Medical Physiology Past Paper PDF

1) In a normal 70 kg adult male: a- total body water is approximately 25 litres, b- about two thirds of total body water is intracellular, c- 75% of ECF is intravascular, d- plasma osmolarity is about 350 mosmoles/kg, e- interstitial fluid volume equals 12 liters, 2) Regarding the composition of int...

1) In a normal 70 kg adult male: a- total body water is approximately 25 litres, b- about two thirds of total body water is intracellular, c- 75% of ECF is intravascular, d- plasma osmolarity is about 350 mosmoles/kg, e- interstitial fluid volume equals 12 liters, 2) Regarding the composition of intra cellular fluid: a- the main cation is is sodium, b- the main anion is chloride, c- has more phosphates than extracellular fluid, d- has more sulphate than extracellular fluid, e- has more sulphate than extracellular fluid, 3) Body temperature: a- normally 39oC, b- is regulated by a center in the hypothalamus, c- increases following food ingestion, d- can be measured from the rectum, e- higher in the morning than in the evening, 4) Stimulation of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system causes: a- increased heart rate, b- papillary dilatation, c- cutaneous vasodilatation, d- increased salivary secretion, e- increased metabolic arte, 5) Actions of the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system include: a- vasoconstriction b- penile erection c- increased energy expenditure d- increase airway resistance e- secretion of insulin 6) Which of the following statement (s) is/are true/false: a- intracellular fluid volume is less in females than in males, b- intracellular fluid is measured by heavy water, c- extracellular anions are non-diffusible, d- albumin concentration is equal in plasma and interstitial fluid, e- Na+ - K+ ATPase pump is activated by increased intracellular, 7) The nicotinic cholinergic receptors are: a- present in autonomic ganglia, b- blocked by high concentrations of nicotine, c- ligand gated Na+ channels in skeletal muscle, d- blocked by atraopine, e- the main receptors of acetylcholine in the SA node 8) The following is true about changes in cell membrane potential: a- the action potential occurs only in excitable tissues, b- local potentials do not occur in excitable tissues, c- local potentials are graded d- active transport of Na+ is responsible for depolarization, e- repolarisation takes longer than depolarization, 1 9) Heat loss from the body can be increased by: a- increased subcutaneous fat, b- low environmental relative humidity, c- cutaneous vasoconstriction, d- cold wind, e- atropine injection, 10) Infusion of one liter 0.45% Nacl solution increases: a- plasma volume, b- osmolality of interstitial fluid, c- osmolality of intracellular fluid, d- volume of intracellular fluid, e- urine volume, 11) The mature red blood cell: a- has few mitochondria, b- volume decreases in folic acid deficiency, c- of males has more haemoglobin than red cell of females, d- count is more in infants than older children , e- of males has larger volume than of female, 12) Iron: a- is found in high amounts in mother’s milk, b- is absorbed mainly in the ileum, c- is transported in plasma with plasma transferring, d- is stored in the liver mainly as haemosiderin, e- deficiency causes anaemia with red cell volume less than 80 femtoliter, 13) T-Lymphocytes: a- have phagocytic functions, b- transform into plasma cells, c- maturation is completed in the bone marrow, d- are characterized by a horse-shoe nucleus, e- constitute the majority of the lymphocytesi in circulation, 14)Anaemia may result form: a- loss of blood, b- vitamin D deficiency, c- iron deficiency, d- deficiency of folic acid, e- deficiency of erythroopoitein, 15) A person who is group O: a- has both A and B antigens, b- has both anti-A and anti-B antibodies, c- act as universal donor, d- act as universal recipient, e- must be rhesus negative, 16) A stained normal blood film shows: a- 50-70% neutrophils, b- 2-8% lymphocytes, c- 20-40% monocytes, d- 1-4% basophils e- 0.4% esinophils, 17) The extrinsic pathway of blood coagulation: a- is triggered by contact of factor X11 with collagen, b- is faster than intrinsic pathway, c- utilizes all the clotting factors present in the blood, 2 d- require tissue thromboplastin, e- require Ca++ 18) Venous return: a- is increased by changing from upright to lying position, b- is affected by skeletal muscle contraction, c- increased by deep inspiration, d- determines the stroke volume, e- is increased by exercise, 19) The heart rate is increased by: a- parasympathetic stimulation, b- Beta