirements and guidelines, organizations can strengthen the security and safety of their operations, protecting against potential risks and vulnerabilities. This commitment to compliance ensures the continuous improvement and effectiveness of the ISMS in an ever-evolving security landscape. Contractual requirements:- Contractual requirements play a crucial role in ensuring the effective implementation of an Information Security Management System (ISMS) within the shipping industry. These requirements, often outlined in contracts between companies and their clients or service providers, set the minimum standards and expectations for information security. One key contractual requirement related to an ISMS is the compliance with the International Safety Management (ISM) Code. The ISM Code, developed by the International Maritime Organization (IMO), requires shipping companies to establish an ISMS to ensure the safety of their vessels and the protection of the environment. By complying with the ISM Code, companies demonstrate their commitment to maintaining a high level of information security. The ISM Code has also changed the meaning of the Hague-Visby Rules, an international maritime convention that governs the liability of carriers for loss or damage to goods. Previously, carriers were only responsible for losses resulting from their own negligence. However, under the ISM Code, companies are made responsible for crew negligence as well. This means that shipping companies must now ensure that their crew members are adequately trained and that proper safety and security measures are in place to prevent incidents. In addition to compliance with the ISM Code, companies may also need to obtain a Document of Compliance (DOC) from different flags and classification societies. A DOC serves as evidence that a company's ISMS has been audited and found to be in compliance with the required standards. Different flags and classification societies may have their own specific requirements for obtaining a DOC, and companies may need to undergo regular audits to maintain their compliance status. Legal requirements Legal requirements related to an ISMS are defined by the International Safety Management (ISM) Code, which holds shipping companies responsible for shipboard operations. This code, developed by the International Maritime Organization (IMO), has significant implications in the shipping business. Under the ISM Code, companies are required to define and document the responsibilities and authority of personnel at all levels of the organization. This ensures that everyone understands their role in maintaining information security. By clearly outlining responsibilities, companies can reduce the risk of unauthorized access and data breaches. Another key responsibility under the ISM Code is providing support and resources for the effective functioning of the ISMS. This includes ensuring that necessary resources, such as training and equipment, are provided to maintain a high level of information security. Companies must also establish and maintain procedures to respond to security risks and incidents promptly and effectively. The ISM Code's legal requirements emphasize the importance of a proactive approach to information security within shipping companies. By complying with these requirements, companies can mitigate security risks, protect their assets, and maintain a strong reputation in the industry. Ultimately, adherence to the ISM Code contributes to safer and more secure shipboard operations. Internal audits Internal audits play a critical role in an ISMS (Information Security Management System) as they help ensure compliance with the ISM Code and identify areas for improvement. These audits are conducted by internal auditors who are independent from the processes they are auditing. The ISM Code requires companies to conduct internal audits at planned intervals to assess the effectiveness of their ISMS. These audits must be objective and impartial, with auditors having the necessary competence and knowledge of the ISMS. Auditors should be trained in audit techniques and have sufficient understanding of the relevant security measures and key features of the ISMS. When conducting internal audits, auditors are responsible for evaluating the implementation of security policies, procedures, and controls. They review the compliance with regulatory requirements, contractual obligations, and company policies. Auditors also assess the effectiveness of risk management processes, access control policies, physical controls, and business continuity plans. Additionally, the ISM Code requires a Document of Compliance (DOC) to be issued by an independent auditor. The DOC certifies that a company's ISMS is in conformity with the ISM Code requirements. This certification demonstrates that the company has implemented and maintains an effective ISMS. It also enhances the company's reputation and provides assurance to customers, stakeholders, and regulatory bodies. Key Features of an ISMS: Risk Assessment: An ISMS includes a systematic evaluation of potential security risks to identify vulnerabilities and prioritize mitigation measures. Policies and Procedures: Establishing clear and comprehensive security policies and procedures that outline specific security measures, access controls, and acceptable usage guidelines. Asset Management: Identifying and classifying organizational assets (hardware, software, data) to effectively allocate resources and protect critical information. Access Control: Implementing measures to prevent unauthorized access to information and resources through user authentication, role- based permissions, and regular review of user access rights. Incident Management: Developing a process to detect, respond to, and recover from security incidents, ensuring business continuity and limiting the impact of any breach. Internal Audits: Regularly conducting internal audits to assess the effectiveness of security controls, identify areas for improvement, and ensure compliance with security policies. Training and Awareness: Educating employees on security best practices, potential risks, and their roles and responsibilities in maintaining information security. Continuous Improvement: Establishing a culture of continual improvement by regularly