Foodborne Toxic Infections PDF

# Foodborne Toxic Infections ## Cholera - **Natural Reservoir of the Cholera Pathogen:** Sick person and carrier of bacteria, insects, cattle, vectors, small ruminants, mice. - **Typical Stool in the Typical Course of Cholera:** - Abundant, watery, odorless stool, cloudy, whitish - Abunda...

# Foodborne Toxic Infections ## Cholera - **Natural Reservoir of the Cholera Pathogen:** Sick person and carrier of bacteria, insects, cattle, vectors, small ruminants, mice. - **Typical Stool in the Typical Course of Cholera:** - Abundant, watery, odorless stool, cloudy, whitish - Abundant, liquid, foul-smelling, the color of swamp mud - Scanty, liquid stool with the addition of mucus and blood - Liquid, with undigested lumps, with the addition of mucus - Pronounced hemocolitis - **Character of Pain in Cholera:** - Pain absent - Cramp-like, around the navel - Pain in the right iliac region - Constant pain in the epigastrium - Pain in the right ileocecal region - **Main Symptoms of Cholera:** - Dehydration, demineralization - Bacteremia, toxemia - Intoxication, rehydration - Viremia, toxemia - Hemocolitis, intoxication ## Botulism - **Cells Primarily Affected by Botulism:** Motor neurons of the spinal motor centers of the medulla oblongata, peripheral neuromuscular synapses, brain membranes, neurons of the respiratory center, hepatocytes, epithelium of the large intestine. - **Initial Clinical Signs of Botulism:** Dyspeptic disorders, visual disturbances, respiratory dysfunction, encephalitic syndrome, meningeal symptom, intoxication syndrome, meningeal syndrome, catarrhal syndrome, colitis syndrome and pronounced intoxication. - **Commonly Observed Complications in Botulism:** Aspiration pneumonia, myositis, infectious myocarditis, appendicitis, encephalitis, otitis, meningoencephalitis, meningitis, encephalitis, stomatitis, pneumothorax. - **Main Groups of Products Associated with Cases of Botulism:** Homemade preserves (more often meat and vegetable), sausage, lard, and home-smoked fish, products contaminated with the spores of the pathogen, homemade jam, homemade wine, pies, eggs. ## Foodborne Toxic Infections are Characterized By: - Short incubation periods - Persistent immunity after the disease - Chronic course - Long incubation periods - Transmission route of infection ## Viral Diarrheas - **Most Frequently Encountered Viral Diarrheas:** Rotavirus infection, parvovirus infection, picornavirus infection, viral hepatitis E, poliomyelitis, tetanus, enteric hepatitis, adenovirus infection, influenza. ## Picornavirus Infections are Characterized By: - Sudden onset of fever, gastroenteritis, infrequent but copious, watery stools without pathological admixtures, foul-smelling. - Absence of fever - Gastroenterocolitis - Hemocolitis, development of acute liver failure - Frequent abundant stools with a greenish tinge and streaks of blood. ## Dysentery - **Pathological Changes in the Large Intestine Observed in Dysentery:** Acute catarrhal inflammation, fibrous-necrotic inflammation, stage of ulcer formation, ulcer healing, extensive hemorrhages in the mucous membrane of the intestine, formation of deep ulcers, necroses, sharp narrowing of the intestine's vessels, pale mucous membrane, thrombus formation in the blood vessels of the intestinal mucosa with the development of necroses. - **Periods of the Course of Dysentery:** Initial, acme, fading of symptoms, recovery, primary-latent, secondary-latent, adaptation period, remission, period of bacteremia, toxemia, period of residual phenomena, remission. - **Complaints Characteristic of Colitis Form of Dysentery:** Tenesmus, false urges, hemocolitis, chills, temperature rise up to 38-40.5°C, cutting cramp-like pains in the abdomen, more on the left, vomiting without preceding nausea, chills but no fever, cutting cramp-like pains throughout the abdomen, copious foul-smelling stool. - **Shigellosis is Characterized by Lesions of:** Large intestine, small intestine, oral cavity mucosa, genitourinary organs, stomach mucosa. - **Type of Stool Noted in Dysentery:** Liquid, in small quantities with admixtures of mucus, blood, pus, frequent, liquid, copious, green, watery with an unpleasant odor, copious, watery without admixtures of pus, mucus, like rice soup. - **Changes Observed in Coproscopy in Patients