مراجعة الجهاز التنفسي: أسئلة وإجابات

‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺄﻛﻴﺪ! ﺑﻨﺎء‪ ‬ﻋﻠ‪ ‬اﻟﻨﺺ اﻟﺬي ﻗﺪﻣﺘﻪ‪ ،‬إﻟﻴﻚ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ اﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ اﻟﺘ‪ ‬ﻳﻤ‪‬ﻦ اﺳﺘﺨﻼﺻﻬﺎ ﻣﻊ إﺟﺎﺑﺎﺗﻬﺎ اﻟﺤﺼﺮﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﺺ دون أي زﻳﺎدة‬ ‫أو ﻧﻘﺼﺎن‪:‬‬...

‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺄﻛﻴﺪ! ﺑﻨﺎء‪ ‬ﻋﻠ‪ ‬اﻟﻨﺺ اﻟﺬي ﻗﺪﻣﺘﻪ‪ ،‬إﻟﻴﻚ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ اﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ اﻟﺘ‪ ‬ﻳﻤ‪‬ﻦ اﺳﺘﺨﻼﺻﻬﺎ ﻣﻊ إﺟﺎﺑﺎﺗﻬﺎ اﻟﺤﺼﺮﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﺺ دون أي زﻳﺎدة‬ ‫أو ﻧﻘﺼﺎن‪:‬‬ ‫اﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ واﻹﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬ ‫* اﻟﺴﺆال‪ :‬ﻣﺎ ﻫ‪ ‬اﻟﻬﻴﺎﻛﻞ اﻟﺘ‪ ‬ﺗﺸ‪‬ﻞ اﻟﺠﻬﺎز اﻟﺘﻨﻔﺴ‪‬؟‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻮاب‪ :‬اﻟﻬﻴﺎﻛﻞ اﻟﻤﺴﺆوﻟﺔ ﻋﻦ اﺳﺘﻨﺸﺎق اﻟﻬﻮاء‪ ،‬وﺗﺒﺎدل اﻟﻐﺎزات ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻬﻮاء واﻟﺪم‪ ،‬وزﻓﻴﺮ ﺛﺎﻧ‪ ‬أﻛﺴﻴﺪ اﻟ‪‬ﺮﺑﻮن‪.‬‬ ‫* اﻟﺴﺆال‪ :‬ﻣﺎ ﻫ‪ ‬اﻟﻮﻇﺎﺋﻒ اﻷﺧﺮى ﻟﻠﺠﻬﺎز اﻟﺘﻨﻔﺴ‪ ‬ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ إﻟ‪ ‬اﻟﺘﻨﻔﺲ؟‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻮاب‪ :‬اﻟﺸﻢ وإﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﺼﻮت‪.‬ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺄﻛﻴﺪ! ﺑﻨﺎء‪ ‬ﻋﻠ‪ ‬اﻟﻨﺺ اﻟﺬي ﻗﺪﻣﺘﻪ‪ ،‬إﻟﻴﻚ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ اﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ اﻟﺘ‪ ‬ﻳﻤ‪‬ﻦ اﺳﺘﺨﻼﺻﻬﺎ ﻣﻊ إﺟﺎﺑﺎﺗﻬﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺼﺮﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﺺ دون أي زﻳﺎدة أو ﻧﻘﺼﺎن‪:‬‬ ‫اﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ واﻹﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬ ‫* اﻟﺴﺆال‪ :‬ﻣﺎ ﻫﻤﺎ اﻟﺠﺰآن اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺎن اﻟﻠﺬان ﻳﺘ‪‬ﻮن ﻣﻨﻬﻤﺎ اﻟﺠﻬﺎز اﻟﺘﻨﻔﺴ‪‬؟‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻮاب‪ :‬ﺟﺰء ﻣﻮﺻﻞ )ﻳﺤﻤﻞ اﻟﻬﻮاء( وﺟﺰء ﺗﻨﻔﺴ‪) ‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺤﺪث ﺗﺒﺎدل اﻟﻐﺎزات(‪.‬‬ ‫* اﻟﺴﺆال‪ :‬ﻣﺎ ﻫ‪ ‬ﻣ‪‬ﻮﻧﺎت اﻟﺠﺰء اﻟﻤﻮﺻﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺠﻬﺎز اﻟﺘﻨﻔﺴ‪‬؟‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻮاب‪ :‬ﺗﺠﻮﻳﻒ اﻷﻧﻒ‪ ،‬اﻟﺒﻠﻌﻮم اﻷﻧﻔ‪ ،‬اﻟﺤﻨﺠﺮة‪ ،‬اﻟﻘﺼﺒﺔ اﻟﻬﻮاﺋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬اﻟﺸﻌﺐ اﻟﻬﻮاﺋﻴﺔ اﻷوﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬اﻟﺸﻌﺐ اﻟﻬﻮاﺋﻴﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮﻳﺔ )اﻟﻔﺼﻴﺔ(‪،‬‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻌﺐ اﻟﻬﻮاﺋﻴﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﻴﺔ )اﻟﻘﻄﻌﻴﺔ(‪ ،‬واﻟﻘﺼﻴﺒﺎت اﻟﻬﻮاﺋﻴﺔ اﻟﻄﺮﻓﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫* اﻟﺴﺆال‪ :‬ﻣﺎ ﻫ‪ ‬ﻣ‪‬ﻮﻧﺎت اﻟﺠﺰء اﻟﺘﻨﻔﺴ‪ ‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﺠﻬﺎز اﻟﺘﻨﻔﺴ‪‬؟‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻮاب‪ :‬اﻟﻘﺼﻴﺒﺎت اﻟﻬﻮاﺋﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ‪ ،‬اﻟﻘﻨﻮات اﻟﺴﻨﺨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬اﻷﻛﻴﺎس اﻟﺴﻨﺨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬واﻟﺤﻮﻳﺼﻼت اﻟﻬﻮاﺋﻴﺔ‪Absolutely! Here are.‬‬ ‫‪:the questions and answers, extracted directly and exclusively from the text you provided‬‬ ‫اﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ واﻹﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬ ‫* اﻟﺴﺆال‪ :‬ﻣﺎ ﻫ‪ ‬اﻟﻤ‪‬ﻮﻧﺎت اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﺰء اﻟﻤﻮﺻﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺠﻬﺎز اﻟﺘﻨﻔﺴ‪‬؟‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻮاب‪ :‬اﻟﻐﺸﺎء اﻟﻤﺨﺎﻃ‪ ،‬ﺗﺤﺖ اﻟﻤﺨﺎﻃﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻃﺒﻘﺔ اﻟﻐﻀﺮوف‪ ،‬واﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫* اﻟﺴﺆال‪ :‬ﻣﺎ ﻫ‪ ‬ﻣﺤﺘﻮﻳﺎت اﻟﻐﺸﺎء اﻟﻤﺨﺎﻃ‪‬؟‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻮاب‪ :‬اﻟﻈﻬﺎرة واﻟﺼﻔﺎﺋﺢ اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫* اﻟﺴﺆال‪ :‬ﻣﺎ ﻫ‪ ‬ﻧﻮع اﻟﻈﻬﺎرة اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮدة ﻋﺎدة ﻓ‪ ‬اﻟﻐﺸﺎء اﻟﻤﺨﺎﻃ‪ ‬ﻟﻠﺠﺰء اﻟﻤﻮﺻﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺠﻬﺎز اﻟﺘﻨﻔﺴ‪‬؟‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻮاب‪ :‬ﻇﻬﺎرة ﻋﻤﻮدﻳﺔ ﻣﻬﺪﺑﺔ ﻃﺒﻘﻴﺔ ﻛﺎذﺑﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ اﻟ‪‬ﺄس‪.‬‬ ‫* اﻟﺴﺆال‪ :‬ﻣﺎ ﻫ‪ ‬ﺗﺤﺖ اﻟﻤﺨﺎﻃﻴﺔ؟‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻮاب‪ :‬ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﺴﻴﺞ اﻟﻀﺎم اﻟﺮﺧﻮ ﺗﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠ‪ ‬ﻏﺪد ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻄﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫* اﻟﺴﺆال‪ :‬ﻣﺎ ﻫ‪ ‬ﻃﺒﻘﺔ اﻟﻐﻀﺮوف؟‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻮاب‪ :‬ﺗﺘ‪‬ﻮن‪ Mostly‬ﻣﻦ ﻏﻀﺮوف زﺟﺎﺟ‪ ‬ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ إﻟ‪ ‬اﻟﻌﻀﻼت اﻟﻤﻠﺴﺎء‪.‬‬ ‫* اﻟﺴﺆال‪ :‬ﻣﺎ ﻫ‪ ‬اﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﻴﺔ؟‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻮاب‪ :‬ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﺴﻴﺞ اﻟﻀﺎم اﻟﻠﻴﻔ‪ ‬اﻟﻤﺮن ﺗﻨﺪﻣﺞ ﻣﻊ اﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﻴﻄﺔ‪Here are the questions and answers.‬‬ ‫‪derived exclusively from the provided text:‬‬ ‫‪* Question: What happens to the thickness of the epithelium as you move from the larynx to the‬‬ ‫?