Reproductive System Past Paper PDF

Coordinated Functions of Reproductive, Nervous and Endocrine System 1 LEARNING OBJECTIVES MELC : Explain the role of hormones involved in the female and male reproductive systems S10LT-IIIb-34 LO.1. Enumerate the hormones secreted by the male reproductive system....

Coordinated Functions of Reproductive, Nervous and Endocrine System 1 LEARNING OBJECTIVES MELC : Explain the role of hormones involved in the female and male reproductive systems S10LT-IIIb-34 LO.1. Enumerate the hormones secreted by the male reproductive system. Enumerate the of hormones secreted by the female reproductive system LO.2. Discuss the role of hormones involved in the male and female reproductive systems. LO.3. Explain the effect of hormone secretion in the development of an organism. 2 LEARNING OBJECTIVES MELC: Describe the feedback mechanisms involved in regulating processes in the female reproductive system (e.g., menstrual cycle) S10LT-IIIc-35 LO.1. Identify the different organs of the reproductive system. LO.2. Describe the important events of the menstrual cycle LO.3. Describe the feedback mechanisms involved in regulating processes in the female reproductive system using diagram 3 LEARNING OBJECTIVES MELC : Describe how the nervous system coordinates and regulates these feedback mechanisms to maintain homeostasis S10LT-IIIc-36 LO.1. Identify the major divisions and parts of the nervous system LO.2. Describe the functions of the nervous system LO.3. Describe how the nervous system coordinates and regulates these feedback mechanisms to maintain homeostasis. 4  THE HUMAN REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM and the REGULATORY PROCESSES de Vera, Villa-Michelle P. PCSHS 2021  INSTRUCTIONS FOR USE LO.1. Identify the different organs of the reproductive system. 6  GENERAL FUNCTIONS The Female Reproductive System Produces Eggs, Facilitates Fertilization, and Supports the Developing Embryo https://www.visiblebody.com/learn/reproductive/female-reproductive-structures#oogenesis LO.1. Identify the different organs of the reproductive system. 7  GENERAL FUNCTIONS Producing and Delivering Sperm: The Male Reproductive System https://www.visiblebody.com/learn/reproductive/male-reproductive-structures LO.1. Identify the different organs of the reproductive system. 8  “ THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM LO.1. Identify the different organs of the reproductive system. 9  The female reproductive system includes external and internal genitalia. The vulva and its structures form the external genitalia. https://img.webmd.com/dtmcms/live/webmd/consumer_assets/site_images/articles/i mage_article_collections/anatomy_pages/vagina_new.jpg LO.1. Identify the different organs of the reproductive system. 10  The internal genitalia include a three-part system of ducts: the uterine tubes, the uterus, and the vagina. This system of ducts connects to the ovaries, the primary reproductive organs. https://img.webmd.com/dtmcms/live/webmd/consumer_assets/site_images/articles/i mage_article_collections/anatomy_pages/vagina_new.jpg LO.1. Identify the different organs of the reproductive system. 11  The ovaries produce egg cells and release them for fertilization. Fertilized eggs develop inside the uterus. https://img.webmd.com/dtmcms/live/webmd/consumer_assets/site_images/articles/i mage_article_collections/anatomy_pages/vagina_new.jpg LO.1. Identify the different organs of the reproductive system. 12  GENERATING EGGS:Ovaries are the Female Gonads Ovaries produce oocytes (egg cells), as well as estrogen, progesterone, and other hormones. Egg cell production, or oogenesis, begins with the primordial follicles. As girls reach puberty, each ovary contains thousands of these follicles, and each follicle contains a primary oocyte. When follicles mature, some primary oocytes become secondary oocytes. By the time of ovulation there is only one mature follicle remaining. The rest of the follicles deteriorate. During ovulation (about once a month), the dominant follicle bursts and releases its secondary oocyte. The oocyte travels into the uterine tube, where it can be fertilized. LO.1. Identify the different organs of the reproductive system. 13 THE PATH:Egg Cells from the Ovaries Move Through the Uterine Tubes The uterine tubes (also called Fallopian tubes or oviducts) connect the ovaries to the uterus. Each uterine tube can be divided into three parts: The infundibulum is open to the abdomen. A constricted section called the isthmus connects with the uterus. Finally, an intermediate, dilated portion, the ampulla, curves over the ovary. Egg fertilization usually occurs in the ampulla. The eggs then travel through the isthmus into the uterus. LO.1. Identify the different organs of the reproductive system. 14  THE UTERUS:The Nurturing Center The uterus is a pear-shaped organ located in the pelvic cavity between the bladder and the rectum. It is a hollow organ with thick, muscular walls. The uterine tubes lead from the ovaries into the upper part of the uterus (one tube on each side). The lower part of the uterus constricts into a segment called the cervix, which leads to the vagina. During menstruation, the inner lining of the uterus is shed. When a woman becomes pregnant, however, the fertilized egg embeds itself in the uterine wall and menstruation is prevented. The uterus expands dramatically as the egg develops into an embryo and then a growing fetus. LO.1. Identify the different organs of the reproductive system. 