Intermediate Year Zoology 2 Marks Q&A Material PDF

INTERMEDIATE I YEAR ZOOLOGY body divides an organism into two identical parts is called 2 MARKS Q&A MATERIAL Monaxial heteropolar symmetry or radial symmetry. Chapter 1: Diversity of Living World....

INTERMEDIATE I YEAR ZOOLOGY body divides an organism into two identical parts is called 2 MARKS Q&A MATERIAL Monaxial heteropolar symmetry or radial symmetry. Chapter 1: Diversity of Living World. It is the principal symmetry of diploblastic animals such as 1. Define the term histology. What is it otherwise called? Cnidarians and ctenophores. A: Histology is the study of the microscopic structure of 2. Radial symmetry is an advantage to sessile or slow-moving organisms. Justify this statement. different tissues. It is also called Micro anatomy. A: Animals showing radial symmetry live in water and they can 2. Distinguish between embryology and ethology. respond equally to stimuli that arrive from all directions. Thus, A: Embryology: It is the study of events that lead to radial symmetry is an advantage to sessile or slow-moving fertilization, cleavages, early growth, and differentiation of a animals. zygote into an embryo. 3. What is cephalization? How is it useful to its possessors? Ethology: The study of animal behaviour based on systematic i. Cephalization: Concentration of nerve and sensory cells at observation, with special attention to physiological, ecological, the anterior end of the body is called Cephalization. and evolutionary aspects is called ethology. ii. cephalization helps organisms in seeking food, locating 3.What is trinominal nomenclature? Give an example. mates, and avoiding or escaping from predators. A: The trinominal nomenclature is the extension of the 4. Mention the animals that exhibited a ‘tube-within-a-tube’ binominal system of nomenclature. It permits the designation organisation for the first time? Name their body cavity. of subspecies with a three-worded name called ‘trinomen’. A: a. Cnidarians and some flat warms. Ex: Homo sapiens sapiens, Corvus splendens splendens. b. The body cavity is pseudocoelom. 4. What is meant by tautonymy? Give two examples. 5. Why is the true coelom considered a secondary body A: The practice of naming organisms, in which the generic cavity? name and species name are the same, is called Tautonymy. A: During the embryonic development of the coelomates, the Eg:- 1)Axis axis – spotted deer, 2)Naja naja – The Indian Cobra blastocoel is replaced by a true coelom derived from the 5. Differentiate between Protostomia and Deuterostomia. mesoderm. So, the true coelom is also called ‘the secondary A: Protostomia are the organisms in which blastopore body cavity. develops into the mouth. 6. What are retroperitoneal organs? Deuterostomia are the organisms in which blastopore A: Certain organs such as the kidneys of the vertebrates are develops into the anus, the mouth is formed later. covered by the parietal peritoneum only on their ventral 6. What does ICZN stand for? side. Such a peritoneum is called the ‘retroperitoneum’ and A: ICZN stands for ‘International Code of Zoological the organs lined by it are called ‘retroperitoneal organs. Nomenclature. 7. Distinguish between exocrine and endocrine glands with 7. What is ecological diversity? Mention the different types of examples. ecological diversities. A: a. Exocrine glands are provided with ducts. Secrete mucus, A: Diversity at a higher level of organization, i.e., at the saliva, earwax, enzymes. ecosystem level is called ‘Ecological diversity. b. Endocrine glands are ductless and their products are The other ecological diversities are Alpha, Beta, and Gama hormones that are not sent out via ducts but are carried to diversities. the target organs by blood. Ex: Pituitary gland. 8. Define species richness. 