with Acute Dysentery:** Presence of mucus, accumulation of leukocytes with predominance of neutrophils, erythrocytes, epithelial cells, shigella, Escherichia coli, plasmodia, residues of undigested food, Giardia cysts, shigella, abundant neutral fats, undigested food. - **Changes Observed in the Intestines During Rectosigmoidoscopy in Acute Dysentery:** Catarrhal proctosigmoiditis, catarrhal-hemorrhagic proctosigmoiditis, erosive proctosigmoiditis, deep ulcers, scarred ulcers, fibrinous-necrotic proctosigmoiditis, bleeding, extensive hemorrhages, hemorrhages, there are no changes. - **Clinical Variants of Acute Dysentery:** Colitic, gastroenterocolitic, gastroenteritic, gastroenteritic, subclinical, gastritic, gastrocolitic, subclinical, abortive, fulminant, subclinical. - **Comprehensive Therapy for Patients with Dysentery:** Therapeutic regimen and diet, etiotropic therapy, pathogenetic therapy, immunoreactive therapy, detoxification, interferon stimulation, vaccine therapy, serotherapy, antiviral, immunomodulatory, only using hormones. ## Protozoal Colitis - **Main Infections That Make Up the Group of Protozoal colitis:** Amebic intestinal disease, balantidiasis, dysentery, giardiasis, enterobiasis, giardiasis, cysticercosis, cholera, salmonellosis, salmonellosis, escherichiosis. ## Amoeba - **Forms of Amoebas in the Vegetative Stage of Development:** Tissue, large vegetative, lumenal, pre-cystic, trophozoite, gamete, cyst, small tissue, large tissue, spore, minimal, maximal, spore, cyst. - **Main Forms of Amoebiasis:** Intestinal, extraintestinal, mixed, manifest, localized, generalized, fulminant, subclinical, jaundice, non-jaundice. ## Viral Hepatitis - **Viral Hepatitis With Causative Agents that Enter the Liver with Arterial Blood:** Hepatitis B virus, Hepatitis C virus, Hepatitis A virus, HCV, HAV, HEV, HBV, only enteral virus hepatitis. - **Main Pathogenetic Syndromes of Viral Hepatitis:** Cytolytic, mesenchymal-inflammatory, cholestatic, parenchymal, septic, coagulation, dyspeptic, arthralgic, flu-like, dyspeptic, asthenovegetative. - **Laboratory Criteria of the Cytolytic Syndrome in Viral Hepatitis:** Increase in serum ALT, AST activity, decrease in prothrombin and other blood clotting factors, increase in alkaline phosphatase, decrease in thymol test, increase in thymol test, increase in conjugated bilirubin in the blood. - **Clinical Periods of the Manifest Form of Viral Hepatitis:** Incubation, prodromal (pre-jaundice), height (jaundice), convalescence, adaptation of the virus in the body, initial, septic, recovery, generalized, localized, carrier, persistent chronicization. - **Incubation Period of Viral Hepatitis A:** From 7 to 50 days, from 2 days, from 6 months to 1 year, from several hours to 7 days, more than a year. - **Complications of Acute Viral Hepatitis B:** Acute hepatic encephalopathy (AHE), edema-ascitic syndrome, development of cardiovascular failure, development of acute necrosis of the pancreas, transition to chronic form, cerebral edema, pancreonecrosis, peritonitis, splenic rupture. - **Main Outcomes of Acute Viral Hepatitis B:** Recovery, virus persistence (carrier, chronic forms), dyskinesia of the biliary tract, dysbiosis of the intestine, transition to chronic form, cerebral edema, acute renal failure, pancreonecrosis. - **Prodromal Period of Acute Viral Hepatitis B is Characterized By:** Frequency of arthralgic and asthenovegetative syndromes, increasing intoxication with the appearance of jaundice, high fever, hemorrhagic rash on the legs, transition to chronic form, cerebral edema, frequent development of AHE, seizures, diarrhea, hemocolitis, sleep inversion, aggression, depression, seizures. - **Viral Hepatitis B With a Cholestatic Component is Characterized By:** Pronounced icterus, itching of the skin, splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, rash, meningeal symptoms, jaundice, hepatosplenomegaly, seizures, transition to chronic form, cerebral edema. - **Dyspeptic Syndrome of Viral Hepatitis in the Prodromal Period Includes:** Decreased appetite, nausea, vomiting, intestinal dysfunction, colicky epigastric pain, colitis, pain in the right hypochondrium radiating to the lower back, liquid stool with mucus, catarrhal phenomena in the nasopharynx, temperature elevation on days 1-3, joint pain, lung