15  THE VAGINA:A Tunnel with Three Core Functions The vagina extends down from the cervix, the lower part of the uterus, to the vestibule, which is part of the vulva and the external genitalia. It sits behind the bladder and in front of the rectum. An inner mucous membrane lines the smooth muscle walls of the vagina. This lining, like the inner layer of the uterine tubes, is continuous with the mucous lining of the uterus. The vagina has three core functions: it carries menstrual flow outside the body, it receives the male penis during sexual intercourse, and it serves as a birth canal during labor. LO.1. Identify the different organs of the reproductive system. 16  “ THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM LO.1. Identify the different organs of the reproductive system. 17  SPERMATOGENESIS:The Testes Produce Millions and Millions of Sperm Each Day The testes (or testicles) are the male gonads and sit below the penis within a sac called the scrotum. The testes generate sperm, the male sex cells, as well as testosterone and other sex hormones. The production of sperm is constant and occurs within numerous lobules in each testis. First, structures called seminiferous tubules generate stem cells. These cells, the spermatogonia, divide into spermatocytes, and then divide further to become spermatids. The process is called spermatogenesis. Spermatids move from the testis to the epididymis and mature into sperm. LO.1. Identify the different organs of the reproductive system. 18  REPRODUCTIVE DUCTS:Pushing Sperm and Semen Through the Internal Genitalia The epididymis, vas deferens, ejaculatory ducts, and urethra form a four-part transportation system. The epididymis sits directly on top of each testis. Sperm from the testis mature as they move through the coiled duct of the epididymis. During sexual intercourse and ejaculation, sperms are expelled into the vas deferens. The vas deferens pushes the sperm up over the bladder and down toward the prostate gland. LO.1. Identify the different organs of the reproductive system. 19  REPRODUCTIVE DUCTS:Pushing Sperm and Semen Through the Internal Genitalia There, the vas deferens joins the ends of the seminal vesicles (accessory reproductive glands) to form the ejaculatory ducts. The ejaculatory ducts receive seminal fluid from the vesicles, pass through the prostate, and move semen into the urethra. The male urethra extends from the bladder, through the prostate, to the external orifice at the end of the penis. It receives additional seminal fluids from the prostate before it expels semen out of the body. LO.1. Identify the different organs of the reproductive system. 20  ACCESSORY REPRODUCTIVE GLANDS: Adding Seminal Fluid to Semen Sperm cells depend on seminal fluid to keep them moving and alive. This fluid is produced during ejaculation by accessory glands: the seminal vesicles, the prostate, and the bulbourethral glands. The seminal vesicles, two saclike structures, sit close behind the bladder and extend toward the bladder. There they each join one of the vas deferens to form the ejaculatory ducts. The vesicles secrete a whitish-brown fluid containing sugars, prostaglandins, and other substances that makes up two-thirds of the semen volume. LO.1. Identify the different organs of the reproductive system. 21  ACCESSORY REPRODUCTIVE GLANDS: Adding Seminal Fluid to Semen The prostate, located under the bladder and above the start of the penis, contains the ejaculatory ducts and the prostatic urethra. As semen enters the urethra, the prostate secretes enzymes that help activate the sperm. The bulbourethral glands (or Cowper’s glands) are pea-sized, with single ducts that connect to the urethra where it emerges from the prostate. These glands add mucus that helps with sperm motility. LO.1. Identify the different organs of the reproductive system. 22  SPONGY INTERNAL TISSUE: Key to the Reproductive Function of the Penis The penis is part of the male external genitalia, suspended from the body at the front and sides of the pubic arch. Internally, the penis consists of three connected columns of tissue. The paired corpora cavernosa extend together from the root of the penis through the body. The corpus spongiosum runs along the underside of the cavernosa. It contains the spongy urethra and expands past the body of the penis to form the glans penis (the tip). The tissue of the corpora cavernosa and the corpus spongiosum is sponge-like in structure. During arousal and intercourse, the spaces in the tissue fill with blood. The penis stiffens. Now it can penetrate the vagina to deliver semen directly into the female reproductive system. LO.1. Identify the different organs of the reproductive system. 23  THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE Each month during the years between puberty and menopause, a woman’s body goes through a number of changes to get it ready for a possible pregnancy. This series of hormone-driven events is called the menstrual cycle. https://www.healthline.com/health/womens-health/stages-of-menstrual-cycle LO.2. Describe the important events of the menstrual cycle 27  ENDOCRINE-REPRODUCTIVE LINK https://ib.bioninja.com.au/standard-level/topic-6-human-physiology/66-hormones-homeostasis-and/menstrual-cycle.html LO.3. Describe the feedback mechanisms involved in regulating processes in the female reproductive system using diagram 28  STAGES OF THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE LUTEAL MENSTRUA PHASE L PHASE OVULATIO N PHASE FOLLICULA R PHASE https://www.kjkhospital.