8. Distinguish between holocrine and apocrine glands. A: The more the number of species in an area (unit area) the a. Apocrine glands in which the apical part of the gland cell in more species richness. pinched off along with the secretory product. Ex: Mammary 9. Mention any two products of medicinal importance glands. obtained from Nature. b. Holocrine glands, in which the entire cell disintegrates to a.Quinine – Malaria drug obtained from bark of Cinchona discharge the contents. Ex: Sebaceous glands. officinalis 9. Mention any two substances secreted by mast cells and b.Vinblastin - Anticancer drug from the plant Vinca rosea their functions. c.Digitalin - from fox glove plant. i. heparin – an anticoagulant, 10. List out any four sacred groves in India. ii. histamine, bradykinin – vasodilators, i.Khasi and Jaintia Hills – Meghalaya iii. serotonin – vasoconstrictor. ii.Aravalli Hills – Rajasthan and Gujarat 10. Distinguish between a tendon and a ligament. iii.Sarguja, Bastar – Chhattisgarh A: Tendons are connective tissue which attaches the skeletal iv.Chanda – Madhya Pradesh muscles to bones. 11. Write the full form of IUCN. In which book threatened Ligaments are connective tissue which attach bones to other species are enlisted. bones. A: IUCN – International Union for the Conservation of Nature 11. Distinguish between brown fat and white fat. and Natural Resources. A: White fat: It is the predominant type in adults. All the threatened species are enlisted in the Red Data Book the adipocyte has a single large lipid droplet. 1 Published by IUCN. White fat is metabolically not active. Page Chapter 2: Structural Organisation in Animals Brown fat: It is found in foetuses and infants. 1. What is monaxial heteropolar symmetry? Name the group Adipocyte of Brown fat has several small ‘lipid droplets’ of animals in which it is the principal symmetry. metabolically active and generates heat to maintain body A: When any plane passing through the central axis of the temperature required by infants. Prepared By: Naresh Swargam, M.Sc.,B.Ed,TS.SET, GGJC SIDDIPET  12. What is the strongest cartilage? In which regions of the A: In a unipolar neuron, the soma or cyton is found in the human body, do you find it? dorsal root ganglion they are called pseudounipolar neurons. A: The fibrous cartilage is the strongest of all types of These are found in spinal nerves. cartilage. It occurs in the intervertebral discs and pubic Chapter 3 Animal Diversity-I: Invertebrate Phyla symphysis of the pelvis. 1. What are the functions of the canal system of sponges? 13. Distinguish between osteoblasts and osteoclasts. A: The functions of the canal system of a sponge are gathering A: Osteoblasts are immature bone cells that secrete the of food, respiratory exchange of gases, and removal of organic components of the matrix and also play an important wastes. role in the mineralization of bone and become Osteocytes. 2. What are the two chief morphological ‘body forms’ of Osteoclasts are phagocytic cells involved in the resorption of cnidarians? What are their chief functions? bone. A: The body form of Cnidarians is polyp and medusa. 14. Define Osteon. Polyp produces medusae by asexual reproduction. Medusae A: In compact bone structure, a Haversian canal and the produce polyps by sexual reproduction. surrounding lamellae and lacunae are collectively called a 3. What is metagenesis? Animals belonging to which phylum Haversian system or Osteon. exhibit metagenesis? 15. What are Volkmann’s canals? What is their role? A: Cnidarians which exist in both polyp and medusa forms A: In compact bone structure, the Haversian canals exhibit alternation of generations is called metagenesis. communicate with one another, with the periosteum and also Polyp produces medusae by asexual reproduction. Medusae with the marrow cavity by transverse or oblique canals called produce polyps by sexual reproduction. Volkmann’s canals. Eg: Obelia 16. What is a Sesamoid bone? Give an example. 4. What are the excretory cells of flatworms called? What is A: Sesamoid bones are formed by ossification in tendons. the other important function of these specialized cells? Eg: Patella (Knee cap) A: The excretory cells of flatworms are flame cells. 17. What is lymph? How does it differ from plasma? Another important function of these specialized cells is A: Lymph is a colourless fluid. It lacks RBC, platelets, and large osmoregulation. plasma proteins, but has more number of leucocytes. It is 5. Distinguish between amphids and phasmids. chiefly composed of plasma and lymphocytes. A: Amphids: These are the cuticular depressions present 18. What is the hematocrit value? around oral region performing Chemoreceptor function. A: The percentage of the total volume occupied by RBCs in Phasmids: posterior glandulo sensory structures. Both are the blood is called the hematocrit value. found in Nematods. 