rales. - **Development of Fulminant and Malignant Forms of Viral Hepatitis is Influenced By:** Hyperreactive immune response, high virulence of the pathogen, state of immunodeficiency, level of viremia, transition to chronic form, cerebral edema, antibiotic intake, decreased reactivity of the body due to immunosuppressant intake. - **Predominant Route of Infection with Hepatitis D Virus:** Parenteral interventions, instrumental medical interventions, alimentary, contact, contact-household, airborne-droplet, airborne-dust. ## Influenza - **Rapid Onset of Illness in Influenza is Associated With:** Viremia, toxemia, superinfection with bacterial flora, presence of multiple virus types in the body, subsequent transition to chronic form, cerebral edema, reduced nutrition, age, seasonality, development of DIC syndrome. - **Symptom Noted in Influenza:** Temperature of 38.0-39.0°C, headache in the occipital region, abdominal pain, wet cough, crepitations in the lungs. - **Characteristic Symptoms of CNS Involvement Typical for Influenza:** Apathy, agitation, delirium, meningeal signs, sweating, tachycardia, pulse dicrotism, pulse lability, clonic seizures. - **Symptoms of Peripheral Nervous System Involvement Noted in Influenza:** Local hyperesthesia, paresthesia of the skin, intercostal neuralgia, myasthenia, Brudzinski's sign, Kernig's sign, myalgia, seizures, vomiting. - **Variants of Influenza Distinguished By the Clinical Course:** Typical and atypical, mild, complicated, manifest, fulminant, abortive. - **Main Clinical Signs of Influenza:** Acute onset, fever, intoxication, absence or mildness of catarrhal phenomena, gradual onset, hemorrhages, severity of pain syndrome, severity of microcirculation disorders, severity of catarrhal phenomena, hemorrhages. - **Headache in Influenza Has Characteristic Localization Features:** Frontal-temporal area, supraorbital ridges, eyeballs, occipital area, nape area, diffuse, pulsating, unilateral. - **Intoxication in Influenza is Determined By:** Weakness, malaise, myalgia, arthralgia, dizziness, abdominal pain, hemorrhagic rash on the body, constipation, darkening of urine, tachycardia. - **Characteristic Changes in the Throat of a Patient with Influenza:** Diffuse hyperemia, granular posterior pharynx and soft palate, injection of vessels of the soft palate, tongue, and arches, local hyperemia, purulent coating, pallor of the posterior pharynx and soft palate, easily removable deposits from tonsils, blueness of the uvula and tonsils. ## Parainfluenza - **Clinical Features of Parainfluenza:** Gradual onset, absence or moderate fever and intoxication, pronounced laryngitis, acute onset, hyperthermia, chills, rapid rise in temperature to high levels, myalgia, angina, pneumonia, otitis, pneumonia, pleurisy. ## Adenoviral Infections - **Main Clinical Manifestations of Adenoviral Infection:** Maximum increase in temperature by the 3rd day of illness, conjunctivitis, tonsillitis, moderate intoxication, hepatosplenomegaly, enlarged lymph nodes, acute fever, convulsions, nausea, vomiting, weakness, ptosis, severe intoxication, convulsions, hemorrhagic rash, vomiting, glomerulonephritis. ## Meningococcal Infections - **Main Source of Meningococcal Infection:** Patients with meningococcal nasopharyngitis, carriers of meningococcus, patients with meningococcemia meningitis, cats and dogs, fresh cow's milk, migratory birds, ticks, fleas. - **Characteristic Rash for Meningococcal Sepsis:** Hemorrhagic, stellate, with a tendency to increase as the severity of the disease increases, macular, with itching, the first elements appear on the face, roseola. - **Main Signs of Meningoencephalitis:** Pathological drowsiness, focal symptoms, pathological reflexes, meningeal symptoms, agitation, delirium, aggression, sleep inversion, euphoria, roseola rash, hemorrhagic rash, decrease in temperature against the background of increasing membrane symptoms. - **Methods for Diagnosing Meningococcal Infection:** Epidemiological history of the patient, objective examination, bacteriological examination of blood, cerebrospinal fluid, smears from the nasopharynx, biochemical analysis of cerebrospinal fluid, life history, general blood and urine analysis, general analysis of blood, urine, stool, skin allergy test, bacteriological examination of urine, feces. - **Clinical