reviewing and updating security measures based on changing threats, new technologies, and industry best practices. External audits and certification: Seeking certification from independent certification bodies validates the effectiveness of the organization's security management system and demonstrates compliance with international standards such as ISO 27001. Scope of the article Scope of the Article: Exploring the Key Features of an ISMS In today's digital age, where security risks and threats are prevalent, organizations need to prioritize safeguarding their valuable information from unauthorized access and cyber attacks. This is where an Information Security Management System (ISMS) plays a pivotal role. The purpose of this article is to delve into the key features of an ISMS and shed light on how it helps organizations address security risks and meet compliance requirements. An ISMS is a comprehensive framework that ensures the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of an organization's information. It goes beyond implementing security measures and focuses on establishing a proactive approach to manage and mitigate risks effectively. By adopting an ISMS, organizations can implement a systematic evaluation of potential security risks, identify vulnerabilities, and prioritize measures to counteract them. This risk assessment is a crucial first step towards developing robust security measures. Furthermore, an ISMS facilitates the establishment of clear and comprehensive security policies and procedures. These guidelines outline specific security measures, access controls, and acceptable usage guidelines that all employees must adhere to. By doing so, organizations can enforce access control policies and prevent unauthorized access to sensitive information, ensuring that only authorized personnel can access relevant resources. Another essential feature of an ISMS is incident management. It helps organizations develop a process to detect, respond to, and recover from security incidents swiftly. By having a well-defined incident management process, organizations can ensure business continuity, limit the impact of any security breach, and effectively minimize the damage caused. Additionally, an ISMS includes regular internal audits to assess the effectiveness of the implemented security controls. These audits help organizations identify areas for improvement and ensure compliance with security policies and standards. By conducting comprehensive internal audits, organizations can proactively identify and address any potential weaknesses and enhance their security posture. Security management Security management is a critical aspect of any organization's operations in today's digital age. With the increasing frequency and complexity of cyber attacks, organizations must prioritize safeguarding their valuable information from unauthorized access and breaches. Effective security management involves implementing security measures, establishing clear policies and procedures, conducting regular audits, and having a proactive incident management process in place. In this article, we will explore the key features of security management and how they help organizations address security risks, meet compliance requirements, and ensure the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of their information. Security measures Implementing effective security measures is crucial to protect the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of an organization's information assets. The ISO 27001 standard provides practical guidelines to establish and maintain an Information Security Management System (ISMS). The first key feature is the development and implementation of information security policies. These policies help define the organization's approach to managing information security and provide a framework for action. They should be regularly reviewed and updated to address evolving risks and compliance requirements. Asset management is another important aspect. Organizations need to identify their information assets, assess their value, and implement appropriate security measures to protect them. This includes conducting regular inventories, classifying assets based on their criticality, and implementing safeguards such as data encryption and backup procedures. Access control is a critical security measure to ensure that only authorized individuals can access sensitive information. It involves implementing strong authentication mechanisms, role-based access controls, and regular user access reviews. ISO 27001 also emphasizes the importance of physical and environmental security. Organizations should implement physical controls such as access control systems, surveillance cameras, and secure storage areas for sensitive information. Regularly monitoring and managing security incidents is essential. Organizations should establish incident management procedures to detect, respond to, and recover from security incidents promptly. Ensuring compliance with legal and regulatory requirements is a key obligation. Compliance requirements should be regularly assessed, and appropriate measures implemented to meet these obligations. Implementing these key security measures as per the ISO 27001 standard enables organizations to establish a robust ISMS that effectively mitigates risks and protects their valuable information assets. Access control policies Access control policies play a crucial role in an Information Security Management System (ISMS) as they establish rules and procedures to govern who can access and use an organization's information assets. Implementing effective access control policies is essential to limit access to authorized personnel and protect sensitive data from unauthorized access and potential security breaches. Access control policies should include mechanisms for strong authentication, such as password complexity requirements, two-factor authentication, or biometric identification. These measures ensure that only authorized individuals can gain access to the organization's systems and data. Monitoring network traffic is another vital aspect of access control. By implementing monitoring tools, organizations can analyze network traffic patterns, identify potential threats or unusual activities, and take