19. What are intercalated discs? What is their significance? 6. What do you call the locomotor structures of Nereis? Why A: The dark lines across cardiac muscle are called intercalated is Nereis called a polychaete? discs (IDS). These discs are highly characteristic of the cardie A: Locomotor structures of Nereis are parapodia. The muscle. parapodia bear many setae that help in locomotion hence the 20. “Cardiac muscle is highly resistant to fatigue”. Justify. name Polychaeta. A: The cardiac muscle is highly resistant to fatigue because it 7. What is botryoidal tissue? has numerous acrosomes, many molecules of myoglobin A: The coelom of Leech is filled with a characteristic tissue (Oxygen storing pigment), and a copious supply of blood called botryoidal tissue; it is resembling a bunch of grapes. which facilitate continuous aerobic respiration. They range from excretion to storage of iron, calcium, and 21. Distinguish between ‘nucleus’ and ‘ganglion’ with respect revascularization in areas of injury. to the nervous system. 8. What do you call the first and second pairs of cephalic A: A group of cell bodies in the Central Nervous System is appendages of a scorpion? called a ‘nucleus’, and in the Peripheral Nervous System, it is A: Chelicerae and Pedipalpi. called a ‘ganglion’. 9. What are the respiratory structures of Limulus and 22. Distinguish between tracts and nerves with respect to the Palamnaeus respectively? nervous system. A: The respiratory structures of Limulus are book gills, and in A: Groups of axons (nerve fibres) in the central nervous palamnaeus are book-lungs. system (CNS) are called tracts’ and in the peripheral nervous 10. What are antennae? What is the arthropod group without system (PNS) they are called ‘nerves’ antennae? 23. Distinguish between white matter and grey matter of A: Antennae are the sensory organs, present in Arthropods. ‘CNS’. Antennae are absent in Chelicerata, present in Mandibulata A: Myelinated nerve fibres occur in the white matter of the organisms. CNS, and in most peripheral nerves, and non-myelinated 11. Which arthropod, you have studied, is called a living fossil? axons are commonly found in the grey matter of the CNS and Name its respiratory organs. autonomous nervous system. A: Limulus is called as living fossil; Its respiratory organs are 24. What are microglia and what is their origin add a note on 2 book-gills. their function. Page 12. What is the function of the radula? Give the name of the A: Microglial cells are the Neuroglia of cells of CNS which are group of molluscs that do not possess a radula. phagocytic cells, of mesodermal origin. A: The buccal cavity of Molluscs contains a file-like rasping 25. What are pseudo unipolar neurons? Where do you find organ called radula for feeding, except for the bivalves and them? tusk of Molluscs. Prepared By: Naresh Swargam, M.Sc.,B.Ed,TS.SET, GGJC SIDDIPET  13. What is the other name for the gill of a mollusc? What is 10. Name two poisonous and non-poisonous snakes found in the function of osphradium? south India. A: The other name for the gill of a mollusc is Ctenidia. The A: Poisonous Snakes:1. Naja naja (Cobra) 2. Bungarus (Krait) main function of Osphradium is to test the purity of water. Non-poisonous Snake: 1. Ptyas (rat snake) 2. Tropidonotus 14. What is Aristotle’s lantern? Give one example of an (grass snake). animal possessing it? 11. Name the four extraembryonic membranes. A: In the mouth of the sea Urchin a complex five Jawed A: The extraembryonic membranes namely amnion, allantois, masticatory apparatus called Aristotle’s Lantern. Ex: Echinus. chorion, and yolk sac. 15. What is the essential difference between the Juveniles and 12. What are Jacobson’s organs? What is their function? adults of echinoderms, symmetry-wise? A: Jacobson’s organs are the specialized olfactory structures, A: The adult echinoderms are radially symmetrical that are highly developed in lizards and