‪bronchiole‬‬ ‫‪Answer: The epithelium gradually decreases in thickness (from pseudostratified columnar ciliated to‬‬ ‫‪simple cuboidal ciliated).‬‬ ‫‪* Question: What happens to the number of goblet cells in the epithelium as you move from the‬‬ ‫?‪larynx to the bronchiole‬‬ ‫‪Answer: Goblet cells in the epithelium gradually reduce in number and completely disappear in the‬‬ ‫‪bronchiole.‬‬ ‫‪* Question: What happens to the glands in the submucosa as you move distally in the conducting‬‬ ‫?‪portion‬‬ ‫‪Answer: Glands in the submucosa gradually decrease and completely disappear distally (no glands in‬‬  the bronchioles). * Question: What happens to the amount of elastic fibers as you move distally in the conducting portion? Answer: Elastic fibers gradually increase in amount. * Question: What happens to the cartilage as you move distally in the conducting portion? Answer: The cartilage gradually reduces and disappears distally (no cartilage in the bronchioles). * Question: What happens to the amount of smooth muscle fibers as you move distally in the conducting portion? Answer: Smooth muscle fibers relatively increase. Here are the questions and answers derived directly and exclusively from the text you provided about the trachea: * Question: What are the layers of the trachea wall? Answer: Mucosa, submucosa, hyaline cartilage, and adventitia. * Question: What keeps the trachea patent (open)? Answer: C-shaped hyaline cartilage rings. * Question: What surrounds the hyaline cartilage? Answer: Dense connective tissue perichondrium. * Question: What does the perichondrium merge with? Answer: The submucosa on one side and the adventitia on the other. * Question: What is located in the adventitia? Answer: Numerous nerves, blood vessels, and adipose tissue. * Question: What fills the gap between the posterior ends of the hyaline cartilage rings? Answer: The smooth trachealis muscle. * Question: Where does the trachealis muscle lie? Answer: In the connective tissue deep to the elastic membrane of the mucosa. * Question: Where do most of the trachealis muscle fibers insert? Answer: Into the perichondrium that covers the hyaline cartilage. Here are the questions and answers, derived exclusively from the provided text about the trachea's lumen and structure: * Question: What type of epithelium lines the lumen of the trachea? Answer: Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells. * Question: What does the lamina propria contain? Answer: Fine connective tissue fibers, diffuse lymphatic tissue, and occasional solitary lymphatic nodules. * Question: What is located deeper in the lamina propria? Answer: The longitudinal elastic membrane formed by elastic fibers. * Question: What does the elastic membrane divide? Answer: The lamina propria from the submucosa. * Question: What does the submucosa contain? Answer: Loose connective tissue that is similar to that of the lamina propria. * Question: What is found in the submucosa? Answer: Tubuloacinar seromucous tracheal glands. * Question: Where do the excretory ducts of the tracheal glands pass? Answer: Through the lamina propria to the tracheal lumen. * Question: Where does the mucosa exhibit mucosal folds? Answer: Along the posterior wall of the trachea where the hyaline cartilage is absent. * Question: Where can the seromucous tracheal glands extend and be seen? :‫ اﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ واﻹﺟﺎﺑﺎت اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺮﺟﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﺺ‬.Answer: In the adventitia ‫ﻮﻧﺎت اﻟﺸﺠﺮة اﻟﺸﻌﺒﻴﺔ؟‬‫ ﻣ‬‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫ‬:‫* اﻟﺴﺆال‬ :‫ﻮن ﻣﻦ‬‫ ﺗﺘ‬:‫اﻟﺠﻮاب‬ ‫ ﺷﻌﺒﺔ رﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﺗﺪﺧﻞ اﻟﺮﺋﺘﻴﻦ‬2 *  ‫* ‪ 3‬ﺷﻌﺐ ﻓﺼﻴﺔ )ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳﺔ( ﻋﻠ‪ ‬اﻟﻴﻤﻴﻦ و ‪ 2‬ﻋﻠ‪ ‬اﻟﻴﺴﺎر‬ ‫* ﺷﻌﺐ ﻗﻄﻌﻴﺔ )ﺛﺎﻟﺜﻴﺔ(‬ ‫* ﻗﺼﻴﺒﺎت‬ ‫* ﻗﺼﻴﺒﺎت ﻃﺮﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫* ﻗﺼﻴﺒﺎت ﺗﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫* اﻟﺴﺆال‪ :‬ﻣﺎ ﻫ‪ ‬اﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮات اﻟﺘ‪ ‬ﺗﺤﺪث ﺗﺪرﻳﺠﻴﺎً ﻓ‪ ‬اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻟﻚ اﻟﻬﻮاﺋﻴﺔ؟‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻮاب‪ :‬ﺗﻨﺨﻔﺾ ﺗﺪرﻳﺠﻴﺎً ﻓ‪ ‬اﻟﺤﺠﻢ واﻟﻐﻀﺮوف واﻟﻐﺪد واﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ اﻟ‪‬ﺄﺳﻴﺔ وارﺗﻔﺎع اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ اﻟﻈﻬﺎرﻳﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫* اﻟﺴﺆال‪ :‬ﻣﺎ اﻟﺬي ﻳﺰداد ﺗﺪرﻳﺠﻴﺎً ﻓ‪ ‬اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻟﻚ اﻟﻬﻮاﺋﻴﺔ؟‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻮاب‪ :‬ﺗﺰداد اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ اﻟﻌﻀﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻠﺴﺎء واﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔ اﻟﻤﺮﻧﺔ‪.‬ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺄﻛﻴﺪ! ﺑﻨﺎء‪ ‬ﻋﻠ‪ ‬اﻟﻨﺺ اﻟﺬي ﻗﺪﻣﺘﻪ‪ ،‬إﻟﻴﻚ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ اﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ اﻟﺘ‪ ‬ﻳﻤ‪‬ﻦ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﺨﻼﺻﻬﺎ ﻣﻊ إﺟﺎﺑﺎﺗﻬﺎ اﻟﺤﺼﺮﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﺺ دون أي زﻳﺎدة أو ﻧﻘﺼﺎن‪:‬‬ ‫اﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ واﻹﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬ ‫* اﻟﺴﺆال‪ :‬ﺑﻤﺎذا ﺗﺸﺒﻪ اﻟﺸﻌﺒﺔ اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ اﻟﻘﺼﺒﺔ اﻟﻬﻮاﺋﻴﺔ؟‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻮاب‪ :‬ﺗﺸﺒﻬﻬﺎ ﻓ‪ ‬ﻛﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﻮاﺣ‪ ‬ﻣﻊ وﺟﻮد ﺑﻌﺾ اﻻﺧﺘﻼﻓﺎت‪.‬‬ ‫* اﻟﺴﺆال‪ :‬ﻣﺎ ﻫ‪ ‬اﻻﺧﺘﻼﻓﺎت ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﺸﻌﺒﺔ اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ واﻟﻘﺼﺒﺔ اﻟﻬﻮاﺋﻴﺔ؟‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻮاب‪:‬‬ ‫* ﺧﻼﻳﺎ اﻟﻈﻬﺎرة اﻟﺘﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ أﻗﺼﺮ وﻟﺪﻳﻬﺎ ﻋﺪد أﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ اﻟ‪‬ﺄﺳﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫* ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﺼﻔﻴﺤﺔ اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ وﺗﺤﺖ اﻟﻤﺨﺎﻃﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﺣﺰم ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻀﻼت اﻟﻤﻠﺴﺎء اﻟﻤﺮﺗﺒﺔ ﺣﻠﺰوﻧﻴﺎً‪ ،‬ﺗﺤﻴﻂ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻌﺒﺔ اﻟﻬﻮاﺋﻴﺔ ﺗﻤﺎﻣﺎً‪.‬‬ ‫* اﻟﻐﺪد ﻓ‪ ‬ﺗﺤﺖ اﻟﻤﺨﺎﻃﻴﺔ أﻗﻞ ﻋﺪداً ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ﺑﺘﻠﻚ اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮدة ﻓ‪ ‬ﺗﺤﺖ اﻟﻤﺨﺎﻃﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﺼﺒﺔ اﻟﻬﻮاﺋﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫* اﻟﺤﻠﻘﺎت اﻟﻐﻀﺮوﻓﻴﺔ ﺗﺤﻴﻂ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻌﺒﺔ اﻟﻬﻮاﺋﻴﺔ ﺗﻤﺎﻣﺎً‪.‬ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺄﻛﻴﺪ! ﺑﻨﺎء‪ ‬ﻋﻠ‪ ‬اﻟﻨﺺ اﻟﺬي ﻗﺪﻣﺘﻪ ﻋﻦ اﻟﺮﺋﺘﻴﻦ‪ ،‬إﻟﻴﻚ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ اﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ اﻟﺘ‪‬‬ ‫ﻳﻤ‪‬ﻦ اﺳﺘﺨﻼﺻﻬﺎ ﻣﻊ إﺟﺎﺑﺎﺗﻬﺎ اﻟﺤﺼﺮﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﺺ دون أي زﻳﺎدة أو ﻧﻘﺼﺎن‪:‬‬ ‫اﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ واﻹﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬ ‫* اﻟﺴﺆال‪ :‬ﻣﺎ ﻫ‪ ‬اﻟﺮﺋﺘﺎن؟‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻮاب‪ :‬اﻟﺮﺋﺘﺎن ﻫﻤﺎ اﻷﻋﻀﺎء اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻔﺲ‪ ،‬وﺗﻘﻌﺎن ﻓ‪ ‬اﻟﺘﺠﻮﻳﻒ اﻟﺼﺪري ﻋﻠ‪ ‬ﺟﺎﻧﺒ‪ ‬اﻟﻤﻨﺼﻒ‪.‬‬ ‫* اﻟﺴﺆال‪ :‬ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺷ‪‬ﻞ ﻛﻞ رﺋﺔ؟‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻮاب‪ :‬ﻛﻞ رﺋﺔ ﻣﺨﺮوﻃﻴﺔ اﻟﺸ‪‬ﻞ وﻣﻐﻄﺎة ﺑﻐﺸﺎء اﻟﺠﻨﺐ اﻟﺤﺸﻮي‪.‬‬ ‫* اﻟﺴﺆال‪ :‬ﻣﺎذا ﺗﺤﺘﻮي اﻟﺮﺋﺔ؟‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻮاب‪ :‬ﺗﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠ‪ ‬اﻷﺟﺰاء اﻟﻄﺮﻓﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺸﺠﺮة اﻟﺸﻌﺒﻴﺔ‪ ،‬وﻫ‪ ‬اﻟﺸﻌﺒﺔ داﺧﻞ اﻟﺮﺋﺔ‪ ،‬واﻟﻘﺼﻴﺒﺎت‪ ،‬واﻟﻘﺼﻴﺒﺎت اﻟﺘﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ‪ ،‬وﻧﺴﻴﺞ‬ ‫اﻟﺮﺋﺔ )اﻟﻘﻨﻮات اﻟﺴﻨﺨﻴﺔ واﻟﺤﻮﻳﺼﻼت اﻟﻬﻮاﺋﻴﺔ( ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ إﻟ‪ ‬اﻷوﻋﻴﺔ اﻟﺪﻣﻮﻳﺔ‪.‬ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺄﻛﻴﺪ! ﺑﻨﺎء‪ ‬ﻋﻠ‪ ‬اﻟﻨﺺ اﻟﺬي ﻗﺪﻣﺘﻪ ﻋﻦ اﻟﺸﻌﺐ‬ ‫اﻟﻬﻮاﺋﻴﺔ داﺧﻞ اﻟﺮﺋﺔ‪ ،‬إﻟﻴﻚ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ اﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ اﻟﺘ‪ ‬ﻳﻤ‪‬ﻦ اﺳﺘﺨﻼﺻﻬﺎ ﻣﻊ إﺟﺎﺑﺎﺗﻬﺎ اﻟﺤﺼﺮﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﺺ دون أي زﻳﺎدة أو ﻧﻘﺼﺎن‪:‬‬ ‫اﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ واﻹﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬ ‫* اﻟﺴﺆال‪ :‬إﻟ‪ ‬ﻣﺎذا ﺗﻨﻘﺴﻢ اﻟﺸﻌﺒﺔ اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻓ‪ ‬اﻟﺮﺋﺔ؟‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻮاب‪ :‬ﺗﻨﻘﺴﻢ إﻟ‪ ‬ﺷﻌﺐ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳﺔ أو ﻓﺼﻴﺔ‪ ،‬واﻟﺘ‪ ‬ﺑﺪورﻫﺎ ﺗﻨﻘﺴﻢ إﻟ‪ ‬ﺷﻌﺐ ﺛﺎﻟﺜﻴﺔ أو ﻗﻄﻌﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫* اﻟﺴﺆال‪ :‬ﺑﻢ‪ ‬ﺗﺸﺒﻪ اﻟﺸﻌﺐ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮﻳﺔ واﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﻴﺔ اﻟﺸﻌﺒﺔ اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ؟‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻮاب‪ :‬ﺗﺸﺒﻬﻬﺎ ﻓ‪ ‬ﻛﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﻮاﺣ‪ ‬ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎء ﺑﻌﺾ اﻻﺧﺘﻼﻓﺎت‪.‬‬ ‫* اﻟﺴﺆال‪ :‬ﻣﺎ ﻫ‪ ‬اﻻﺧﺘﻼﻓﺎت ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﺸﻌﺐ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮﻳﺔ واﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﻴﺔ واﻟﺸﻌﺒﺔ اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ؟‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻮاب‪:‬‬ ‫* ﻋﺪد اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ اﻟ‪‬ﺄﺳﻴﺔ ﻓ‪ ‬اﻟﻈﻬﺎرة ﻳﻨﺨﻔﺾ أﻛﺜﺮ‪.‬‬ ‫* ﻋﺪد اﻟﻐﺪد ﻓ‪ ‬ﺗﺤﺖ اﻟﻤﺨﺎﻃﻴﺔ ﻳﻨﺨﻔﺾ أﻳﻀﺎً‪.‬‬ ‫* ﻳﻮﺟﺪ اﻟﻐﻀﺮوف ﻋﻠ‪ ‬ﺷ‪‬ﻞ ﺻﻔﺎﺋﺢ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻤﺔ‪Here are the questions and answers, derived exclusively.