Introduction to Anatomy 2024 PDF

Unit theme 1a Introduction to Anatomy ANA 185  (page 13 of Study-guide) Outcomes: Introduction to anatomy Name the subdivisions of Anatomy and describe the concepts: syst...

Unit theme 1a Introduction to Anatomy ANA 185  (page 13 of Study-guide) Outcomes: Introduction to anatomy Name the subdivisions of Anatomy and describe the concepts: systematic and regional anatomy. Name and identify the main regions and subdivisions of the human body. Name and identify the five main body cavities as well as the associated organs and membranes. Name, identify and give a brief description for each of the 11 organ systems of the human body. Anatomical terminology Describe in your own words what anatomical position means. In own words explain the definitions of the six main planes of the body or indicate by means of a simple sketch. Write the following terminology in own words so that the meaning of each will be obvious: anterior, ventral, rostral, posterior, dorsal, pre-axial, post-axial, superior, cranial, inferior, caudal, medial, lateral, intermedius, proximal, distal, superficialis, profundus, ipsilateral, contralateral, bilateral, unilateral, internus, externus, parietal, visceral, invagination and evagination. State the necessity of terminology for indicating position, direction and movement and explain where/when it can be used. Define or write in your own words the meaning of the terms used to indicate movement, which occur at the joints of the body. Correctly use the allowed abbreviations for Anatomy. G. Venter (2024) 1. Introduction to human anatomy G. Venter (2024) Introduction to human anatomy What is anatomical position? Provides a frame of refence for structures inside the human body Described as follows: Body is an upright or erect position Head, eyes and toes face forward Heels and toes are together Arms are at the side of the body Palms face forward (anteriorly) Thumbs face outward (laterally) G. Venter (2024) (www.commons.wikimedia.org) Introduction to human anatomy Body can be divided into 2 main regions Axial region Appendicular region Axial region includes: Head and neck Trunk Appendicular region includes: Upper limb Lower limb G. Venter (2024) (www.commons.wikimedia.org) Introduction to human anatomy Main regions can be further subdivided into 7 regions Axial region divides then into: Head Neck Thorax Abdomen Pelvis Appendicular region divides into: Upper limb Lower limb G. Venter (2024) (www.commons.wikimedia.org) Introduction to human anatomy Body region Major contents Head Skull, brain, eyes, nose ,oral cavity Neck Skeletal muscles, salivary glands, blood vessels, major nerves Thorax Heart, lungs, great blood vessels and major nerves, oesophagus, trachea, ribs Abdomen Stomach, liver, intestines, spleen, kidneys Pelvis Reproductive organs, urinary bladder, rectum Upper limbs Skeletal muscles, blood vessels and nerves, bones Lower limbs Skeletal muscles, blood vessels and nerves, bones G. Venter (2024) (www.commons.wikimedia.org) Introduction to human anatomy Human body has 2 main body cavities Body wall encloses several cavities Closed cavities – no direct openings to outside Ventral cavity Dorsal cavity Dorsal cavity contains: Cranial cavity Vertebral canal Ventral cavity contains: Thoracic cavity Abdominal cavity Pelvic cavity Each cavity is lined with a membrane and contains organs Membrane may contain more than 1 layer G. Venter (2024) (www.commons.wikimedia.org) Introduction to human anatomy Body cavity (divided into) Associated organs Membranes Smaller cavities (lining cavities) Cranial cavity Brain Meninges (3 layers) Vertebral canal Spinal cord Meninges (3 layers) Pleural cavities (2) Lungs Pleura (2 layers) Thoracic cavity Pericardial cavity Heart Pericardium (2 layers) Digestive organs Peritoneum (2 layers) Abdominal cavity Spleen Kidneys Bladder Peritoneum (2 layers) Pelvic cavity Rectum Reproductive organs G. Venter (2024) Introduction to human anatomy Human body has 11 organ systems Organs are arranged into systems or collective apparatuses that work together to carry out complex functions Some organs belong to more than 1 system (https://iblog.dearbornschools.org/savagea/2018/10/07/week-7-october-8-2018-to-october-12-2018/) G. Venter (2024)  Skeletal system: Collective term for these two systems Main organs: = musculoskeletal system Bones Cartilage Ligaments Main functions: 1. Support 2. Movement 3. Protective enclosure of viscera Muscular system: 4. Blood formation Main organs: 5. Mineral storage Skeletal muscles 6. Electrolyte and acid-base balance Smooth muscle Cardiac muscle Main functions: 1. Movement 2. Stability 3. Communication 4. Control of body openings G. Venter (2024) 5. Heat production (https://online-learning-college.com/knowledge-hub/gcses/gcse-biology-help/organ-systems-in-humans/)  Cardiovascular system: Main organs: Heart Blood vessels Main functions: 1. Distribution of nutrients, oxygen, waste, hormones Respiratory system: 2. Electrolyte and acid-base balance Main organs: Nose Pharynx Larynx Trachea and bronchi Lungs Main functions: 