snakes. (pentamerous radial symmetry), but Juveniles (Larvae) are 13. What are pneumatic bones? How do they help birds? bilaterally Symmetrical. A: The main bones in birds are hollow with air cavities are 16. What are blood glands in pheretima? called pneumatic bones. These are helpful in flying birds by A: Blood glands are present in the 4th, 5th, and 6th segments reducing body weight. of pheretima. They produce blood cells and haemoglobin 14. What is a ‘wishbone? What are the skeletal components which is dissolved in the plasma. that form it? 17. What are spermathecae on the body of pheretima? A: In birds, both the clavicles are fused with the A: In Pheretima there are four pairs of spermathecae are interclavicular to form a ‘V-shaped bone, called furcula or located in the segments 6th to 9th as one pair in each ‘wish hone’ or ‘Merrythought bone’. segment. This receives and stores spermatozoa during 15. Distinguish between altricial and precocial hatchlings. copulation. A: Altricial: Young ones of flying birds hatchlings are altricial. Chapter 4: Animal Diversity-II: Phylum Chordata Precocial: Young ones of flightless bird hatchlings are 1. Write four salient features of cyclostomes. precocial. o Cyclostomes are jawless aquatic forms. 16. How does a mature RBC of a mammal differ from that of o The body is scaleless, long, slender, and eel-like in shape. other vertebrates? o Endoskeleton is cartilaginous. A: In mammals, mature RBC is enucleated and biconcave. o The mouth is circular and suctorial, hence they are called In other vertebrates RBC is nucleate. Cyclostomes. Ex: Petromyzon. 17. Name the three meninges. In which group of animals do 2. Name the type of caudal fin and scales that are present in a you find all of them? Shark and Catla respectively. A: Mammals have three meninges. They are the outer dura A: Shark: The caudalfin is heterocercal and scales are placoid. mater, middle arachnoid mater, and inner piameter. Catla: The caudal fin is homocercal and scales are cycloid. 18. Name the vertebrate groups in which ‘renal portal system’ 3. What is the importance of air bladder in fish? is absent. A: Fishes have an ‘air bladder’ acting as a ‘hydrostatic organ’ A: The renal portal system is absent in Aves (birds) in helping the fish float easily at the desired level without much vertebrate animals. expenditure of energy. Chapter 5: Locomotion and Reproduction in Protozoa 4. How do you justify the statement ‘heart in fishes is a 1. Draw a labelled diagram of the T.S of the flagellum. branchial heart’? A: The heart of fish is two-chambered and is described as a branchial heart as it supplies blood only to the gills. 5. What are claspers? Which group of fishes possesses them? A: In male cartilaginous fishes, pelvic fins bear claspers to facilitate internal fertilization. Ex: Chondrichthyes fishes possess Claspers. 6. How do you distinguish a male frog from a female frog? A: The male frog can be distinguished by the presence of 2. What is a kinety? sound amplifying vocal sacs and a copulatory pad on the first A: In the ciliate protozoans, a longitudinal row of digit of each forelimb. These are absent in females. kinetosomes together with kinetodesmata constitute a unit 7. What is a ‘force pump’ in a frog? Why is named so? called kinety. A: In frogs, during pulmonary respiration, the 3. What are dynein arms? What is their significance? buccopharyngeal cavity acts like a ‘force pump’. Due to the A: ‘A’ tube of each peripheral doublet bears paired arms along elevation of the buccopharyngeal cavity the air forces the its length called dynein arms made up of protein dynein. glottis to open and enter the lungs. The dynein arms of the ‘A’ tubule face the tubule ‘B’ of the 8. What are corporabigemina? Mention their chief function. adjacent doublet. A: Midbrain is represented by a pair of optic lobes called 3 4. List any two differences between a flagellum and a cilium. Page corpora bigemina. The optic lobes are associated with the Flagellum sense of sight. 1. Flagellum helps in locomotion only. 9. Distinguish between milt and spawn. 2. Flagella originate at anterior end. A: Spawn: the mass of eggs released by the female 3. Flagellum is long whip like. Milt: the mass of sperms released by male during amplexus. 