Triad Characteristic of Meningitis:** Fever, headache, vomiting, headache, diarrhea, vomiting, vomiting, rash, seizures, stiff neck, cramps, abdominal pain, Kernig's sign, cramps, abdominal pain. - **Non-Characteristic Symptom for the Acute Form of Brucellosis:** Coma, sweating, fever, chills, hepatosplenomegaly. - **Systems Where Foci of Metastases Are Mainly Formed in Brucellosis:** Musculoskeletal, nervous, reproductive, nervous, gastrointestinal tract, glandular, genital, respiratory tract, excretory, respiratory tract, cardiovascular, autonomic. - **Signs of the Acute Form of Brucellosis:** Chills, fever, sweating, fever, vomiting, sweating, rash, hepatosplenomegaly, euphoria, sleep disturbance, delirium. - **Type of Immunity Formed After Brucellosis:** Unstable, short-lived, non-sterile, short-lived, non-sterile, persistent, lifelong, prolonged, sterile. - **Frequently Used Laboratory Diagnostic Methods for Brucellosis:** Bacteriological, serological, allergological, serological, Wright reaction, allergological, bacterioscopic, Wright reaction, biochemical. - **Diagnostic Methods for Meningococcal Meningitis:** Bacteriological, bacterioscopic, virological, allergy skin test. - **Clinical Symptoms Characteristic of Meningococcemia:** Purple hemorrhagic rash, severe shock, severe meningeal symptoms, maculopapular rashe. - **Indications for Lumbar Puncture for Meningococcal Infection:** Positive meningeal symptoms, hemorrhagic rashes and positive meningeal sign, fever and seizures, sore throat and cough. - **Clinical Forms of Amoebiasis:** Intestinal amoebiasis, extraintestinal amoebiasis, generalized amoebiasis, local amoebiasis. - **Complications of Intestinal Amebiasis:** Bleeding from the intestines, intestinal perforation, infectious-toxic shock, intussusception. - **Parts of the Gastrointestinal Tract Affected By Bacterial Dysentery:** Distal colon, sigmaid colon, small intestine, duodenum. - **Drugs Used to Prevent Malaria:** Delagil, fansidar, primaquine, bigumal. - **Features of Immunity in Malaria:** Typo-specific, unstable, durable, non-species specific. - **Where Does Tissue Schizogony Occur:** In the liver, in liver cells, in the spleen, in red blood cells. - **Clinical Features of Malaria:** Paroxysmal course, change of fever with apyrexia, malignant course, chronic course. - **Necessary Conditions for Bacteriological Research for Salmonellosis:** First days of illness, before antibacterial treatment, before gastric lavage, at the end of antibacterial therapy. - **Shocks Observed with Salmonellosis:** Infectious-toxic, hypovolemic, anaphylactic, posthemorrhagic. - **Characteristic Changes in Stool Due to Salmonellosis:** Mucus in large quantities, entirely leukocytes, entirely red blood cells, abundantly glued lumps of salmonella. - **Clinical Variants of Viral Hepatitis D:** Coinfection, superinfection, subclinical, fulminant. - **Laboratory Tests of HBV for Early Diagnosis:** Determination of HBsAg in blood, determination of the high level of, determine blood albumin levels. - **Clinical Symptoms of HBV With a Cholestatic Component:** Severe jaundice of the skin, high level of bilirubin and enzymes in blood serum, hemorrhagic rashes and peeling of the skin, transparent and white color of stool and urine. - **Characteristic Clinical Symptoms for the Prodromal Period of HBV :** Arthralgic and asthenovegetative syndromes, increasing intoxication with the appearance of jaundice, catarrhal and asthenovegetative syndromes, with the appearance of jaundice the symptoms of intoxication decrease. - **Criteria for the Severity of HBV:** Severe intoxication, decrease in prothrombin index, gepatosplenomegaly, increase in enzymes above twice the norm. - **Outcomes of HBV:** Recovery, transition to chronic form, obstruction of the bile ducts, development of intestinal dysbiosis. - **Characteristic Clinical Symptoms for the Prodromal Period of HAV:** Catarrhal and dyspeptic symptoms, with the appearance of jaundice, intoxication symptoms decrease, arthralgic and asthenovegetative syndromes, with the appearance of jaundice, intoxication syndromes increase. - **Types of Viral Hepatitis That Enters the Liver Through the Portal Vein:** Hepatitis A virus, hepatitis E virus. - **Complications of Botulism Leading to Death:** Respiratory failure, heart failure