PDF: Pharmacognosy Lecture - Clove, Hibiscus And Lavender

Pharmacognosy (1) PHG 102 Lecture (2) Flowers ‫‪Clove‬‬ ‫القرنفل‬  Clove Botanical origin: The dried flower buds of Syzigium aromaticum Family: Myrtaceae. Morphological characters: 1. Lower portion (hypanthium):  Elongated receptacle.  Cylindrical...

Pharmacognosy (1) PHG 102 Lecture (2) Flowers ‫‪Clove‬‬ ‫القرنفل‬  Clove Botanical origin: The dried flower buds of Syzigium aromaticum Family: Myrtaceae. Morphological characters: 1. Lower portion (hypanthium):  Elongated receptacle.  Cylindrical.  Tapering towards the base. 2. Upper portion :  Dome-like shaped.  4 imbricated petals (bowl-shaped).  Surrounded by 4 sepals (triangular-shaped).  Clove Microscopical characters: Triangular in shape, with 3 germ pores, 3 germinal furrows and smooth exine. Triangular pollens Active constituents: 1. Volatile oils:  Mainly of: Eugenol (responsible for the aromatic spicy taste followed by numbness sensation). 2. Phenolic compounds:  Mainly: Tannins & Flavonoids. Confirmatory tests: Test for Eugenol: Oil + alc. KOH → needle crystals of K. eugenate. Test for Tannins: Extract + FeCl3 → blue color. Powder of Clove:  Clove Uses: 1. Internally: a) Treatment of Flatulence & Dyspepsia: Carminative & Digestive Antispasmodic effects of Eugenol. 2. Locally: a) Treatment of Toothache: Local anesthetic & analgesic effects of Eugenol. b) Mouth washes: Antimicrobial effect of Eugenol & Phenolics. 3. Topically: a) Treatment of Skin diseases: Anti-inflammatory effect of Eugenol & Phenolics.  Clove Adulteration Products of Clove: Containing lesser amounts of the volatile oil and cheaper. 1. Clove stalks:  Stems of the inflorescence.  Can be detected microscopically be the presence of Ca oxalate prisms. 2. Blown cloves:  Expanded clove flowers from which, both corolla and stamens have become detached.  Can be detected microscopically be the absence of triangular pollens.  The detached corolla and stamens from clove flowers known as “Clove dust”.  Hibiscus (Karkadeh) ‫الكركديه‬  Hibiscus Botanical origin: The dried calyx and epicalyx of the flowers of Hibiscus sabdariffa Family: Malvaceae. Macroscopical characters: 1. Calyx: Corolla  5 Sepals.  Triangular in shape.  Synsepalous → ribbon shaped structure.  Petaloid (crimson red in color). 2. Epicalyx:  8-10 segments  United below the calyx → teeth like structure.  Petaloid (crimson red in color). 3. Corolla:  5 Petals.  Sympetalous.  Yellow petals with orange spots. Karkadeh Flower  Hibiscus Microscopical characters: Non-glandular, unicellular, with Non-glandular, unicellular, with wavy bent apex forming stellate shape. walls forming stellate shape or found in single form. Non-glandular, unicellular with Hard, Non-glandular, multicellular, acute apex uniserriate.  Hibiscus Active constituents: 1. Phenolic compounds:  Coloring matter (Anthocyanins): mainly: Hibiscin.  Flavonoids: mainly: Hibiscetin. 2. Organic acids:  Mainly: Hibiscus acid (responsible for the acidic taste). 3. Polysaccharides:  Mainly: Mucilage (responsible for the mucilaginous taste). Confirmatory tests: Test for Anthocyanins: Powder + 1% HCl + filter → crimson red filtrate → a) + KOH → blue color. b) + Na acetate → violet color.  Hibiscus Uses: Due to Phenolic content & Anthocyanins : a)Treatment of Hypertension: Hypotensive & Diuretic effects. b)Treatment of Diabetes: Hypoglycemic effect. c) Treatment of Nervous tension & Depression: Sedative & Euphoric effects. Lavender ‫الالونده‬  Lavender Botanical origin: The dried flowers of Lavandula officinalis family: Labiatae (Lamiaceae). Microscopical characters: Hexagonal pollen grain Branched hair hexagonal in shape, with Glandular, multicellular Non-glandular, branched 6 germ pores, 6 germinal head (8 radiating cell) multicellular, uniserriate, furrows and smooth exine & unicellular stalk covered with warty cuticle.  Lavender Active constituents & Uses: Volatile oils (mainly of Linalyl acetate):  Antibacterial → Treatment of Acne.  Hair tonic → Treatment of Hair loss.  Insect repellent → Fumigating clothes against moths.  Agreeable aroma → Perfumery , deodorants & shampoos. Tests: With sudan III :rose red color