Hematology - 1st Lecture, 2nd Semester 20.1.2025 PDF

**1st lecture , 2nd semester** **Proph. Dr. Hadi J. Suhail** **20.1.2025** **Hematology** The word of hematology comes from two words, the Greek haima (means blood) and logos (means study); therefore, hematology is the science of study blood cells components and coagulation. is the study of the...

**1st lecture , 2nd semester** **Proph. Dr. Hadi J. Suhail** **20.1.2025** **Hematology** The word of hematology comes from two words, the Greek haima (means blood) and logos (means study); therefore, hematology is the science of study blood cells components and coagulation. is the study of the physiology of the blood , is the branch of medicine concerned with the study of the cause, prognosis, treatment, and prevention of diseases related to blood. and is the science or study of blood, blood-forming organs, and blood diseases. **Blood:** Nutritive fluid that circulates through the circulatory system to supply oxygen and nutrients. Blood is a fluid connective tissue, a variety of specialized cells that circulate in a watery fluid containing salts, nutrients, and dissolved proteins in a liquid extracellular matrix. Blood contains formed elements derived from bone marrow. **Physical features of blood:** 1-Color: red because contain hemoglobin on RBC surface 2-Temperature: it has same degree of body 37C˚ 3-Density: which depend on solutes concentration in plasma of blood and cellular concentration (RBC, WBC, platelets) in whole blood. Normal values of density: Male: 1.057 \-\-- 1.067 gm/cm3 Female: 1.051 \-\-- 1.061 gm/cm3 4-Viscosity: that result from friction of blood with vessels wall, and depend on proteins concentration (specialized fibrinogen) Normal values of viscosity: 5-6 times more than water, measure by m2 /sec 5-Osmotic pressure: which come from crystals of salts in plasma and it\'s important to maintain equilibrium between salts and liquid between inside and outside (blood vessles) of cells, osmotic pressure for plasma 5000 \-\-- 5200 mm/hg. 6-Power of hydrogen (PH): blood is alkaline in normal range, artery blood has 7.4, but in vein 7.35, and in cell blood has 7 -- 7.2 because CO2. Department of Medical Laboratory Techniques Hematology / Theoretical Dr. Karrar Salih Mahdi Lecturer 1 Introduction to Hematology 3 7-Volume: 5-6 L in adults (Infants have a larger blood volume in proportion to body weight than adults). **Functions of blood:** 1- Respiratory: transport O2 from lungs tissues to all cells of body by artery, also transport CO2 from body cells to lungs. 2- Nutritive: also blood transport nutrition from digestive system to cells and deliver metabolic wastes to decretory organs. 3- Regulation of body temperature: distributed heating energy in all body by movement in all blood vessels. 4- Regulation of metabolism: by transport hormones from manufactured place to all body cells that regulated catabolism and anabolism. 5- Defenses: this function specialized for WBC, which have ability to engulfs microbes, also blood contain important antibodies against antigen. 6- Water balances: transport and excretion high amount of water from kidney and urinary tract. 7- Buffering: regulate concentration of hydrogen ions, by contain specific components for process. **Blood contain plasma, cells and platelets:** **1-Plasma:** is yellow liquid part of blood which contain cells of blood and configure 55% from blood, have density 1.027 gm/cm3. Components of plasma: a-Water: 90% b-Organic materials: 9% that include: Proteins (albumin 55%, globulin 38% and fibrinogen 7%) configure 8-6% from plasma. Non-protein materials include secretary materials (such as creatinine and uric acid) and nutrition (such as glucose and lipid). c-Non-organic materials: includes ions such as (Fe++, K, Na, Ca, Mg, Cl- and HCO3). **2-Cells:** **a- Erythrocyte (Red blood cells RBC):** that wrong called cells because don\'t has features of cells, don\'t has nucleus, it biconcave shaped, it was get energy by anaerobic oxidation of glucose because doesn't contain mitochondria, which has very important rolls in the life because contain hemoglobin (gave red color) that responsible for gases transport (O2 and CO2) to survive. Normal value of RBC: (number of cell per million in one milliliter of blood sample) Male: 4.7 -- 6.1 million/mil. Female: 4.2 -- 5.4 million/mil. **b- Leucocyte (White blood cells WBC):** the normal range of WBC 4000-11000 cell/mm3 include two types: granular (basophil, neutrophil and acidophil) and a granular (monocyte and lymphocyte). **c-platelets:** circular bodies, unlike cells that don't contain nucleus and other organelles, normal value of: 150,000 - 450,000 plt per microliter or 150 -- 400 × 109 / L. **The role of hematopoiesis:** Cellular pathways Mature Effector Cells :\ **Red Cells:** carry oxygen, carbon dioxide; lifespan 120 days. **Neutrophils:** phagocytosis, killing. **Lymphocytes:** identify cells as self or non self. **Monocytes:** phagocytosis, killing, antigen presentation. **Platelets:** hemostasis. **The cellular pathways of hematopoiesis:** Prenatal and neonatal hemopoiesis Progressive hemopoiesis in these organs results from in situ differentiation of circulating stem cells. The liver and spleen are inactive but retain potential to revert to hemopoiesis in diseases of bone marrow Red blood cells survive for about 120 days. White blood cells survive from a few hours to a few days. Platelets survive for about five to nine days. **What happens when there's a problem with hematopoiesis?** The body regulates blood cell production so that will have just the right amount of blood cells. Certain conditions can interfere with hematopoiesis, causing body to have too few or too many blood cells. Having abnormal amounts of blood cells can cause a range of symptoms and conditions. **Red blood cells:** Having too few red blood cells is called **anemia.** You may feel tired or weak because your body's tissues aren't receiving enough oxygen. Having too many blood cells is called **erythrocytosis.** Mild erythrocytosis may cause unpleasant symptoms. In more serious cases, too many red blood cells can cause your blood to become too thick and increase your risk of a heart attack or stroke. **White blood cells:** Having too few white blood cells is called **leukopenia.** A low white blood cell count raises your risk of infections. Having too many white blood cells is called **leukocytosis.** It's usually a sign of an infection. A high white blood cell count may indicate a blood disorder or cancer. **Platelets:** Having too few platelets is called **thrombocytopenia.** This condition may put you at risk of prolonged bleeding and increased bruising. Having too many platelets is called **thrombocytosis.** It can put you at risk of developing serious blood clots.