4. Flagellum produces undular movement Prepared By: Naresh Swargam, M.Sc.,B.Ed,TS.SET, GGJC SIDDIPET  Cilium A: Some cause abnormal growth of the host cells in a tissue to 1. Cilium helps in locomotion and feeding and acts as sensory form new structures. This effect is called Neoplasia which structures. leads to cancers. 2. All over the body or confined to peristome. Ex: Some Viruses (HPV) 3. Cilium is short hair like. 5. Entamoeba histolytica is an obligatory anaerobe justify. 4. Cilium produces pendular movement. A: The absence of mitochondria indicates the obligate 5. Distinguish between synchronous and metachronous anaerobic nature of Entamoeba histolytica. movements. 6. A person is suffering from bowel irregularity, abdominal A: Synchronous movement: Cilia in a transverse row beat pain, blood and mucus in stool, etc. Based on these simultaneously in one direction. It is called synchronous symptoms, name the disease and its causative organism. movement. 1.The disease is Amoebiasis. Metachronous movement: The sequential movement of cilia, 2.The causative agent is the Trophozoite of “Entamoeba in a longitudinal row, one after the other in one direction is histolytica”. called metachronous movement. 7. Define ‘asymptomatic cyst passers’ with reference to 6. Why do we refer to the offspring, formed by the asexual Entamoeba histolytica. method of reproduction, as a clone? A: Some people do not exhibit any symptoms; such people are A: As a result of the asexual method, the offsprings are, not called carriers of asymptomatic cyst passers as their stand only identical to one another but also exact copies of their contains the tetranuclear cysts. They help in spreading the parent. The term ‘clone’ is used to describe such parasites to their persons. morphologically and genetically similar individuals. 8. Define the prepatent period. What is its duration in the life 7. Distinguish between proter and opisthe. cycle of plasmodium vivax? A: During transverse binary fission in Paramecium two A: The interval between the first entry of plasmodium into the daughters, individuals are formed. The anterior one is called blood in the form of sporozoites and the second entry of proter and the posterior is called opisthe. plasmodium into the blood in the form of Cryptozoits is called 8. How is sexual reproduction advantageous in evolution? a prepatent period. It lasts approximately 8 days. A: Sexual reproduction results the advantageous in evolution 9. Define incubation period. What is its duration in the life in genetic recombination occurs in sexual reproduction. cycle of Plasmodium vivax? 9. Distinguish between lobopodium and filopodium. Give an A: The period between the entry of Plasmodium into the example to each of them. blood in the form of sporozoite and the first appearance of A: Lobopodium: The blunt and finger-like pseudopodia is symptoms of malaria in man is called the incubation period called lobopodium. Ex: Amoeba which is approximately 10 to 14 days. Filopodium: The fibre-like filamentous pseudopodia is called 10. What are Schuffner’s dots? What is their significance? as filopodium. Ex: Euglypha A: Small red coloured dots appear in the cytoplasm of the RBC 10. Define conjugation with reference to ciliates. Give two known as Schuffner’s dots. These are believed to be the examples. antigens released by the plasmodium (Malaria) parasites. A: Conjugation is a temporary union between two senile 11. What are hemozoin granules? What is their significance? ciliates that belong to two different ‘mating types’ for the A: The malaria parasite digests the globin part of the ingested exchange of nuclear material and its reorganization. haemoglobin and converts the soluble haem into insoluble Ex: Paramecium and Vorticella. crystalline hemozoin. It is called the ‘malaria pigment’. Chapter 6: Biology in Human Welfare 12. What is exflagellation and what are the resultant products 1. Define parasitism and justify this term. called? A: An intimate association between two organisms of different A: Male gametes show lashing movements like flagella and get species in which ‘one is benefited and the other one is often separated from the cytoplasm of microgametocyte. This adversely affected is called parasitism. process is called exflagellation and resultant products are The word parasitism comes from the Greek word ‘parasitos’ called male (or) microgametes. (Para-at the side of Sitos – food or grain) which means one 13. Why is the syngamy found in plasmodium called eating at another one’s table. anisogamy? 