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/Menstrual_Cy cle_And_Your_Health.jpg LO.2. Describe the important events of the menstrual cycle LO.2. Describe the important events of the menstrual cycle 32  THE MENSTRUAL PHASE The menstrual phase is the first stage of the menstrual cycle. It’s also when women get their period. This phase starts when an egg from the previous cycle isn’t fertilized. Because pregnancy hasn’t taken place, levels of the hormones estrogen and progesterone drop. The thickened lining of the uterus, which would support a pregnancy, is no longer needed, so it sheds through the vagina. During this period, the body releases a combination of blood, mucus, and tissue from the uterus. LO.2. Describe the important events of the menstrual cycle 33  MENSTRUAL PHASE Day 1-5 LO.2. Describe the important events of the menstrual cycle 34  THE FOLLICULAR PHASE The follicular phase starts on the first day of the period (so there is some overlap with the menstrual phase) and ends when a woman ovulates. It starts when the hypothalamus sends a signal to the pituitary gland to release follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). This hormone stimulates the ovaries to produce around 5 to 20 small sacs called follicles. Each follicle contains an immature egg. Only the healthiest egg will eventually mature. (On rare occasions, a woman may have two eggs mature.) The rest of the follicles will be reabsorbed into the body. The maturing follicle sets off a surge in estrogen that thickens the lining of the uterus. This creates a nutrient-rich environment for an embryo to grow. LO.2. Describe the important events of the menstrual cycle 35  FOLLICULAR PHASE Day 1- 13 LO.2. Describe the important events of the menstrual cycle 36  THE OVULATION PHASE Rising estrogen levels during the follicular phase trigger the pituitary gland to release luteinizing hormone (LH). This is what starts the process of ovulation. Ovulation is when the ovary releases a mature egg. The egg travels to the fallopian tube where it can be fertilized by a sperm. The ovulation phase is the only time during menstrual cycle when a female can get pregnant. LO.2. Describe the important events of the menstrual cycle 37  OVULATION DAY: Day 14 LO.2. Describe the important events of the menstrual cycle 38  OVULATION PHASE: 3 days before and 3 days after Ovulation day OVULATION PHA OVULATION PHA SE SE LO.2. Describe the important events of the menstrual cycle 39  THE LUTEAL PHASE After the follicle releases its egg, it changes into the corpus luteum. This structure releases hormones, mainly progesterone and some estrogen. The rise in hormones keeps the uterine lining thick and ready for a fertilized egg to implant. If a female do get pregnant, her body will produce human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). This is the hormone pregnancy tests detect. It helps maintain the corpus luteum and keeps the uterine lining thick. If a female don’t get pregnant, the corpus luteum will shrink away and be resorbed. This leads to decreased levels of estrogen and progesterone, which causes the onset of your period. The uterine lining will shed during menstruation. LO.2. Describe the important events of the menstrual cycle 40  LUTEAL PHASE (Day 15-28) OVULATION PHA OVULATION PHA SE SE LO.2. Describe the important events of the menstrual cycle 41  MENSTRUAL PHASE OVULATION PHA OVULATION PHA SE SE LO.2. Describe the important events of the menstrual cycle 42  THE REGULATORY PROCESSES Namely making it possible to absorb large amounts of data quickly. LO.2. Describe the important events of the menstrual cycle 43  ENDOCRINE-REPRODUCTIVE LINK https://ib.bioninja.com.au/standard-level/topic-6-human-physiology/66-hormones-homeostasis-and/menstrual-cycle.html LO.3. Describe the feedback mechanisms involved in regulating processes in the female reproductive system using diagram 44 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WOi2Bwvp6hw&ab_channel=Glamour  FEEDBACK MECHANISM https://www.ck12.org/book/ck-12-biology-advanced-concepts/section/17.82/ LO.3. Describe the feedback mechanisms involved in regulating processes in the female reproductive system using diagram 46  The feedback mechanism is the physiological regulatory system in a living body that works to return the body to the normal internal state or homeostasis. The negative feedback A positive feedback mechanism moves the variable mechanism amplifies the factors towards the stable deviations and brings state state or homeostasis after changes to the output. the control unit interprets the extent of the deviation. -Regulation of blood glucose level -Body temperature regulation - Menstrual Cycle -Menstrual Cycle - Childbirth https://microbenotes.com/feedback-mechanism/ LO.3. Describe the feedback mechanisms involved in regulating processes in the female reproductive system using diagram  The feedback mechanism is the physiological regulatory system in a living body that works to return the body to the normal internal state or homeostasis. A positive feedback mechanism amplifies the deviations and brings state changes to the output. - Childbirth https://microbenotes.com/feedback-mechanism/ LO.3. Describe the feedback mechanisms involved in regulating processes in the female reproductive system using diagram https://courses.lumenlearning.com/wm-biology2/chapter/the-ovarian-cycle-the-menstrual-cycle-and-menopause/ Rising and falling hormone levels result in progression of the ovarian and menstrual cycles. Read and research about other related topics END