‬‬  from the provided text about the intrapulmonary bronchus: * Question: How is the intrapulmonary bronchus identified? Answer: By the surrounding hyaline cartilage plates. * Question: What type of epithelium lines the bronchus? Answer: Pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium with goblet cells. * Question: What does the wall of the intrapulmonary bronchus consist of? Answer: A thin lamina propria, a narrow layer of smooth muscle, a submucosa with bronchial glands, hyaline cartilage plates, and adventitia. * Question: What happens as the intrapulmonary bronchus branches into smaller bronchi and bronchioles? Answer: The epithelial height and the cartilage around the bronchi decrease, until only an occasional piece of cartilage is seen. * Question: When does cartilage disappear from the bronchi walls? ‫ إﻟﻴﻚ‬،‫ اﻟﻨﺺ اﻟﺬي ﻗﺪﻣﺘﻪ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻘﺼﻴﺒﺎت‬‫ ﻋﻠ‬‫ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺄﻛﻴﺪ! ﺑﻨﺎء‬.Answer: When their diameters decrease to about 1 mm :‫ﻦ اﺳﺘﺨﻼﺻﻬﺎ ﻣﻊ إﺟﺎﺑﺎﺗﻬﺎ اﻟﺤﺼﺮﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﺺ دون أي زﻳﺎدة أو ﻧﻘﺼﺎن‬‫ ﻳﻤ‬‫ﺟﻤﻴﻊ اﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ اﻟﺘ‬ ‫اﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ واﻹﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬ ‫ ﺗﺒﻄﻦ ﺗﺠﻮﻳﻒ اﻟﻘﺼﻴﺒﺔ؟‬‫ ﻣﺎ ﻧﻮع اﻟﻈﻬﺎرة اﻟﺘ‬:‫* اﻟﺴﺆال‬.‫ ﻇﻬﺎرة ﻋﻤﻮدﻳﺔ ﻣﻬﺪﺑﺔ ﻃﺒﻘﻴﺔ ﻛﺎذﺑﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﻛﺄﺳﻴﺔ ﻋﺮﺿﻴﺔ‬:‫اﻟﺠﻮاب‬ ‫ﻈﻬﺮ ﺗﺠﻮﻳﻒ اﻟﻘﺼﻴﺒﺔ ﻃﻴﺎت ﻣﺨﺎﻃﻴﺔ؟‬‫ ﻟﻤﺎذا ﻳ‬:‫* اﻟﺴﺆال‬.‫ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺗﻘﻠﺼﺎت ﻃﺒﻘﺔ اﻟﻌﻀﻼت اﻟﻤﻠﺴﺎء اﻟﻤﺤﻴﻄﺔ‬:‫اﻟﺠﻮاب‬ ‫ اﻟﻘﺼﻴﺒﺎت؟‬‫ ﻟﻢ ﺗﻌﺪ ﻣﻮﺟﻮدة ﻓ‬‫ اﻟﺘﺮاﻛﻴﺐ اﻟﺘ‬‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫ‬:‫* اﻟﺴﺆال‬.‫ اﻟﻐﺪد اﻟﺸﻌﺒﻴﺔ واﻟﺼﻔﺎﺋﺢ اﻟﻐﻀﺮوﻓﻴﺔ‬:‫اﻟﺠﻮاب‬ ‫ ﻣﺎ اﻟﺬي ﻳﺤﻴﻂ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺼﻴﺒﺔ؟‬:‫* اﻟﺴﺆال‬.‫ اﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﻴﺔ‬:‫اﻟﺠﻮاب‬ ‫؟‬‫ ﻫﺬا اﻟﺮﺳﻢ اﻟﺘﻮﺿﻴﺤ‬‫ ﻣﺎ اﻟﺬي ﻳﺼﺎﺣﺐ اﻟﻘﺼﻴﺒﺔ ﻓ‬:‫* اﻟﺴﺆال‬ Here are the questions and answers derived.‫ ﻋﻘﺪة ﻟﻴﻤﻔﺎوﻳﺔ وورﻳﺪ ﻣﺠﺎوران ﻟﻠﻄﺒﻘﺔ اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﻴﺔ‬:‫اﻟﺠﻮاب‬ exclusively from the text you provided about terminal bronchioles: * Question: What is the approximate diameter of terminal bronchioles? Answer: Approximately 1 mm or less. * Question: What type of epithelium lines terminal bronchioles? Answer: Simple columnar epithelium. * Question: What type of epithelium may be present in the smallest bronchioles? Answer: Simple cuboidal. * Question: What structures are absent from terminal bronchioles? Answer: Cartilage plates, bronchial glands, and goblet cells. * Question: What causes prominent mucosal folds in bronchioles? Answer: Smooth muscle contractions. * Question: What surrounds the thin lamina propria in terminal bronchioles? Answer: A well-developed smooth muscle layer. * Question: What surrounds the smooth muscle layer in terminal bronchioles? Answer: The adventitia. * Question: What is adjacent to the bronchiole? Answer: A small branch of the pulmonary artery. * Question: What surrounds the terminal bronchiole? Answer: The lung alveoli. * Question: What surrounds the alveoli? Answer: The thin interalveolar septa with capillaries. Here are the questions and answers, derived  exclusively from the text you provided about Clara cells: * Question: Where are Clara cells most numerous? Answer: In the terminal bronchioles. * Question: What happens to Clara cells in the most distal part of the respiratory bronchioles? Answer: They become the predominant cell type. * Question: What are the important functions of Clara cells? Answer: * They secrete one of the lipoprotein components of surfactant, which is a tension-reducing agent that is also found in the alveoli. * Clara cells may also function as stem cells to replace lost or injured bronchial epithelial cells. * These cells may also secrete proteins into the bronchial tree to protect the lung from inhaled toxic substances, oxidative pollutants, or inflammation. Here are the questions and answers derived exclusively from the provided text about respiratory bronchioles: * Question: What do terminal bronchioles give rise to? Answer: Respiratory bronchioles. * Question: What does the respiratory bronchiole represent? Answer: A transition zone between the conducting and respiratory portions of the respiratory system. * Question: What type of epithelium lines the wall of the respiratory bronchiole? Answer: Simple cuboidal epithelium. * Question: What is found in the wall of each respiratory bronchiole? Answer: Single alveolar outpocketings. * Question: Where may cilia be present in the epithelium of the respiratory bronchiole? Answer: In the proximal portion. * Question: Where do cilia disappear in the respiratory bronchiole? Answer: In the distal portion. * Question: What surrounds the epithelium in the respiratory bronchiole? Answer: A thin layer of smooth muscle. * Question: What accompanies the respiratory bronchiole into the lung? :‫ اﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ واﻹﺟﺎﺑﺎت اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺮﺟﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﺺ‬.Answer: A small branch of the pulmonary artery ‫؟‬‫ ﻣﺎذا ﻳﺆدي ﻛﻞ ﻗﺼﻴﺐ ﺗﻨﻔﺴ‬‫ إﻟ‬:‫* اﻟﺴﺆال‬.‫ ﻗﻨﺎة ﺳﻨﺨﻴﺔ ﺗﻔﺘﺢ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ اﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺤﻮﻳﺼﻼت اﻟﻬﻮاﺋﻴﺔ‬‫ ﻳﺆدي إﻟ‬:‫اﻟﺠﻮاب‬ ‫ اﻟﻘﻨﺎة اﻟﺴﻨﺨﻴﺔ؟‬‫ ﺗﺤﻴﻂ ﺑﺤﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﺤﻮﻳﺼﻼت ﻓ‬‫ اﻟﺼﻔﻴﺤﺔ اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ اﻟﺘ‬‫ ﻣﺎذا ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻓ‬:‫* اﻟﺴﺆال‬.‫ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﺣﺰم ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻀﻼت اﻟﻤﻠﺴﺎء‬:‫اﻟﺠﻮاب‬ ‫ ﻛﻴﻒ ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﺣﺰم اﻟﻌﻀﻼت اﻟﻤﻠﺴﺎء ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﺤﻮﻳﺼﻼت اﻟﻬﻮاﺋﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﺠﺎورة؟