2. What is a hyperparasite? Mention the name of one hyper- A: Since two gametes are dissimilar in size, the syngamy parasite. found in plasmodium is called anisogamy. A: A parasite which lives in/on the body of another parasite 14. Describe the methods of biological control of mosquitoes. is called a Hyper parasite. A: Introduction of larvivorous fishes like Gambusia, and Ex: Nosema notabilis (a cnidosporan) is a parasite in insectivorous plants like Utricularia into the places where Sphaerospora polymorpha (a cnidosporan parasite in the mosquitoes breed. urinary bladder of the toadfish). 15.The eggs of Ascaris are called “mammillated eggs. Justify it. 3. What do you mean by parasitic castration? Give one A: Each egg of Ascaris is surrounded by a protein coat with a example. rippled surface. Hence the eggs of Ascaris are called 4 “mammilated eggs”. Page A: Some parasites cause the degeneration of gonads of the host making it sterile. This effect is called parasitic castration. 16. What is meant by nocturnal periodicity with reference to eg: Sacculina (root-headed barnacle, a crustacean) causes the the life history of a nematode parasite you have studied? degeneration of ovaries in the crab Carcinus maenas. A: Microfilaria larvae of W.brancrofti migrate to the peripheral 4. Define Neoplasia. Give one example. Prepared By: Naresh Swargam, M.Sc.,B.Ed,TS.SET, GGJC SIDDIPET  blood circulation during nighttime between 10 P.M – 4 A.M. A: Trichomes are small hair-like structures of spiracles. This tendency is called nocturnal periodicity. Function: Filtering the dust particles. 17. Distinguish between lymphadenitis and lymphangitis. 10. Why is the respiratory system of cockroaches called Lymphadenitis: Inflammation in the lymph glands is called polytheistic and holocaustic systems? lymphadenitis. A: The spiracles of cockroaches are more in number (10 pairs) Lymphangitis: Inflammation in the lymph vessels is called and all are functional so the respiratory system of cockroaches lymphangitis. is called polytheistic and holocaustic systems. 18. In which way does tobacco affect respiration? Name the 11. What is intima? alkaloid found in tobacco. A: A cuticle layer that forms the inner layer of trachea is called A: Tobacco increases the carbon monoxide (CO) level and intima. reduces the oxygen level in the blood. The alkaloid found in 12. What is ‘storage excretion’? tobacco is “Nicotine”. A: Urate cells present in the fat bodies absorb and store uric 19. Define drug abuse. acid throughout life. This is called “storage excretion”. A: When drugs are used for a purpose other than medicinal 13. How is the ommatidium of cockroaches different from that use is called drug abuse. of diurnal insects? 20. From which substances ‘Smack’ and ‘coke’ are obtained? A: Retinulae are present deep below the vitrallae and A: Smack is obtained from acetylation of morphine, which is crystalline cone. The retinal sheath is absent. extracted from the opium poppy plant. 14. Which of the abdominal ganglia is the largest and why? Coke is the common name for “Cocaine”. It is obtained from A: 6th abdominal ganglia are the largest of all the abdominal the coca plant (Erythroxylum coca). ganglia because it is formed by the fusion of the ganglia of the 21. Why are cannabinoids and anabolic steroids banned in 7th, 8th, 9th & 10th abdominal segments. sports and games? 15. Name the structural and functional unit of the compound A: These days some sports persons take drugs such as eye of the cockroach. How many such units are present in a cannabinoids and anabolic steroids to enhance their single compound eye? performance (Doping) and abuse of such drugs also causes A: Each compound eye is composed of about 2000 functional side effects that’s why such drugs are banned in sports and units called ommatidia. games. 