action to prevent security breaches. This constant monitoring and analysis provide real-time protection against unauthorized access attempts and enhance the organization's ability to respond to security incidents promptly. It is equally important to establish well-defined roles and responsibilities for both digital and physical mediums of technology. By clearly stating who has access to certain systems or areas, organizations can ensure that access is limited to only those who require it to perform their duties. This helps minimize the risk of insider threats and unauthorized access attempts. Unauthorised access Unauthorised access refers to unauthorized individuals gaining entry into an Information Security Management System (ISMS) or its associated resources without proper authorization. This could result in severe implications for an organization's information security and overall operations. The implications of unauthorised access can be significant. It can lead to data breaches, loss or theft of sensitive information, sabotage, or disruption of services. Unauthorised access can also compromise the integrity and confidentiality of data, affecting an organization's reputation and customer trust. To prevent unauthorised access, several measures can be implemented within an ISMS. One key measure is establishing robust access control policies. These policies define who can access specific systems, data, or physical areas, and under what circumstances. Access control policies should incorporate mechanisms for strong authentication, such as password complexity requirements, two-factor authentication, or biometric identification. Furthermore, organizations should regularly review and update their access control policies to align with changing security requirements. Implementing continuous monitoring and analysis of network traffic patterns is also essential. This allows for the detection of potential threats or unusual activities, facilitating proactive prevention of security breaches. Training employees on security best practices, conducting regular internal audits, and ensuring compliance with regulatory and contractual requirements are additional prevention measures that can mitigate the risk of unauthorised access. Risk assessment When conducting a risk assessment for an ISMS implementation, there are several key factors that need to be considered. One important factor is the ISO/IEC 27001 standard, which provides a framework for establishing, implementing, maintaining, and continually improving an ISMS. This standard outlines specific requirements that organizations must meet to effectively manage their information security risks. In conducting a risk assessment, it is crucial to evaluate both internal and external drivers for the ISMS initiative. Internal drivers can include the organization's goals, objectives, and strategies, as well as its internal resources and capabilities. External drivers, on the other hand, can include legal, regulatory, and industry requirements, as well as the expectations of customers, suppliers, and other stakeholders. Another crucial aspect of a risk assessment is considering the interests of internal and external parties. This means identifying and understanding the concerns, needs, and expectations of stakeholders, and ensuring that these are taken into account when defining the scope and objectives of the ISMS. Additionally, it is important to recognize the impact of internal and external interfaces and dependencies on the ISMS. This involves evaluating the relationships and interactions between different parts of the organization, as well as between the organization and its external partners, suppliers, and customers. Vast majority The vast majority of organizations today face numerous security risks and compliance requirements. To effectively manage these challenges, implementing an Information Security Management System (ISMS) is crucial. An ISMS is a framework of policies, processes, and controls that helps organizations protect their information assets and address security risks. Key features of an ISMS include comprehensive security measures to safeguard sensitive information. These measures can include technical controls like firewalls, encryption, and intrusion detection systems, as well as physical controls like CCTV monitoring and access control policies. By implementing these measures, organizations can prevent unauthorized access to their systems and data. Another important feature of an ISMS is conducting regular risk assessments. This involves identifying potential threats and vulnerabilities and assessing their potential impact on the organization. By understanding these risks, organizations can develop appropriate controls and mitigation strategies to minimize their impact. Security policies are also essential components of an ISMS. These policies outline the organization's approach to information security and define the responsibilities of individuals within the organization. By establishing clear policies, organizations can ensure consistency and adherence to security protocols. Asset management practices are equally important within an ISMS. This involves identifying and categorizing organizational assets, such as data, systems, and physical resources, and implementing measures to protect them. Asset management helps organizations prioritize their security efforts and allocate resources effectively. Implementing an ISMS with seriousness and commitment is crucial. It offers numerous benefits, including enhanced security, compliance with legal and regulatory requirements, protection against cyber attacks, improved business continuity planning, and increased customer trust. By effectively managing risks and protecting organizational assets, an ISMS provides a solid foundation for overall security and helps organizations navigate the constantly evolving security landscape. Security policies Security policies are an integral component of an Information Security Management System (ISMS). These policies are the documented guidelines and procedures that outline how an organization will protect its information assets. They provide a framework for ensuring the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of sensitive information. Common security policies in an ISMS include: Password Management: This policy governs the creation, usage, and storage of passwords. It outlines best practices for creating strong and unique passwords, as well as guidelines for securely storing and changing passwords. Data Classification: This policy defines how data should be classified based on its sensitivity and criticality. It establishes rules for handling, storing, transmitting, and disposing of different types of data. Incident Response: This policy outlines the procedures to be followed in the event of a security incident or breach. It details the steps to be taken to mitigate the impact, investigate the incident, and restore normal operations. Regular review and updates of security policies are crucial to ensure they remain effective in the face of evolving security threats and organizational needs. As the threat landscape continues to evolve, new risks and vulnerabilities emerge. Therefore, security policies must be revised and updated to address these changes and provide adequate protection. Asset management Asset management is a key component of an Information Security Management System (ISMS) and involves the effective management and protection of organizational assets. The ISM code, which stands for the International Safety Management Code, emphasizes the company's responsibility for managing and documenting the responsibilities and authority of those involved in asset management. One of the key features of asset management in an ISMS is the documentation of all assets owned or used by the organization. This includes hardware, software, data, and physical assets. Documentation should include details such as asset location, ownership, value, and criticality to the organization's operations. This helps in identifying and prioritizing assets that require protection and supports effective decision-making. Another feature is the implementation of specific measures and processes to effectively manage and protect organizational assets. This includes conducting risk assessments to identify potential threats and vulnerabilities, implementing access control policies to prevent unauthorized access, regularly conducting internal audits to assess the effectiveness of asset management practices, and establishing physical controls to secure assets against theft, loss, or damage. Providing support and resources is also important to ensure the effective functioning and safety of the assets. This includes regular training and awareness programs for staff to understand their roles and responsibilities in asset management, ensuring adequate funding and resources are allocated for asset protection measures, and establishing a culture of continual improvement to adapt to evolving security threats. Effective Risk management Effective risk management is crucial in ensuring the smooth and safe operations of any organization. In the context of safety management certificates and management packs, there are key components and strategies that contribute to effective risk management. First and foremost, risk assessment plays a critical role in identifying and mitigating security risks. Through a systematic evaluation of potential threats and vulnerabilities, organizations can determine the likelihood and impact of various risks. This enables them to prioritize their efforts and allocate resources effectively. When implementing effective risk management practices, there are several key actions and considerations to keep in mind. These include developing and implementing robust security measures to prevent or minimize the impact of security risks. This may involve establishing access control policies, implementing physical controls, and regularly conducting audits to ensure compliance with security requirements. Furthermore, continuous improvement is vital in risk management processes. With the ever-evolving security landscape, organizations must constantly review and update their risk management strategies to address emerging threats. This involves monitoring changes in regulations and compliance requirements, staying informed about the latest security technologies and best practices, and actively seeking feedback from stakeholders. By adopting effective risk management practices, organizations can better protect their assets, mitigate security risks, and ultimately ensure the safety of their personnel and operations. This not only helps in obtaining safety management certificates and management packs but also contributes to the overall success and resilience of the organization. Compliance requirements Compliance requirements for an ISMS (Information Security Management System) play a crucial role in ensuring the security and integrity of organizational assets. In the maritime industry, these requirements are established by the International Maritime Organization (IMO) through guidelines such as Maritime Safety Committee (MSC) circular 1059 and Marine Environment Protection Committee (MEPC) circular 401. One key aspect of compliance is the handling of major non- conformities within the ISMS. Major non-conformities refer to significant deviations from the established security management practices. When a major non-conformity is identified, organizations must initiate the downgrading process, which involves reducing the status of their ISMS certification. To address major non-conformities, organizations must take timely corrective actions within a specified time frame. This requires identifying the root causes of the non-conformity and implementing appropriate measures to rectify the issues. Failure to comply with these corrective actions can lead to serious consequences, including the withdrawal of the Safety Management Certificate. To ensure compliance with ISMS requirements and effectively handle major non-conformities, organizations should closely follow the guidelines provided by IMO's MSC circ 1059 and MEPC circ 401. These guidelines provide detailed instructions and recommendations on how to establish and maintain an effective ISMS, including procedures for identifying, reporting, and addressing major non- conformities. By adhering to these compliance requirements and guidelines, organizations can strengthen the security and safety of their operations, protecting against potential risks and vulnerabilities. This commitment to