‬:‫* اﻟﺴﺆال‬.‫ﻞ ﻧﺘﻮءات‬‫ ﺷ‬‫ ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﻋﻠ‬:‫اﻟﺠﻮاب‬ ‫ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺳﻨﺨﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﻮع اﻷول؟‬‫ ﺗﺘﻐﻴﺮ إﻟ‬‫ اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ اﻟﺘ‬‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫ‬:‫* اﻟﺴﺆال‬ Here are the questions and answers derived exclusively from the provided text.‫ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﻛﻼرا‬:‫اﻟﺠﻮاب‬ about alveolar ducts, sacs, and alveoli: * Question: What are alveoli? Answer: Evaginations or outpocketings of the respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveolar sacs, the terminal ends of the alveolar ducts. * Question: What lines the alveoli? Answer: A layer of thin, simple squamous alveolar cells or pneumocyte type I cells. * Question: What do adjacent alveoli share? Answer: A common interalveolar septum or alveolar wall. * Question: What do the interalveolar septa consist of? Answer: Simple squamous alveolar cells, fine connective tissue fibers and fibroblasts, and numerous  capillaries located in the thin interalveolar septa. Here are the questions and answers, derived exclusively from the text you provided: * Question: What other cells do alveoli contain besides type I pneumocytes? Answer: Alveolar macrophages or dust cells and great alveolar cells or type II pneumocytes. * Question: What do alveolar macrophages normally contain in their cytoplasm? Answer: Several carbon or dust particles. * Question: Where are great alveolar cells or type II pneumocytes found? Answer: Interspersed among the simple squamous alveolar cells in the alveoli. * Question: Where are narrow bands of smooth muscle fibers found? Answer: At the free ends of the interalveolar septa and around the open ends of the alveoli. * Question: What are these smooth muscle fibers continuous with? ‫ اﻟﻨﺺ اﻟﺬي ﻗﺪﻣﺘﻪ ﻋﻦ‬‫ ﻋﻠ‬‫ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺄﻛﻴﺪ! ﺑﻨﺎء‬.Answer: The muscle layer that lines the respiratory bronchioles ‫ﻦ اﺳﺘﺨﻼﺻﻬﺎ ﻣﻊ إﺟﺎﺑﺎﺗﻬﺎ اﻟﺤﺼﺮﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﺺ دون أي زﻳﺎدة‬‫ ﻳﻤ‬‫ إﻟﻴﻚ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ اﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ اﻟﺘ‬،‫ ﺣﻮﻳﺼﻼت اﻟﺮﺋﺔ‬‫اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ اﻟﻮﻇﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﻓ‬ :‫أو ﻧﻘﺼﺎن‬ ‫اﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ واﻹﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬ ‫ ﺣﻮﻳﺼﻼت اﻟﺮﺋﺔ؟‬‫ أﻧﻮاع اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮدة ﻓ‬‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫ‬:‫* اﻟﺴﺆال‬ :‫اﻟﺠﻮاب‬.(‫ﺎ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ رﺋﻮﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﻮع اﻷول‬‫ أﻳﻀ‬‫* ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺳﻨﺨﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﻮع اﻷول )ﺗﺴﻤ‬.(‫ أو ﺧﻼﻳﺎ اﻟﺤﺎﺟﺰ‬‫ﺎ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ رﺋﻮﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﻮع اﻟﺜﺎﻧ‬‫ أﻳﻀ‬‫ )ﺗﺴﻤ‬‫* ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺳﻨﺨﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﻮع اﻟﺜﺎﻧ‬ Here are the questions and answers derived exclusively from the provided.‫* ﺑﻼﻋﻢ ﺳﻨﺨﻴﺔ أو ﺧﻼﻳﺎ اﻟﻐﺒﺎر‬ text about Type I alveolar cells: * Question: What is the main function of Type I alveolar cells? Answer: They are the main sites for gaseous exchange. * Question: Where are Type I alveolar cells located? Answer: Within the interalveolar septum between the delicate reticular and elastic fibers. * Question: What is in very close contact with Type I alveolar cells? Answer: The endothelial lining of capillaries. * Question: What does the close contact between Type I alveolar cells and capillaries form? Answer: A very thin blood-air barrier. * Question: What takes place across the blood-air barrier? Answer: Gaseous exchange. * Question: What does the blood-air barrier consist of? Answer: The surface lining and the cytoplasm of type I pneumocyte, the fused basement membrane of the pneumocyte and the endothelial cell, and the thin cytoplasm of the capillary endothelium. Here are the questions and answers derived exclusively from the provided text about Type II alveolar cells: * Question: How do Type II alveolar cells compare in number and shape to Type I alveolar cells? Answer: They are fewer in number and cuboidal in shape. * Question: Where are Type II alveolar cells found? Answer: Singly or in groups adjacent to the squamous type I alveolar cells within the alveoli, above the type I alveolar cells. * Question: What do Type II alveolar cells synthesize and secrete? Answer: A phospholipid-rich product called pulmonary surfactant. * Question: What happens when surfactant is released into the alveolus? Answer: It spreads as a thin layer over the surfaces of type I alveolar cells. * Question: What is the function of surfactant in lowering alveolar surface tension? Answer: The reduced surface tension decreases the force that is needed to inflate alveoli during inspiration.  * Question: What are the benefits of surfactant stabilizing alveolar diameters? Answer: It facilitates their expansion and prevents their collapse during respiration by minimizing the collapsing forces. * Question: When during fetal development do great alveolar cells secrete enough surfactant for respiration? ‫ اﻟﻨﺺ اﻟﺬي ﻗﺪﻣﺘﻪ ﻋﻦ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ اﻟﺤﻮﻳﺼﻼت‬‫ ﻋﻠ‬‫ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺄﻛﻴﺪ! ﺑﻨﺎء‬.Answer: During the last 28 to 32 weeks of gestation :‫ﻦ اﺳﺘﺨﻼﺻﻬﺎ ﻣﻊ إﺟﺎﺑﺎﺗﻬﺎ اﻟﺤﺼﺮﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﺺ دون أي زﻳﺎدة أو ﻧﻘﺼﺎن‬‫ ﻳﻤ‬‫ إﻟﻴﻚ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ اﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ اﻟﺘ‬،‫اﻟﻬﻮاﺋﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﻮع اﻟﺜﺎﻧ‬ ‫اﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ واﻹﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬ ‫ إﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻄﺢ؟‬‫( ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ إﻟ‬‫ﺒﻴﺮة )ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﻮع اﻟﺜﺎﻧ‬‫ اﻟﻮﻇﻴﻔﺔ اﻷﺧﺮى ﻟﻠﺨﻼﻳﺎ اﻟﺴﻨﺨﻴﺔ اﻟ‬‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫ‬:‫* اﻟﺴﺆال‬.‫ اﻟﺤﻮﻳﺼﻼت اﻟﻬﻮاﺋﻴﺔ‬‫ﻦ أن ﺗﻨﻘﺴﻢ وﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻛﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﺟﺬﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﻼﻳﺎ اﻟﺴﻨﺨﻴﺔ اﻟﺤﺮﺷﻔﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﻮع اﻷول ﻓ‬‫ ﻳﻤ‬:‫اﻟﺠﻮاب‬ ‫ﻌﺘﻘﺪ أن اﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻄﺢ ﻳﻘﻮم ﺑﻬﺎ؟‬‫ ﻳ‬‫ اﻟﻮﻇﻴﻔﺔ اﻷﺧﺮى اﻟﺘ‬‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫ‬:‫* اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫ ﻗﺪ‬‫ ﺗﻘﺎوم ﻣﺴﺒﺒﺎت اﻷﻣﺮاض اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻨﺸﻘﺔ اﻟﺘ‬‫ اﻟﺤﻮﻳﺼﻼت اﻟﻬﻮاﺋﻴﺔ اﻟﺘ‬‫ﺘﻴﺮﻳﺎ ﻓ‬‫ﻌﺘﻘﺪ أن ﻟﻪ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﺘﺄﺛﻴﺮات اﻟﻤﻀﺎدة ﻟﻠﺒ‬‫ ﻳ‬:‫اﻟﺠﻮاب‬ Here are the questions and answers derived exclusively from the provided text about.‫ﻮن ﺧﻄﺮة‬‫ﺗ‬ asthma: * Question: What characterizes asthma? Answer: An obstructive disease characterized by intermittent airway inflammation and hyperreactivity. * Question: What are the three most common causes of chronic cough? Answer: Asthma, postnasal drainage, and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). * Question: What are common symptoms of asthma? Answer: Intermittent wheezing, most commonly expiratory. * Question: What can trigger asthma symptoms? Answer: Seasonal changes, exposure to triggers (e.g., upper respiratory infections, dust, pet dander, cold air), or exercise. * Question: What triggers cough-variant asthma? Answer: Exercise, cold, or forced exhalation. * Question: What are signs of acute asthma exacerbations? Answer: A prolonged expiratory phase that is sometimes accompanied by wheezing or cough. * Question: How is the severity of an asthma attack determined? Answer: By assessing mental status, the ability to speak in full sentences, use of accessory muscles, and vital signs. * Question: What does a normal or decreased respiratory rate suggest in an asthma attack? Answer: Respiratory fatigue. * Question: What might decreased wheezing in a severe asthma exacerbation indicate? Answer: It may indicate a severe exacerbation and the need for prompt assessment of gas exchange (with ABG analysis) along with aggressive treatment. * Question: What might the exam show in chronic intermittent asthma if the patient is not having an exacerbation? Answer: It may be normal. Here are the questions and answers derived exclusively from the provided text about the differential diagnosis and diagnosis of asthma: * Question: What conditions should be ruled out when considering asthma? Answer: Foreign body aspiration, endobronchial mass, vocal cord dysfunction or irritation, and heart failure (HF). * Question: What other conditions should be considered in patients with chronic cough? Answer: Allergic rhinitis, postnasal drip, or GERD. * Question: How is a definitive diagnosis of asthma made? Answer: With an obstructive pattern on Pulmonary Function Tests (PFTs) supported by reversibility with bronchodilators, as demonstrated by a ≥12% increase in FEV1 and/or FVC and ≥0.20 L. * Question: What can be done if PFTs are normal but suspicion for asthma remains high?  Answer: A methacholine challenge can be used to provoke symptoms in a monitored setting, or an exhaled nitric oxide level can be measured. * Question: What does an exhaled nitric oxide level >50 ppb (>35 ppb in children) suggest? Answer: It may be used to indicate that eosinophilic inflammation and, in symptomatic patients, responsiveness to corticosteroids are likely. * Question: What is the usual finding on a Chest X-ray (CXR) in asthma? Answer: Usually normal. * Question: What is the purpose of a CXR in suspected asthma? Answer: To exclude other causes. Here are the questions and answers derived exclusively from the text you provided about asthma treatment: * Question: What is the treatment for chronic asthma? Answer: See Table 18-2. * Question: What is the treatment for acute asthma exacerbations? Answer: * Short-acting β-agonist (albuterol) therapy (nebulizer or MDI). * Systemic corticosteroids such as methylprednisolone or prednisone + inhaled corticosteroids (ICS). * A single 2-g dose of magnesium