due to myocarditis, hepatic encephalopathy, acute adrenal insufficiency. - **Symptoms Characteristic of Botulism:** Dry mouth, ophthalmoplegia, excessive drooling, nausea vomiting. - **Characteristic Clinical Symptoms of Protean Food Poisoning:** Loose stools with a foul odor, short-term vision changes, peritoneal symptoms, meningeal symptoms. - **Characteristic Clinical Symptoms of Food Poisoning Caused by Clostridium perfringens:** Severe course with necrotic enteritis, short-term sepsis may occur, symptoms of peritonitis, trizmus. - **Pathogen Factor that Plays a Major Role in Staphylococcal Toxicoinfection:** Enterotoxin, exotoxin. - **Antibiotics Most Effective for Typhoid Fever:** Fluoroquinolones, cephalosporins, streptomycin, penicillin. - **Main Clinical Symptoms of Typhoid Fever:** Fever more than 5 days, relative bradycardia, diarrhea, tachycardia. - **Main Clinical and Laboratory Indicators of the Icteric Period of Acute HAV Infection:** Increase in the level of bilirubin in the blood due to the indirect fraction, increase in the level of bilirubin in the blood due to the direct fraction, light urine, fever. - **Methods for Diagnosing Amebiasis Abscess:** Ultrasound, CT, radiography, colonoscopy, ELISA, PCR. - **Local Symptoms of Erysipelas:** Erythema, increase in local temperature, burning sensation, painlessness in the lesion, appearance of a painless wound, carbuncle. - **Complications of Erysipelas:** Thrombophlebitis, lymphostasis, phlegmon, pleuritis, pericarditis, paralysis. - **Epidemiological Features of Rabies:** Zoonotic disease, main reservoir: wild and domestic animals, becomes infected by the bite of a sick animal or by contact with infected saliva, anthroponotic disease, seasonality - winter months, transmissivity. - **Clinical Signs Characteristic of the Initial Period of Rabies:** Swelling and redness of the scar (mark) from the bite, pain along the nerve closest to the wound, signs of general intoxication, development of depression, difficulty swallowing and breathing, psychomotor agitation, meningeal symptoms, trismus, paralysis of limbs, hemorrhagic rash. - **Patient’s Condition With Paroxysm Due to Rabies:** The patient screams and throws his head back and stretches his arms forward, repels water, facial spasm due to convulsions, cyanosis, dilated pupils, trismus of masticatory muscles, sardonic smile, opisthotonus, pointer dog pose, lacrimation. - **Characteristic of Generalized Lymphadenopathy in HIV Infection:** Enlargement of at least two groups of lymph nodes, enlarged lymph nodes persist for up to 3 months, lymph nodes in adults increase by more than 1 cm, in children - 0.5 cm, enlarged only inguinal lymph nodes, enlargement of lymph nodes to the size of a chicken egg, redness of the skin over enlarged lymph nodes. - **Possible to Suspect HIV Infection if the Patient:** Fever of unknown etiology for more than, diarrhea of unknown etiology for more than 1 month, loss of body weight more than 10%, persistent allergic rash, loose stools more than 3 times a day, hectic type of fever. - **Enzymes Involved in the Pathogenesis of the Immunodeficiency Virus:** Reverse transcriptase, protease, integrase, amylase, reverse galactose, single-stranded transcriptase. - **Source of Infection for HIV Infection:** Patient in the prodromal period of the disease, patient in the latent period of the disease, person with positive anti HIV IgG, a person with negative anti HIV IgG, with positive anti Herpes Labials IgG, with positive anti Epstein-Barr IgG. - **Routes of HIV Infection:** Sexual, vertical, parenteral, transmissible, when swimming in the pool, when kissing. - **Nonspecific Prevention of HIV Infection:** Examination of blood and blood products for HIV infection, use of disposable syringes, sterilization of surgical instruments, daily room cleaning, greeting without kisses, rodent control. - **Endogenous Infection is Characterized By:** Occurs when the body's reactivity decreases, caused by opportunistic flora, is based on dysbacteriosis, increased reactivity of the macroorganism, caused by bacteria that produce endotoxin, is based on biliary dyskinesia. - **Types of Shock Characteristic of Infectious Diseases:** Infectious-toxic, hypovolemic, mixed, hemorrhagic, cardiogenic, psychogenic. - **Preventive Measures for Infectious