2. Group Culture (1).ppt

ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR GROUP CULTURE L. Jeff Seaton, PhD. Murray State University  What is Organizational Behavior? (Social Psychology) Organizational behavior (OB) is the study of human behavior (psychology) in organizational se...

ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR GROUP CULTURE L. Jeff Seaton, PhD. Murray State University  What is Organizational Behavior? (Social Psychology) Organizational behavior (OB) is the study of human behavior (psychology) in organizational settings. Organizational behavior attempts to understand human behavior, the organization that individuals operate in, and the individual- organizational interface behaviors. Focuses on the power of the situation. Examines how we think about, influence, and relate to one another in certain conditions. Slide #1  Organizational Behavior Perspective Organizational Behavior: the art of thinking independently together. Malcolm Forbes (Entrepreneur) When studying organizational behavior we do not discuss the anatomical, physiological, and mental characteristics of man considered as an individual; but we are interested in the diversity of these traits in groups of men found in different geographical areas and in different social classes. Franz Boas (Anthropologist) SLIDE #2  Foundations of Organizational Behavior Interactionalism- Individuals, organizations and situations interact continuously to determine individuals’ behavior. Therefore, behavior may not be stable or consistent nor depend strictly on the individual. INTERACTIONALISM INDIVIDUAL SITUATION ORGANIZATI ON SLIDE #3  Group Membership Organizational behavior suggests that an individual’s behavior will be influenced by the groups that they are a part of. Group Membership: The state of belonging to or being a part of a group or an organization. “Few personal thoughts, decisions and actions are made in isolation — they are influenced by those around us. That's why groups are fascinating to study.” Group Dynamics editor David K. Marcus, PhD. Slide #4 SLIDE #5  Group Composition  Group Composition The degree of similarity or difference among group members on factors important to the group’s work.  Homogeneity Degree to which group members are similar in one or several ways that are critical to the group’s work.  Heterogeneity Degree to which group members differ in one or more ways that are critical to the group’s work.  Group Cohesiveness The measure of how much group members like the group and are committed to staying in the group. SLIDE #6  Cultural Diversity Culture A set of shared beliefs, expectations, values and norms that the group considers important and determines the behavior that is acceptable or unacceptable within the group. Types of Culture National Regional Family Organizational Subcultures SLIDE #7  What Defines a Culture Norms – Unwritten rules and codes of conduct that prescribe how people should act in particular situations. Values – Ideas about what a society believes to be good, desirable and beautiful. – Provide the basic underpinnings for notions of individual freedom, democracy, truth, justice, honesty, loyalty, love, sex, marriage, etc. SLIDE #8  Specific Cultural Issues Geert Hofstede’s Research – Attitudes and behaviors differ significantly because of values and beliefs that characterize different countries’ culture Hofstede’s Categories – Individualism vs Collectivism – Power distance – Uncertainty avoidance – Achievement vs. Nurturing Orientation (Masculinity vs. Femininity) – Long-versus short-term values SLIDE #9  Hofstede’s Model of National Culture Individualism – A worldview that values individual freedom and self-expression and adherence to the principle that people should be judged by their individual achievements rather their social background. Collectivism – A worldview that values subordination of the individual to the goals of the group and adherence to the principle that people should be judged by their contribution to the group SLIDE #10  Hofstede’s Model of National Culture Power Distance – Degree to which societies accept the idea that inequalities in the power and well-being of their citizens are due to differences in individuals’ physical and intellectual capabilities and heritage SLIDE #11  Hofstede’s Model of National Culture Uncertainty Avoidance – Societies and people differ in their tolerance for uncertainty and risk. – Low uncertainty avoidance cultures (e.g., U.S. and Hong Kong) value diversity and tolerate a wide range of opinions and beliefs. – High uncertainty avoidance societies (e.g., Japan and France) are more rigid and expect high conformity in their citizens’ beliefs and norms of behavior. SLIDE #12  Hofstede’s Model of National Culture Achievement versus Nurturing Orientation – Achievement-oriented societies value assertiveness, performance, and success and are results-oriented. – Nurturing-oriented cultures value quality of life, personal relationships, and service. SLIDE #13  Hofstede’s Model of National Culture Long-term vs. Short-term Orientation – Cultures with a long-term orientation rest on values such as thrift and persistence in achieving goals – Cultures with a short-term orientation are concerned with maintaining personal stability or happiness and living for the present SLIDE #14  OTHER CULTURAL DIFFERENCES High vs Low Context Culture Monochronic vs Polychronic Culture SLIDE #15  HIGH CONTEXT CULTURE Some common characteristics of high-context cultures include: Primarily use non-verbal methods to relay meaningful information in conversations, such as facial expressions, eye movement, and tone of voice. The situation, people, and non-verbal elements are more important than the actual words that are communicated. People are comfortable standing close to each other. The preferred way of solving problems and learning is in groups. Members of the culture place emphasis on interpersonal relationships. Trust must be developed before business transactions can begin. Collectivistic culture Examples: Japan, China, Brazil, Africa, and majority of the Middle East SLIDE #16  LOW CONTEXT CULTURE Some common characteristics of low-context cultures include: Verbal messages are explicit, direct, and concise Words are more important than body language People expect a personal space Emphasis on logic and facts where decision making focuses on the goal and dividing responsibilities Interpersonal relationships are numerous but most are not intimate. Relationships begin and end quickly. More individualistic culture Examples: U.S., Germany, Norway, Canada, Denmark, Sweden, Finland SLIDE #17  MONOCHRONIC VS. POLYCHRONIC CULTURE Monochronic Culture Like to concentrate on just one thing at a time Value a certain orderliness and sense of there being an appropriate time and place for everything Do not value interruptions Take time commitments very seriously Examples: United States, Germany, Canada, Switzerland Polychronic Culture Like to do multiple things at the same time Tendency to build lifetime relationships Main concern is quality of relationships not time or schedule Promptness are firmly based on the relationship rather than the task Examples: Latin America, the Arab part of the Middle East, or sub-Sahara Africa SLIDE #18  GREETINGS U.S. – Short, firm hand shake Fist Bump (Since Covid) High Five, Chest Bump (Subcultures) Other Countries? Light grip with slight bow, no eye contact Light handshake with a light nod and a smile Kiss on each cheek in more friendly situations. Place palms together at chest level. Place palms together at chest level and bow. Clap and then shake SLIDE #19  SUBCULTURES Subcultures – an ethnic, regional, economic, or social group exhibiting characteristic patterns of behavior sufficient to distinguish it from others within an embracing culture or society. Subcultures have values and norms distinct from those of the majority and are held by a group within a wider society. Subcultures are a group whose members share beliefs and common experiences that set them apart from other members of a culture. Subcultures can be based on age, race, ethnic background, religion, lifestyle, sexual identity, occupation, hobbies, personality, intelligence, etc. Examples of Subcultures: Gothics, Bikers, Vegetarians, Senior Citizens, Hispanics, Gang Members, Catholics, Star Trekkers, Hip Hoppers, Drug Addicts, political parties, etc. SLIDE #20  National Cultural Diversity  Assimilation Terms The process through which members of a minority group are forced to learn the ways of the majority group.  Ethnocentric Evaluating other peoples and cultures according to the standards of one’s own culture; based on the attitude that one’s own culture is superior to other cultures.  Expatriation To leave one’s native country to live elsewhere.  Repatriation To return to one’s country of origin, allegiance or citizenship. SLIDE #21  Group Cultural Diversity Terms  Social Facilitation Individuals are motivated to look good to others and want to maintain a positive self-image.  Social Lofting Individual put forth less effort in a group than individually. SLIDE #22