1. Absorption of oxygen 2. Discharge of carbon dioxide 3. Acid-base balance 4. Speech G. Venter (2024) (https://online-learning-college.com/knowledge-hub/gcses/gcse-biology-help/organ-systems-in-humans/)  Digestive system: Endocrine system: Main organs: Main organs: Teeth Pituitary gland Tongue Pineal gland Salivary glands Thyroid and parathyroid glands Oesophagus Thymus Stomach Adrenal glands Intestines Gonads Liver Gallbladder Main functions: Pancreas 1. Hormone production 2. Internal chemical communication Main functions: 3. Internal coordination 1. Nutrient breakdown and absorption 2. Liver functions 3. Synthesis of plasma proteins 4. Disposal of drugs, toxins and hormones 5. Cleansing of blood G. Venter (2024) (https://online-learning-college.com/knowledge-hub/gcses/gcse-biology-help/organ-systems-in-humans/)  Integumentary system: Main organs: Skin Nervous system: Hair Main organs: Nail Brain Cutaneous glands Spinal cord Nerves Main functions: Ganglia 1. Protection 2. Water retention Main functions: 3. Thermoregulation 1. Rapid internal communication 4. Vitamin D synthesis 2. Coordination 5. Cutaneous sensation 3. Motor control 4. Sensation G. Venter (2024) (https://online-learning-college.com/knowledge-hub/gcses/gcse-biology-help/organ-systems-in-humans/)  Lymphatic system: Urinary system: Main organs: Main organs: Lymph nodes Kidneys Lymphatic vessels Ureters Spleen Bladder tonsils Urethra Main functions: Main functions: 1. Recovery of excess tissue fluid 1. Elimination of wastes 2. Detection of pathogens 2. Regulation of blood volume and 3. Production of immune cells pressure 4. Defence against disease 3. Stimulation of red blood cell formation 4. Control of fluid, electrolyte and acid- base balance 5. Detoxification G. Venter (2024) (https://online-learning-college.com/knowledge-hub/gcses/gcse-biology-help/organ-systems-in-humans/)  Collective term for urinary- and reproductive systems = urogenital system Male reproductive system: Female reproductive system: Main organs: Main organs: Testes Ovaries Epididymis Uterine tubes Ductus deferens Uterus Seminal vesicles Vagina Prostate Mammary glands Bulbo-urethral glands Penis Main functions: 1. Production of eggs Main functions: 2. Site of fertilization and fetal 1. Production and delivery of development sperm 3. Fetal nourishment 2. Secretion of sex hormones 4. Birth 5. Lactation 6. Secretion of sex hormones G. Venter (2024) (https://online-learning-college.com/knowledge-hub/gcses/gcse-biology-help/organ-systems-in-humans/) Anatomical terminology G. Venter (2024) Anatomical terminology What is anatomical terminology? Anatomy is a language on its own Most anatomy terms are derived from Latin or Greek roots G. Venter (2024) Anatomical terminology There are 4 main anatomical planes: Imaginary slice / section which can be made through the body Most images make use of these planes 4 main planes: Median / midsagittal Sagittal Frontal / coronal Transverse / horizontal Other planes: Oblique Longitudinal G. Venter (2024) (www.commons.wikimedia.org)  Planes of the body Plane Description: Imaginary vertical plane through long axis of body Median plane Divides body into identical left and right halves Sagittal plane Any vertical plane parallel to median plane Any vertical plane which intersects median plane Frontal plane (coronal) Divides body into front and back halves Transverse plane Any plane perpendicular to vertical planes (horizontal) Divides body into upper and lower parts Oblique plane Section oblique to long axis of body Longitudinal plane Section parallel to long axis of body G. Venter (2024)  Anatomical terminology Terms used to describe regions/structures/ areas: Anatomical term: Meaning: Anatomical term: Meaning: Anatomical term: Meaning: Abdominal Abdomen Nuchal Posterior neck Sternal Sternum (breast bone) Cephalic Head Pectoral Chest area Thoracic Chest area Cervical Neck Perineal Perineum Umbilical Navel (belly button) Cranial Skull / head Pubic Pubic bone Lumbar Lower back Facial Face Sacral Sacrum Vertebral Spinal column Inguinal Groin area Interscapular Between the scapulae G. Venter (2024) Anatomical terminology Anatomical term: Meaning: Anatomical term: Meaning: Acromial Acromion of shoulder Calcaneal Heel Antebrachial Fore-arm Coxal, coxa Hip Axillary Armpit Crural Leg Brachial / brachium Arm Dorsum of foot Top of the foot Carpal Wrist Femoral Thigh Cubital Elbow Gluteal Buttocks Dorsum of hand Back of the hand Patellar Front of the knee Palmar Palm of the hand Plantar Sole of the foot Scapular Scapula Popliteal Back of the knee Tarsal Ankle G. Venter (2024) G. Venter (2024) (https://courses.lumenlearning.com/nemcc- ap/chapter/anatomical-terminology/)  Anatomical terminology Older terms sometimes used Anatomical term: Meaning: Anatomical term: Meaning: Anatomical term: Meaning: Plica Fold Vasa Vessel Pollex, pollicis Thumb Crista Crest Profundus Deep Digitus minimus Little finger Linea Line Pedis, pes Foot Lamina plate Rima Cleft / gap planta Plantar surface of foot Sulcus Groove Tunica Clothing / layer Peroneus /peroneal Fibular Pars part Hallux / hallucis Big toe G. Venter (2024) Anatomical terminology Prefixes commonly used in Anatomy: Prefix Meaning Examples Hyper- Over, above, excessive, beyond normal Hyperextension, hyperthermia Hypo- Less than, below, under normal, deficient Hypothermia, hypogastric Para- Beside, near, alongside Parasternal, paranasal Ecto-, epi- Outside of, outer Ectoderm, epidermis Endo- Within, inner Endoderm, endothelium Ab-, ef- Away from Abduction, efferent Ad-, af- To, towards, near adduction, afferent Bi- Two, double Biceps Circum- around Circumflex artery Infra- Below, beneath Infracostal, infraspinatus G. Venter (2024) Anatomical terminology Prefixes commonly used in Anatomy: Prefix Meaning Examples Inter- between intercerebral Intra- Inside, within Intra-uterine Super-, supra- Above, excess Supraspinatus G. Venter (2024)  Note the difference between medial and median!!!! Anatomical terminology Terms used to describe direction: Describe the location of a structure in relation to another structure Most terms are used in pairs (with opposite meanings) Anatomical term: Meaning: Superior Towards the head end or upper part of structure / body Inferior Away from head end or towards the lower part of structure Anterior Toward the front of the body, in front of Posterior Toward the back of the body, behind Medial Toward the midline of the body, on the inner side of Lateral Away from the midline of the body, on the outer side of G. Venter (2024)  Anterior Posterior Lateral Medial Superior Inferior G. Venter (2024) (www.commons.wikimedia.org) Anatomical term: Meaning: Proximal Closer to the origin of the body part or point of attachment Proximal Used in upper and lower limbs Farther away from the origin of the body part Distal Used in upper and lower limbs Superficial Towards the body surface Distal Deep Away from the body surface, more internal Unilateral Occurs only on one side of the body Unilateral Bilateral Paired structures (on both sides) of the body Ipsi-lateral Occurs on the same side of the body Bilateral Contra-lateral Occurs on the opposite sides of the body G. Venter (2024) (www.commons.wikimedia.org)  Dorsal Ventral Cranial Anatomical term: Meaning: Cranial Towards the head Caudal Towards the tail region Rostral Towards the front (anterior) part of the head/ nose Dorsum (dorsal) Towards the back (NOT POSTERIOR) Ventrum (ventral) Towards the stomach (NOT ANTERIOR) Caudal G. Venter (2024) (www.commons.wikimedia.org)  Supero-lateral Anatomical term: Meaning: Infero-medial Nearer to the feet and median plane Supero-lateral Nearer to the head and farther away from the median plane Supine Near the spine, body lies on its back Infero- Prone Face-down medial Visceral Towards the organs, inner covering of body cavity Parietal Towards the outer part of body, outer covering of body cavity G. Venter (2024) (www.commons.wikimedia.org) G. Venter (2024) (www.commons.wikimedia.org)  Anatomical term: Meaning: Cortex Outer layer Medulla Inner layer Cortex Found in organs and glands such as: Medulla Kidneys (www.commons.wikimedia.org) Suprarenal (adrenal) glands Ovaries Testes Thymus Lymph nodes G. Venter (2024)  Anatomical terminology Terms used to describe movement: At specific joints The type of joint will determine the type of movement(s) Anatomical term: Movement: Flexion Bending the joint, occurs in a sagittal plane Extension Straightening the joint, occurs in a sagittal plane Plantar flexion Flexion of the foot, Unique to the ankle joint Dorsiflexion Extension of the foot, Unique to the ankle joint G. Venter (2024) (www.commons.wikimedia.org) Anatomical term: Movement: Abduction Movement away from the median plane, occurs in a coronal plane Adduction Movement towards the median plane, occurs in a coronal plane Rotation Movement of a limb around its own axis Medial rotation and lateral rotation Circumduction Circular movement of the distal part of a limb, around the fixed proximal part. Lateral flexion Bending of a body part in the lateral direction G. Venter (2024) (www.commons.wikimedia.org) Anatomical term: Movement: Protraction Anterior movement of a specific body part (Protrusion can also be used for mandible movement) Retraction Posterior movement of a specific body part Supination Lateral rotation of the fore-arm and hand, palm faces anteriorly (Anatomical position) Pronation Medial rotation of the fore-arm and hand, palm faces posteriorly G. Venter (2024) (www.commons.wikimedia.org)  Anatomical term: Movement: Elevation Superior movement of a part of the body Depression Inferior movement of a part of the body Opposition Movement of the thumb towards one of the other fingers Eversion Turning the plantar surface of the foot away from the median plane (laterally) Inversion Turning the plantar surface of the foot to the median plane (medially) G. Venter (2024) (www.commons.wikimedia.org) Abbreviations in anatomy G. Venter (2024) Abbreviations in anatomy Term (singular form): Abbreviation: Term (plural form): Abbreviation: muscle m. muscles mm. artery a. arteries aa. vein v. veins vv. nerve n. nerves nn. G. Venter (2024)