16. Distinguish between apposition image and superposition Chapter 7: Type Study of Periplaneta Americana (Cockroach) image. 1. Why is the head in cockroach called hypognathous? Apposition: A: It lies hinging almost a right angles to the body with the 1. These images are formed in diurnal insects. posterior wider part upwards and the mouth parts directed 2. Mosaic image is formed. downwards. 3. Vision is mosaic. 2. How is a tripod formed with reference to locomotion in Superposition cockroach? 1. These images are formed in nocturnal insects. A: Tripod is formed by foreleg and hind leg of one side middle 2. Overlapping (Blurred) image formed. leg of other side. The fore leg and hind leg of the tripod kept 3. Vision is not clear. on the ground, pull and push the body, while the middle leg 17. What is the function of the mushroom gland in acts as a pivot. cockroaches? A: A characteristic mushroom-shaped gland is present in the 3. Which part of the gut secretes the peritrophic membrane in 6th and 7th abdominal segments which functions as an cockroach? accessory reproductive gland. A: Peritrophic membrane is secreted by the funnel like 18. Compare the utriculi majors and utriculi breviores of the stomodel valve of the gizzard of midgut. mushroom gland functionally. 4. What are alary muscles? A: Utriculi majores forms the inner layer of the A: A services of paired triangular muscles that are present in spermatophore. the dorsal and ventral diaphragm. Utriculi breviores nourish the sperms. 5. What is haemocoel? 19. What is paurometabolous development? A: In cockroach blood (or) haemolymph flows freely with in A: Gradual development (metamorphosis) through nymph the body cavity (or) haemocoel. stages is called “parametabolous development”. 6. Why is the blood of Periplaneta called haemolymph? Ex: Periplaneta A: The blood of periplaneta is colourless and it consists of fluid Chapter 8: Ecology and Environment plasma and blood cells. Hence blood of periplaneta is called haemolymph. 1. Define the term “ecology” and its branches. 7. Why does not the blood of Periplaneta help in respiration? A: The word ‘ecology’ was derived from the Greek terms A: Due to the absence of respiratory pigment the blood of (‘Oikos house and ‘logos’ – ‘study’) and it can be defined as cockroach can’t carry oxygen to different tissues. “the study of the relationship of organisms with their 8. Write important functions of blood in Periplaneta. environment”. 5 2. What is an ecosystem? Page A: 1. It absorbs digest food from alimentary canal and distributes it to the rest of the body. A: An ecosystem is a functional unit of the biosphere in which 2. It transports secretions of the ductless glands to the target members of the community interact among themselves and organs. with the surrounding environment. 9. What are trichomes? Write their functions. 3. Distinguish between ecosystem and biome. Ecosystem: Prepared By: Naresh Swargam, M.Sc.,B.Ed,TS.SET, GGJC SIDDIPET  1. Level of organization above the level of the biological on the back of a whale benefit while the whale derives no community landscape. noticeable benefit. 2. It can be as small as an aquarium/tiny puddle. 14. Define mutualism. Give one example. 3. Functional unit of the biosphere A: This is the interaction that benefits both the interacting Biome: species. 1. Level of organization above the level. Ex: Lichens represent an intimate mutualistic relationship 2. It occupies a vast region. between a fungus and photosynthesizing algae. 3. Large community of plants and animals. 15. Define amensalism. Give one example. 4. Explain the difference between the ‘niche’ of an organism A: Amensalism is an interaction in which one species is and its ‘habitat’. harmed whereas the other one is unaffected. Eg: pencillin Habitat: 1. It is the place in which an organism lives. 2. It is killing the bacteria. comparable to the address of a person. 16. What is meant by interspecific competition? Give one Niche: 1. Functional role of an organism in an ecosystem. 