compliance ensures the continuous improvement and effectiveness of the ISMS in an ever-evolving security landscape. Contractual requirements Contractual requirements play a crucial role in ensuring the effective implementation of an Information Security Management System (ISMS) within the shipping industry. These requirements, often outlined in contracts between companies and their clients or service providers, set the minimum standards and expectations for information security. One key contractual requirement related to an ISMS is the compliance with the International Safety Management (ISM) Code. The ISM Code, developed by the International Maritime Organization (IMO), requires shipping companies to establish an ISMS to ensure the safety of their vessels and the protection of the environment. By complying with the ISM Code, companies demonstrate their commitment to maintaining a high level of information security. The ISM Code has also changed the meaning of the Hague-Visby Rules, an international maritime convention that governs the liability of carriers for loss or damage to goods. Previously, carriers were only responsible for losses resulting from their own negligence. However, under the ISM Code, companies are made responsible for crew negligence as well. This means that shipping companies must now ensure that their crew members are adequately trained and that proper safety and security measures are in place to prevent incidents. In addition to compliance with the ISM Code, companies may also need to obtain a Document of Compliance (DOC) from different flags and classification societies. A DOC serves as evidence that a company's ISMS has been audited and found to be in compliance with the required standards. Different flags and classification societies may have their own specific requirements for obtaining a DOC, and companies may need to undergo regular audits to maintain their compliance status. Legal requirements Legal requirements related to an ISMS are defined by the International Safety Management (ISM) Code, which holds shipping companies responsible for shipboard operations. This code, developed by the International Maritime Organization (IMO), has significant implications in the shipping business. Under the ISM Code, companies are required to define and document the responsibilities and authority of personnel at all levels of the organization. This ensures that everyone understands their role in maintaining information security. By clearly outlining responsibilities, companies can reduce the risk of unauthorized access and data breaches. Another key responsibility under the ISM Code is providing support and resources for the effective functioning of the ISMS. This includes ensuring that necessary resources, such as training and equipment, are provided to maintain a high level of information security. Companies must also establish and maintain procedures to respond to security risks and incidents promptly and effectively. The ISM Code's legal requirements emphasize the importance of a proactive approach to information security within shipping companies. By complying with these requirements, companies can mitigate security risks, protect their assets, and maintain a strong reputation in the industry. Ultimately, adherence to the ISM Code contributes to safer and more secure shipboard operations. Internal audits Internal audits play a critical role in an ISMS (Information Security Management System) as they help ensure compliance with the ISM Code and identify areas for improvement. These audits are conducted by internal auditors who are independent from the processes they are auditing. The ISM Code requires companies to conduct internal audits at planned intervals to assess the effectiveness of their ISMS. These audits must be objective and impartial, with auditors having the necessary competence and knowledge of the ISMS. Auditors should be trained in audit techniques and have sufficient understanding of the relevant security measures and key features of the ISMS. When conducting internal audits, auditors are responsible for evaluating the implementation of security policies, procedures, and controls. They review the compliance with regulatory requirements, contractual obligations, and company policies. Auditors also assess the effectiveness of risk management processes, access control policies, physical controls, and business continuity plans. Additionally, the ISM Code requires a Document of Compliance (DOC) to be issued by an independent auditor. The DOC certifies that a company's ISMS is in conformity with the ISM Code requirements. This certification demonstrates that the company has implemented and maintains an effective ISMS. It also enhances the company's reputation and provides assurance to customers, stakeholders, and regulatory bodies. Useful References Official Guides What is an ISMS? What standards should we follow? What are the benefits of ISMS? What are the best practices for ISMS? What are the steps to implement ISMS? Answers What is ISMS management system? What is the difference between ISMS and ISO 27001? How many ISMS controls are there? How many domains are there in ISMS? What are the 3 ISMS security objectives? Implementation of the measures from Annex A in the current version is supported by the identically structured implementation guidance of ISO/IEC 27002:2022, which was already updated in February. Generic controls for strategic attack prevention and faster detection are newly included. Three new controls for detection and prevention The now 93 measures in Annex A of ISO/IEC 27001:2022 are now reorganized under the update into four topics Organizational measures, Personal measures, Physical measures and Technological measures. Three of the eleven newly introduced information security controls relate to the prevention and timely detection of cyber attacks. These three controls are 5.7 Threat intelligence (organizational). 