Diseases:** Neutralization and elimination of the source of the disease, disruption of infection transmission routes, increased population immunity, administration of, preventive prescription of antibiotics, prescription of pyrogens. - **Characteristic Clinical Signs of the Prodromal Period of Typhoid Fever:** Gradual increase in body temperature, weakness, lack of appetite, insomnia, increased headache, increased salivation, "chalk tongue", mucous-bloody loose stools. - **Types of Changes in Blood Tests in Patients with Cholera:** Relative increase in the number of red blood cells, increase in relative blood density, increase in hematocrit values, decrease in the amount of hemoglobin, leukocytosis, eosinophilia. - **Types of Biomaterial from a Cholera Patient for the Bacteriologic Method:** Feces, vomit, duodenal contents (in convalescents and bacteria carriers), throat swab, smear from the rectal mucosa, smear from perianal folds (in convalescents and bacteria carriers). - **Characteristic Signs of Staphylococcal Food Poisoning:** Dominance of gastritis symptoms, development of symptoms of vascular dystonia, no prolonged high fever, prolonged high fever, colicky pain in the left hypochondrium, positive Rosenberg's sign. - **Changes in the Skin at the Height of the Disease with Typhoid Fever:** Pallor, dryness, presence of roseola, hyperemia, presence of petechiae, positive tourniquet symptom. - **Methods of Therapy for Food Poisoning:** Gastric lavage, rehydration, antispasmodics, serotherapy, etiotropic therapy, preventive therapy, - **Clinical Variants the Symptoms of Botulism Begin With:** Dyspeptic disorders, visual disturbances, respiratory disorders, meningeal symptoms, intoxication syndrome, encephalitic syndrome. - **Commonly Observed Complications of Botulism:** Aspiration pneumonia, myositis, infectious myocarditis, appendicitis, encephalitis, otitis media. - **Changes in the Cardiovascular System During the Height of Typhoid Fever:** Relative bradycardia, dicrotic pulse, decrease in blood pressure, bradycardia, increased blood pressure, thready pulse. - **Clinical Classification of Dysentery:** Acute dysentery (colitic, gastroenterocolitic, gastroenteric, chronic dysentery (recurrent, continuous), shigella bacteria excretion, acute septic form, latent form, chronic form (primary, secondary). - **Source of Infection for Intestinal Amebiasis:** Cyst carriers, convalescents of acute intestinal amebiasis, patients with chronic amoebiasis, animals, insects, mosquitoes. - **Symptoms of the Acute Form of Intestinal Amebiasis:** Loose stools, cramping abdominal pain, tenesmus, painful palpation of the large intestine throughout, flatulence, tarry stools, sheep feces. - **Main Clinical Symptoms of the Icteric Period of Viral Hepatitis A:** Reduction of intoxication, increase in jaundice, hepatomegaly, increase in intoxication, the appearance of low-grade fever, splenomegaly. - **Therapeutic Measures for Viral Hepatitis A:** Bed rest, diet, pathogenetic therapy, antivirals, broad spectrum antibiotics, paracetamol. - **Complications of Acute Viral Hepatitis B:** Acute hepatic encephalopathy (AHE), edematous-ascitic syndrome, process chronicization, development of cardiovascular failure, development of acute necrosis of the pancreas, hypovolemic shock. - **Cholestasis is Characterized By:** Pronounced and prolonged jaundice, itchy skin, increased alkaline phosphatase activity, hemorrhagic rash, pain in the right hypochondrium, hemorrhagic rash on the extremities. - **Severity Criteria for Viral Hepatitis:** Severity of intoxication syndrome, PTI level, total bilirubin level, severity of pain syndrome, level of ALT, AST, alkaline phosphatase level. - **Main Ways of Contracting Typhoid Infection:** Water, food, contact, vertical, airborne dust, transmission. - **Characteristic Signs of Relapse of Typhoid Fever:** Increase in body temperature during convalescence, rash during recovery, enlargement of the liver and spleen persists for a long time without normalization of size, against the background of prolonged fever, diarrhea with mucus is observed, in the middle of the disease, abdominal pain appears, at the end of the disease, meningeal symptoms appear. - **Methods for Laboratory Diagnosis of Meningococcal Meningitis:** Bacteriological and bacterioscopic examination