blockers, c- adrenaline, d- fever, e- sleep, 20) The cardiac output: a- is about 2 litres at rest in adults, b- is influenced by the heart rare, c- is influenced by the stroke volume, d- is not changed during exercise, e- affects arterial blood pressure, 21) The following vessels contain oxygenated blood: a- carotid artery, b- renal artery, c- pulmonary artery, d- pulmonary vein, e- coronary artery, 22) The blood pressure can be increased by: a- sympathetic stimulation, b- vasodilatation, c- increasing the cardiac output, d- decreasing the heart rate, e- stimulation of the barreceptors, 23) Which of the follwong is/are true of false: a- normal systolic pressure in young adults is 120mmHg, b- the cardiac cycle takes 0.8 seconds, c- vasopreesin lowers blood pressure, d- normal diastolic pressure in young adults I 40mmHg, e- kidneys are involved in regulation of blood pressure, 24) Concerning the ECG: a- P wave follows a trial systole, b- ORS complex is due to ventricular depolarization, c- ST segment indicates the conduction velocity in the conductive system, d- the first heart sound occurs at about the same time as the P wave, e- the second heart sound occurs at about the same time as the QRS complex, 25) The stroke volume is increased by: a- sympathetic stimulation, b- fever, c- increased preload, d- increased heart rate, e- calcium, 3 26) During normal quiet inspiration the: a- diaphragm contracts, b- internal intercostals muscles contract, c- intrapleural pressure decreases (become more negative), d- intraalveolar pressure increases, e- abdominal muscles contract, 27) Ventilation is increased by: a- low PO2 in arterial blood, b- high PCO2 in arterial blood, c- low pH in arterial blood, d- fever, e- stimulation of the chemoreceptors, 28) In Gas transport: a- Oxygen is transported mainly bound to Hb, b- CO2 is transported mainly bound to proteins, c- solubility of CO2 is higher than O2, d- CO2 can be transported as bicarbonate, e- part of oxygen is dissolved in the plasma, 29) The following factors decrease the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen: a- rise in PCO2, b- drop in pH, c- rise in blood temperature, d- decreased concentration of 2,3 DPG in RBCs, e- alkalosis, 30) CO2 in blood is transported as: a- bicarbonate, b- carbamino compounds, c- dissolved form, d- carbaminohemoglobin, e- carbonate, 31) Functions of the kidney include: a- regulation of blood volume, b- regulation of plasma osmolarity, c- secretion of ADH, d- secretion of erythropoietin, e- regulation of pH, 32) In the proximal convoluted tubules: a- water re-absorption is passive, b- 60-70% of Na+ is reabsorbed, c- 50% of inulin is secreted, d- glucose is co-transported with sodium, e- 50% of urea is reabsorbed. 33) The following factors decrease glomerular filtration rate: a- decreased hydrostatic pressure in glomerular capillaries, b- decreased colloid osmotic pressure, c- increased tubular hydrostatic pressure, d- renal afferent arteriolar dilatation, e- increased renal blood flow, 34) The following factors affect the glomerular filtration rare: a- hydrostatic pressure in glomerular capillaries, b- once tic pressure, c- tubular hydrostatic pressure, 4 d- osmotic pressure, e- renal blood flow, 35) The stomach: a- secretes the intrinsic factor, b- secretes bile, c- secretes trypsin, d- secretes mucus, e- stores food, 36) Hydrochloric acid: a- is secreted by the chief I cells, b- converts iron from the ferric state to the ferrous state, c- activates pepsin, d- secretion is stimulated by acetylcholine, e- is essential for vitamin B12 absorption, 37) Concerning pancreatic juice: a- it is alkaline solution, b- has a bolume of 5litres/day, c- contains pepsin, d- contains trypsin e- contains lipase, 38) Insulin: a- is a peptide hormone, b- produced by the liver, c- causes hyperglycemia, d- stimulates entry of potassium inside the cells, e- deficiency causes diabetes mellitus (D.M), 39) Cortisol: a- is a steroid hormone, b- is essential for life c- produced by adrenal cortex, d- causes suppression of the immunity, e- deficiency causes cushing’s syndrome, 40) The hypothalamus produces: a- thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), b- prolactin C- ACTH, d- oxytocin, e- ADH, 41) Thyroid hormones: a- stimulate metabolism, b- increase heart rate, c- are essential for normal growth, d- synthesis require iodine, e- T3 is more active than T4 42) Growth hormone: a- secretion is controlled by the hypothalamus, b- excess in adults leads to acromegally, c- secretion is increased in hyperglycemia, d- secretion increases during sleep, e- activates vitamin D in the kidney, 5