2. It example. is comparable to the profession of a person. A: A process in which the fitness of one species is significantly 5. How do the fish living in Antarctic waters manage to keep lower in the presence of another species is called interspecific their body fluids from freezing? competition. A: During the course of millions of years of their existence, Ex: Competition between visiting flamingos and resident fishes many species (fish) would have evolved a relatively constant in shallow South American lakes. internal (within body) environment so it permits all 17. What is camouflage? Give its significance. biochemical reactions and physiological reactions to proceed A: Some species of insects and frogs are cryptically coloured to with maximal efficiency and thus, enhance the overall avoid being detected easily by the predator. This phenomenon “fitness” of the species. is called “Camouflage”. 6. How does your body solve the problem of altitude sickness, 18. Distinguish between neuston and nekton. when you ascend tall mountains? A: Neuston: The animals living at the air-water interface A: The body compensates for low oxygen availability by constitute the “neuston”. Ex: Water strides beetles, the larva increasing red blood cell production and increasing the rate of of mosquitoes. breathing. Nekton: The animals capable of swimming constitute the 7. Distinguish the terms phototaxis and photokinesis. “nekton”. Ex: Water scorpion, back swimmer, diving beetles. A: Phototaxis: is the oriented locomotion of an organism 19. Explaining the process of “leaching”. towards or away from the direction of light. Ex: As seen in A: When the water-soluble inorganic nutrients go down into Euglena the soil and get precipitated as unavailable salts that entire Photokinesis: is the influence of light on the non-directional process is called “leaching”. movement of organisms. Ex: Mussel crab 20. What is PAR? 8. What are circadian rhythms? A: PAR means “Photosynthetically Active Radiation”. A: Biological rhythms that occur in a time period of 24 hours 21. What is the percentage of PAR, in the incident solar are called circadian rhythms. radiation? 9. What is photoperiodism? A: Of the incident solar radiation, less than 50% of it is PAR. A: The response of organisms to the photoperiod is called 22. Define entropy. photoperiodism. A: As per the second law of thermodynamics, the energy Ex: Reproduction of flowers, migration of birds. dispersed is in the form of unavailable heat energy and 10. Distinguish between photoperiod and critical photoperiod. constitutes entropy. A: Photoperiod: The duration of light hours is known as a 23. What is a standing crop? photoperiod. A: Each trophic level has a certain mass of living material at a Critical photoperiod: The specific day length which is essential particular time and it is called the “Standing crop”. for the initiation of seasonal events is called critical 24. Which air pollutants are chiefly responsible for acid photoperiod. rains? 11. Mention the advantages of some UV rays to us. A: Sulphur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides are the major UV radiation kills the microorganisms present on the body causes of acid rain. surface of animals. 25. What is BOD? UV radiation helps in the conversion of sterols present in A: BOD means Biological Oxygen Demand. It is a measure of the skin into vitamin D in mammals. the content of biologically degradable substances in sewage. 12. What is cyclomorphosis? Explain its importance in 26. What is biological magnification? Daphnia. A: An increase in the concentration of the pollutant (or) A: The cyclic seasonal morphological variations among certain toxicant at successive trophic levels in an aquatic food chain is organisms are called “Cyclomorphosis”. called ‘Bio-magnification’. In the case of Daphnia, it is an adaptation to “stabilize the 27. Why are incinerators used in hospitals? 6 movement” in water and can “resist the water currents A: Disposal of hospital wastes that contain disinfectants, Page better” to stay in the water rich in food materials. harmful chemicals, and also pathogenic micro-organisms 13. Define commensalism. Give one example. incinerators are used in hospitals. A: This is the interaction in which one species benefits and the other is neither harmed nor benefited. Ex: Barnacles growing ******* Prepared By: Naresh Swargam, M.Sc.,B.Ed,TS.SET, GGJC SIDDIPET