of cerebrospinal fluid, bacteriological examination of nasopharyngeal mucus, biochemical study of cerebrospinal fluid, CT, bacterioscopy of blood, skin allergy test, - **Antigens of Typhoid Bacteria:** O-antigen, somatic, thermostable, H-antigen, flagellated, thermolabile, Vi-antigen, virulence antigen, K-antigen, capsular, H-antigen, flagellar, thermostable, O-antigen, virulence antigen. - **Sources of Typhoid Infection:** Sick person, convalescent bacteria carriers, chronic bacteria carriers, patients in the incubation period, patients with positive blood culture, chronic bacteria carriers in the acute stage. - **Effective Means to Combat Cerebral Edema in Meningococcal Meningitis:** Furosemid, intravenous manitol, hypertonic solutions intravenously, urea intravenously, broad spectrum antibiotics, Ringer lactate, plasmapheresis. - **Fulminant Form of Meningococcemia is Characterized By:** Acute onset and rapid course, extensive hemorrhagic rash with a cyanotic tint, drop in cardiovascular activity, the onset of the disease with loss of consciousness, profuse macular rash from the 3rd day of illness, persistent painful vomiting. - **Serotherapy for Infectious Diseases:** Antitoxic serum, antibacterial serums, immunoglobulins, vaccine therapy, bacteriophages, pyrogenic drugs. - **Drug for Etiotropic Treatment of Influenza:** Rimantadine, oseltamivir, arbidol. - **Diagnosis of Meningococcal Infection is Confirmed By:** Detection of intracellularly located diplococci in the cerebrospinal fluid, detection of intracellularly located diplococci in the blood, determination of specific antibodies using ELISA, Vidal reaction, reaction of Right, Heddelson, anemia. - **Complications of Meningococcemia:** Infectious-toxic shock, cerebral edema, hemorrhage in internal organs, polyadenopathy, development of Shchetkin-Blumberg syndrome, myocarditis. - **Gross Violation and Treatment Method Leading to Specific Complications in Typhoid Fever:** Regimen, diet, antibacterial resistance, detoxification, symptomatic, pathoanatomical. - **Symptom Not Characteristic of Cholera:** Stomach pain, nausea, high temperature, vomit, copious, light, odorless stools, diarrhea precedes vomiting. - **Severity of the Disease in Cholera Determines:** Isotonic dehydration, hypovolemia, loss of electrolytes, intoxication, pathogen invasion into the intestinal mucosa, invasion of the pathogen into the mucous membrane of the small intestine. - **Clinical Symptoms of Dehydration of the 4th Degree of Cholera:** Loss of body weight 10% or more, <glasses>> symptom, anuria, loss of body weight up to 3%, Filatov's symptom, weight loss 5%. - **Causative Agent of Cholera Can be Detected:** In feces, in vomit, water from a pond, in blood, in urine. - **Main Pathogenetic Mechanism Causing Diarrhea in Cholera:** Activation of adenylate cyclase. enterocytes, exposure to exotoxin, hypersecretion of water and electrolytes, inflammation of the intestinal mucosa, penetration of vibrio into enterocytes, impaired blood absorption. - **Characteristics of Cholera:** Dyspeptic disorders appear simultaneously, painless bowel movement, stool in the form of "rice water", rash and diarrhea, with severe dehydration, normal health is typical, in severe cases, relative bradycardia is observed. - **Clinical Symptoms Characteristic of Cholera:** Early development of dehydration, no fecal odor, blood thickening, foul-smelling watery stools with greens, tenesmus, onset of the disease with vomiting and intoxication. - **Combination of Symptoms Characteristic of Cholera:** Copious, watery, odorless stools, vomiting without nausea, painless bowel movement, nausea, vomiting, no abdominal pain, nausea, loose, greenish-colored stools, diffuse abdominal pain. - **Not Typical for Acute Viral Hepatitis C:** Severe, fulminant forms, 100% recovery, 100% chronization, predominance of asymptomatic infection, mild course of the disease, rarely detected. - **Outcomes Usually Observed in Acute Viral Hepatitis A:** Recovery with residual effects, full recovery, prolonged course, transition to a chronic form, hepatocellular carcinoma, cirrhosis of the liver. The document discusses various infectious diseases that mainly affect the digestive system. It provides information about the pathogens, symptoms, treatment, and complications of each disease.