sulfate can be administered intravenously in severe exacerbations. * Question: What should be done after treating an acute asthma exacerbation? Answer: Follow patients closely with peak flows and tailor therapy to the response. * Question: What does a peak flow that is 200 different serotypes of M protein (i.e., M6, M12, M18, M24, and so on). * Question: What is resistance against streptococcal diseases specific to? Answer: M type. * Question: What happens to a host who has recovered from infection by one group A streptococcal M type? Answer: They are relatively immune to reinfection by the same type but fully susceptible to infection by another M type. * Question: How can anti-M type-specific antibodies be demonstrated? Answer: In a test that exploits the fact that streptococci are rapidly killed after phagocytosis. * Question: What does M protein interfere with? Answer: Phagocytosis. * Question: What happens in the presence of type-specific antibody to M protein? ‫ﺎ ﻣﻦ‬‫ إﻟﻴﻚ اﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ واﻹﺟﺎﺑﺎت اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﻠﺼﺔ ﺣﺼﺮ ﻳ‬، ‫ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺄﻛﻴﺪ‬.Answer: Streptococci are killed by human leukocytes :‫اﻟﻨﺺ اﻟﻤﻘﺪم‬ ‫ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺪﻣﻴﺔ اﻟﻨﺰﻟﻴﺔ؟‬b ‫ ﻳﺴﺒﺒﻬﺎ اﻟﻨﻤﻂ‬‫ اﻷﻣﺮاض اﻟﺘ‬‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫ‬:‫* ﺳﺆال‬.‫ واﻟﺘﻬﺎﺑﺎت أﺧﺮى‬، ‫ اﻟﺘﻬﺎب اﻷذن اﻟﻮﺳﻄ‬، ‫ اﻟﺘﻬﺎب ﻟﺴﺎن اﻟﻤﺰﻣﺎر‬، ‫ اﻟﺘﻬﺎب اﻟﺴﺤﺎﻳﺎ‬، ‫ ﺗﺴﻤﻢ اﻟﺪم‬، ‫ اﻻﻟﺘﻬﺎب اﻟﺮﺋﻮي‬:‫ﺟﻮاب‬ ‫ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺪﻣﻴﺔ اﻟﻨﺰﻟﻴﺔ؟‬b ‫ اﻟﻨﻤﻂ‬‫ ﻓ‬‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﻔﻮﻋﺔ اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴ‬:‫* ﺳﺆال‬.‫ﺎرﻳﺪ اﻟﻤﻀﺎدة ﻟﻠﺒﻠﻌﻤﺔ‬‫ﺒﺴﻮﻟﺔ ﻋﺪﻳﺪة اﻟﺴ‬‫ اﻟ‬:‫ﺟﻮاب‬ ‫ﺒﺴﻮﻟﺔ؟‬‫ ﻛﻴﻒ ﺗﺘﻄﻮر اﻷﺟﺴﺎم اﻟﻤﻀﺎدة ﺿﺪ اﻟ‬:‫* ﺳﺆال‬.‫ ﻟﻸﺟﺴﺎم اﻟﻤﻀﺎدة ﻟﻸﻣﻬﺎت‬‫ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ اﻟﻌﺪوى اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ أو اﻟﺘﻄﻌﻴﻢ أو اﻟﻨﻘﻞ اﻟﺴﻠﺒ‬:‫ﺟﻮاب‬ ‫؟‬IgA1 protease ‫ وﻇﻴﻔﺔ إﻧﺰﻳﻢ‬‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫ‬:‫* ﺳﺆال‬ Here are the.‫ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻋﺔ اﻟﺨﻠﻄﻴﺔ‬‫ اﻷﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﻤﺨﺎﻃﻴﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ اﻟﺘﺪﺧﻞ ﻓ‬‫ﺎﺋﻨﺎت اﻟﺤﻴﺔ ﻋﻠ‬‫ ﺗﺴﻬﻴﻞ اﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎر اﻟ‬:‫ﺟﻮاب‬ questions and answers derived exclusively from the provided text: * Question: What does protection against influenza virus correlate with? Answer: Both serum antibodies and secretory IgA antibodies in nasal secretions. * Question: What is the probable importance of the local secretory antibody? Answer: In preventing infection. * Question: How long do serum antibodies persist? Answer: For many months to years. * Question: How long do secretory antibodies persist? Answer: For a shorter duration (usually only several months). * Question: How does antibody modify the course of illness? Answer: A person with low titers of antibody may be infected but will experience a mild form of disease. * Question: Can immunity against influenza be incomplete? ‫ﺎ‬‫ إﻟﻴﻚ اﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ واﻹﺟﺎﺑﺎت اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﻠﺼﺔ ﺣﺼﺮ ﻳ‬، ‫ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺄﻛﻴﺪ‬.Answer: Yes, reinfection with the same virus can occur :‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﺺ اﻟﻤﻘﺪم‬ ‫ اﻹﻧﻔﻠﻮﻧﺰا؟‬‫ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺎت اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ اﻟﺨﻠﻮﻳﺔ ﻓ‬‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ اﻟﺪور اﻷﺳﺎﺳ‬:‫* ﺳﺆال‬ ‫ اﻹﻧﻔﻠﻮﻧﺰا ﻫﻮ إزاﻟﺔ اﻟﻌﺪوى اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﺔ ؛ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻘﻮم اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ اﻟﺘﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬‫ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺎت اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ اﻟﺨﻠﻮﻳﺔ ﻓ‬‫ﻌﺘﻘﺪ أن اﻟﺪور اﻷﺳﺎﺳ‬‫ ﻳ‬:‫ﺟﻮاب‬.‫اﻟﺴﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﺑﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ اﻟﻤﺼﺎﺑﺔ‬ ‫ ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ اﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ اﻟﺘﺎﺋﻴﺔ اﻟﺴﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﻼﻳﺎ؟‬‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫ‬:‫* ﺳﺆال‬ (‫ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻔﻴﺮوس‬‫ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ اﻟﻤﺼﺎﺑﺔ ﺑﺄي ﻧﻮع ﻓﺮﻋ‬‫ اﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ اﻟﺘﺎﺋﻴﺔ اﻟﺴﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﻣﺘﻘﺎﻃﻌﺔ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ )ﻗﺎدرة ﻋﻠ‬:‫ﺟﻮاب‬ Here are.‫ﺮﻳﺔ اﻟﺴﻄﺤﻴﺔ‬‫( واﻟﺒﺮوﺗﻴﻨﺎت اﻟﺴ‬M) ‫( واﻟﻤﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ‬NP) ‫وﻳﺒﺪو أﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﻮﺟﻬﺔ ﺿﺪ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﺮوﺗﻴﻨﺎت اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻮاة‬ the questions and answers derived exclusively from the provided text: * Question: Where does the infection of Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) first occur? Answer: In the oropharynx. * Question: Where does the infection of Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) then spread to? Answer: To the blood, where it infects B lymphocytes. * Question: What cells react against the infected B cells in an EBV infection? Answer: Cytotoxic T lymphocytes. * Question: Where does EBV remain latent?  