8.16 Monitoring activities (technological) 8.23 Web filtering (technological). Below we will take a closer look at these 3 new controls. Threat intelligence Organizational control 5.7 deals with the systematic collection and analysis of information about relevant threats. The purpose of the measure is to make organizations aware of their own threat situation so that they can subsequently take appropriate action to mitigate the risk. Threat data should be analyzed in a structured manner according to three aspects: strategic, tactical and operational. Cyber attacks remain undetected for too long The eminent value of information and data in the 21st century business world is increasingly forcing companies and organizations to focus on information security and invest in the systematic protection of their digital assets. Why? In dynamic threat landscapes, attackers' tactics are becoming increasingly sophisticated and multi-layered - resulting in serious damage to the image and reputation of affected companies and billions of dollars in annual economic losses worldwide. Experts agree that there is no longer complete protection against cyberattacks - if only because of the human factor of uncertainty. This makes early detection of potential and actual attacks all the more important in order to limit their lateral vector in corporate networks and keep the number of compromisable systems as low as possible. But there is still a huge amount of catching up to do in this area: research conducted as part of IBM's "Cost of a data breach 2022" study shows that it took an average of 277 days to detect and contain an attack in 2022. The new ISO 27001:2022 To assist companies and organizations with a contemporary, standardized framework for information security management systems, ISO published the new ISMS standard ISO/IEC 27001:2022 on October 25, 2022. Annex A provides controls/measures that can be used on a company-specific basis to address information security risks. Strategic threat analysis provides insights into changing threat landscapes, such as attack types and the actors, e.g., state-motivated actors, cybercriminals, contract attackers, hacktivists. National and international government agencies (such as BSI - German Federal Office for Information Security, enisa - European Union Agency for Cybersecurity, U.S. Department of Homeland Security or NIST - National Institute of Standards and Technology), as well as non-profit organizations and relevant forums, provide well-researched threat intelligence across all industries and critical infrastructures. In order to detect this unusual behavior, relevant activities must be monitored in accordance with business and information security requirements and any anomalies must be compared with existing threat data, among other things (see above, requirement 5.7). The following aspects are relevant to the monitoring system: Inbound and outbound network, system and application traffic, Access to systems, servers, network equipment, monitoring systems, critical applications, etc..., System and network configuration files at the administrative or mission-critical level; Security tool logs [e.g., antivirus, intrusion detection systems (IDS), intrusion prevention system (IPS), web filters, firewalls, data leakage prevention], Event logs related to system and network activities, Verification that executable code in a system has integrity and authorization, Resource usage, e.g., processor power, disk capacity, memory usage, bandwidths. The basic requirements for a functioning monitoring of activities are a cleanly and transparently configured IT/OT infrastructure and properly functioning IT/OT networks. Any change against this basic state is detected as a potential threat to functionality and thus as an anomaly. Depending on the complexity of an infrastructure, implementing this measure is a major challenge despite relevant vendor solutions. The importance of systems for anomaly detection was recognized almost simultaneously with requirement 8.16 of ISO/IEC 27002:2022 for operators of so-called critical infrastructures. Thus, in the national scope of relevant, legal regulations, there is an obligation for these to effectively apply so-called systems for attack detection with deadlines. Web filtering The Internet is both a blessing and a curse. Access to dubious websites continues to be a gateway for malicious content and malware. The information security control 8.23 Web filtering has the preventive purpose of protecting an organization's own systems from malware intrusion and preventing access to unauthorized web resources. Organizations should establish rules for safe and appropriate use of online resources for this purpose - including mandatory access restrictions to unwanted or inappropriate websites and web-based applications. Access to the following types of websites should be blocked by the organization: Websites that have an upload feature - unless this would be necessary for legitimate, business reasons, Known or even suspected malicious websites, Command and control servers, Malicious websites identified as such from the threat data (see also measure 5.7), Websites with illegal content. The web filtering measure only really works with trained personnel who are sufficiently aware of the safe and appropriate use of online resources. Tactical threat intelligence and its evaluation provide assessments of attackers' methods, tools, and technologies. Operational evaluation of specific threats provides detailed information on specific attacks, including technical indicators, e.g., currently the extreme increase in cyber attacks by ransomware and its variants in 2022. Threat analysis can provide support in the following ways: Procedurally to integrate threat data into the risk management process, Technically preventive and detection, e.g. by updating firewall rules, intrusion detection systems (IDS), anti-malware solutions, With input information for specific test procedures and test techniques against information security. The data quality from organizational control 5.7 for determining the threat situation and analyzing it directly affects the two technical controls for monitoring activities (8.16) and web filtering (8.23) discussed below, which are also new to ISO/IEC 27002. Monitoring activities Detective and corrective information security control 8.16 on technical monitoring of activities focuses on anomaly detection as a method for averting threats. Networks, systems, and applications behave according to expected patterns, such as data throughput, protocols, messages, and so on. Any change or deviation from these expected patterns is detected as an anomaly.