Answer: Within B lymphocytes. * Question: What does the immune response to EBV infection consist of? Answer: First of IgM antibody to the viral capsid antigen (VCA). IgG antibody to the VCA follows and persists for life. * Question: When is the IgM response useful in an EBV infection? Answer: For diagnosing acute infection. * Question: When is the IgG response best used in an EBV infection? :‫ﺎ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﺺ اﻟﻤﻘﺪم‬‫ إﻟﻴﻚ اﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ واﻹﺟﺎﺑﺎت اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﻠﺼﺔ ﺣﺼﺮ ﻳ‬، ‫ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺄﻛﻴﺪ‬.Answer: For revealing prior infection ‫ أﻧﻮاع اﻟﺘﻨﻔﺲ؟‬‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫ‬:‫* ﺳﺆال‬ :‫ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ أﻧﻮاع‬:‫ﺟﻮاب‬.‫ ﺗﺒﺎدل اﻟﻐﺎزات ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﺪم واﻟﻬﻮاء‬:‫* اﻟﺘﻨﻔﺲ اﻟﺨﺎرﺟ‬.‫ ﺗﺒﺎدل اﻟﻐﺎزات ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﺪم واﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ‬:‫* اﻟﺘﻨﻔﺲ اﻟﺪاﺧﻠ‬ Absolutely! Here are the questions.‫ﺮﺑﻮن ﻛﻤﻨﺘﺞ ﻧﻔﺎﻳﺎت‬‫ أﻛﺴﻴﺪ اﻟ‬‫ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻷﻛﺴﺠﻴﻦ وإﻋﻄﺎء ﺛﺎﻧ‬:‫* اﻟﺘﻨﻔﺲ اﻟﺨﻠﻮي‬ and answers extracted solely from the text you provided, without any additions or changes: * Question: What are the two anatomical divisions of the respiratory system? Answer: * Upper: nose, pharynx, and larynx. * Lower: trachea, bronchial tree, pulmonary alveoli, lungs, and pleurae. * Question: What are the two physiological divisions of the respiratory system? Answer: * Conducting zone: all parts that transport gases. * Respiratory zone: all parts where gas exchange occurs (i.e., any part of the respiratory system that :‫ﺎ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﺺ اﻟﻤﻘﺪم‬‫ إﻟﻴﻚ اﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ واﻹﺟﺎﺑﺎت اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﻠﺼﺔ ﺣﺼﺮ ﻳ‬، ‫ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺄﻛﻴﺪ‬.(has alveoli ‫ وﻇﺎﺋﻒ اﻟﺒﻠﻌﻮم؟‬‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫ‬:‫* ﺳﺆال‬ :‫ﺟﻮاب‬.‫* اﻟﺒﻠﻊ‬ :‫ﺎ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﺺ اﻟﻤﻘﺪم‬‫ إﻟﻴﻚ اﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ واﻹﺟﺎﺑﺎت اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﻠﺼﺔ ﺣﺼﺮ ﻳ‬، ‫ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺄﻛﻴﺪ‬.‫ اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻟﻚ اﻟﻬﻮاﺋﻴﺔ‬‫* ﻳﻤﻨﻊ دﺧﻮل اﻟﻄﻌﺎم إﻟ‬ ‫ وﻇﺎﺋﻒ اﻟﺤﻨﺠﺮة؟‬‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫ‬:‫* ﺳﺆال‬ :‫ﺟﻮاب‬.(Phonation) ‫* إﺻﺪار اﻟﺼﻮت‬.‫ اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻟﻚ اﻟﻬﻮاﺋﻴﺔ‬‫* اﻟﺤﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ دﺧﻮل اﻟﻄﻌﺎم إﻟ‬.‫ﺲ اﻟﺴﻌﺎل‬‫ ﻣﻨﻌ‬‫* اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻛﻌﻀﻠﺔ ﻋﺎﺻﺮة ﻓ‬ ‫ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺄﻛﻴﺪ‬.(‫* ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ اﻟﻌﺎﺋﺪ اﻟﻮرﻳﺪي ورﻓﻊ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ داﺧﻞ اﻟﺒﻄﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﻣﻨﺎورة ﻓﺎﻟﺴﺎﻟﻔﺎ )اﻟﺰﻓﻴﺮ اﻟﻘﺴﺮي ﺿﺪ ﻟﺴﺎن اﻟﻤﺰﻣﺎر اﻟﻤﻐﻠﻖ‬ :‫ﺎ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﺺ اﻟﻤﻘﺪم‬‫ إﻟﻴﻚ اﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ واﻹﺟﺎﺑﺎت اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﻠﺼﺔ ﺣﺼﺮ ﻳ‬، ‫ ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ اﻟﺸﺠﺮة اﻟﺮﻏﺎﻣﻴﺔ اﻟﺸﻌﺒﻴﺔ؟‬‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫ‬:‫* ﺳﺆال‬ :‫ﺟﻮاب‬.‫* ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻷﻧﺎﺑﻴﺐ اﻟﻤﺘﻔﺮﻋﺔ‬ Here are the questions and answers derived exclusively from the.‫ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻤﺎت ﻣﺠﺮى اﻟﻬﻮاء‬ً‫ ﺟﻴ‬23-16 * provided text: * Question: What must all cardiac output pass through? Answer: The lungs. * Question: What do the small caliber of the pulmonary capillaries filter? :‫ﺎ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﺺ اﻟﻤﻘﺪم‬‫ إﻟﻴﻚ اﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ واﻹﺟﺎﺑﺎت اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﻠﺼﺔ ﺣﺼﺮ ﻳ‬، ‫ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺄﻛﻴﺪ‬.Answer: Large particles such as emboli ‫ أﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﺗﺪﻓﺌﺔ وﺗﺮﻃﻴﺐ اﻟﻬﻮاء؟‬‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫ‬:‫* ﺳﺆال‬  :‫ﺟﻮاب‬.‫ اﻟﺴﻔﻠ‬‫* ﻟﻤﻨﻊ ﺟﻔﺎف اﻟﺠﻬﺎز اﻟﺘﻨﻔﺴ‬ ‫ إﻟﻴﻚ اﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ واﻹﺟﺎﺑﺎت اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﻠﺼﺔ‬، ‫ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺄﻛﻴﺪ‬.‫ ﻟﻠﻬﻮاء اﻟﺒﺎرد‬‫ اﻟﺴﻔﻠ‬‫ﺲ إذا ﺗﻌﺮض اﻟﺠﻬﺎز اﻟﺘﻨﻔﺴ‬‫* ﻟﻤﻨﻊ ﺗﺸﻨﺞ اﻟﻘﺼﺒﺎت اﻟﻤﻨﻌ‬ :‫ﺎ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﺺ اﻟﻤﻘﺪم‬‫ﺣﺼﺮ ﻳ‬ ‫ﺲ اﻟﺴﻌﺎل؟‬‫ آﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻨﻌ‬‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫ‬:‫* ﺳﺆال‬ :‫ﺟﻮاب‬.‫* ﺷﻬﻴﻖ ﻋﻤﻴﻖ‬.‫* زﻓﻴﺮ ﻗﺴﺮي ﻣﻊ إﻏﻼق اﻟﻤﺰﻣﺎر‬.‫ ﻣﻠﻢ زﺋﺒﻖ‬100