Prehistoric to Egyptian Architecture PDF

Prehistoric to Egyptian Architecture UM CAFAE  JANUARY, 2020 SUN MON TUES WED THURS FRI SAT 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09...

Prehistoric to Egyptian Architecture UM CAFAE  JANUARY, 2020 SUN MON TUES WED THURS FRI SAT 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 INTRODUCTION History of Architecture “It is a record of man's effort to build beautifully. It traces the origin, growth and decline of architectural styles which have prevailed lands and ages.” INTRODUCTION History of Architecture “A systematic, often chronological narrative of significant events as relating to a particular people, country, or period, often including an explanation of their causes.” INTRODUCTION Historic Styles of Architecture “The particular method, the characteristics, manner of design which prevails at a certain place and time.” INTRODUCTION Building  A basic need  A social act Arki-tekton (Greek)  master builder WHAT IS THE PRIMARY AIM OF ARCHITECTURE? SHELTER INTRODUCTION  ARCHITECTURE had a simple origin in the primitive efforts of mankind to provide protection against inclement weather, wild beasts, and human enemies INTRODUCTION Influences of the Development of Architecture a) Geographical: the study of the Earth and its lands, features, inhabitants, and phenomena b) Geological: the science and study of physical matter that constitutes the earth c) Climatic: encompasses the statistics of temperature, humidity, atmospheric pressure, wind, rainfall, atmospheric particle count and other meteorological elements in a given region over long periods of time d) Religious e) Socio-political f) Historical HISTORICAL TIMELINE OF ARCHITECTURE Egyptian Byzantine Pre-Historic Greek Roman Early Christian Romanesque Gothic Renaissance 18th-19th C: 20th C: Revival Modern Near East Islamic HISTORICAL TIMELINE OF ARCHITECTURE Pre-Historic PREHISTORIC Megalithic Sites in Europe (describes structures made of large stones, utilizing an interlocking system without the use of mortar or cement) PREHISTORIC  Before 9000 BC, nomadic life of hunting & food gathering  The success of the human race was largely due to the development of tools – made of stone, wood,bone Homo habilis, Homo erectus, Homo  By 9000 BC, farming and sapiens, Homo sapiens sapiens agriculture was practiced - fertile soil and plentiful food PREHISTORIC  No organized religion  Respect for the Dead: burial rites & monuments Homo habilis, Homo erectus, Homo sapiens, Homo sapiens sapiens PREHISTORIC 3 CULTURAL STAGES I. STONE AGE a.) Paleolithic (Old Stone Age ) b.) Mesolithic (Middle Stone Age) c.) Neolithic (New Stone Age ) II. BRONZE AGE III. IRON AGE PREHISTORIC STONE AGE a.) Paleolithic (Old Stone Age )  concerned with the origins and development of early human culture between the first appearance of man as a tool-using mammal  man was a food gatherer, depending for his subsistence on hunting wild animals and birds, fishing, and collecting wild fruits, nuts,and berries PREHISTORIC STONE AGE b.) Mesolithic (Middle Stone Age)  gradual domestication of plants and animals and the formation of settled communities at various times and places c.) Neolithic (New Stone Age )  domestication of plants and animals  development of pottery, polished stone tools are more complex, larger settlements such as Çatal Hüyük and Jericho PREHISTORIC 3 CULTURAL STAGES II. BRONZE AGE - Innovation of the technique of smelting ore - A period of human history that began c. 4000-3000 BCE, following the Stone age and preceding the Iron age. III. IRON AGE -prevalent use of iron -introduction of alphabetic characters, and the consequent development of written language which enabled literature and historic record PREHISTORIC: ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER MATERIALS  Animal skins & bones, trees & plants, stones & rocks CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM  Existing or excavated caves  Megalithic, most evident in France, England and Ireland PREHISTORIC: ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER DECORATION  Caves paintings  Sculpture Lascaux Cave,France PREHISTORIC 3 CLASSIFICATIONS OF EARLY KNOWN TYPES OF ARCHITECTURE 1. Primitive Dwellings 2. Religious Monuments 3. Burial Grounds PREHISTORIC: PRIMITIVE DWELLINGS  Hunters and fishermen - rock caves, (manifestly the earliest form of human dwellings) PREHISTORIC: PRIMITIVE DWELLINGS  Tillers of the soil - arbours of trees, and from them fashioned huts of wattle and daub WIGWAM - An American Indian dwelling, usually of round or oval shape, formed of poles overlaid with bark, rush mats, or animal skins. PREHISTORIC: PRIMITIVE DWELLINGS  Shepherds - coverings of skins which only had to be raised on posts to form tents. TIPI/TEPEE/TEEPEE - A tent of American Indians, made of animal skins laid on a conical frame of long poles and having an opening at the top for ventilation and a flap door. PREHISTORIC: PRIMITIVE DWELLINGS TRULLO - A traditional rendered stone dwelling in Apulia, southern Italy, in which square chambers are roofed with conical vaulted roofs. PREHISTORIC: PRIMITIVE DWELLINGS HOGAN - A Navaho Indian dwelling constructed usually of earth and logs and covered with mud and sod. PREHISTORIC: PRIMITIVE DWELLINGS IGLOO - An Eskimo house, usually built of blocks of hard snow or ice in the shape of a dome, or when permanent, of sod, wood, or stone PREHISTORIC: RELIGIOUS MONUMENTS MENHIR  single, large upright monolith  arranged in parallel rows, sometimes reaching several miles and consisting of thousands of stones  memorial of victory over one tribe PREHISTORIC: RELIGIOUS MONUMENTS DOLMEN  tomb of standing stone usually consisting of three or more upright stones capped with a large flat horizontal capstone  PREHISTORIC: RELIGIOUS MONUMENTS DOLMEN‘s VARIATIONS COVE TRILITHON  Three standing  A structure stones, two on the consisting of two sides and one at upright stones the back. supporting a horizontal lintel. PREHISTORIC: RELIGIOUS MONUMENTS CROMLECH  enclosure formed by huge stones planted on the ground in circular form PREHISTORIC: RELIGIOUS MONUMENTS CROMLECH  Stonehenge  Salsburry, England PREHISTORIC: RELIGIOUS MONUMENTS RECONSTRUCTED PLAN OF STONEHENGE, ENGLAND  made up of concentric rings with the following: a) Outer ring – 106 ft. in diameter b) Isolated blue stone c) Innermost circle d) Smaller blue stone PREHISTORIC: RELIGIOUS MONUMENTS  Known in the 12th century as “Dance of the Giants”  Known today as the “Sarcen Circle”  Druids celebrating summer solstice PREHISTORIC: BURIAL MONUMENTS TUMULUS (PASSAGE GRAVE)/ BARROW  mound of earth & stones raised over a grave or graves of ordinary persons  dominant tomb type  has corridor lined with large stone slabs leading to a circular chamber with corbelled vault  prototype of Egyptian pyramids  PREHISTORIC: EARLY CITIES Ice Age to the Neolithic Age; the earth’s climate warmed up.  As settlements became more permanent, hunters started farming communities.  New architecture was also developed to represent communal and spiritual values.  PREHISTORIC: EARLY CITIES JERICHO  One of the world's oldest city.  A hilltop city; citizens lived in stone houses with plaster floors, surrounded by high walls and towers. Aerial view showing the ruins of Tell es-Sultan. Jordan.  PREHISTORIC: EARLY CITIES KHIROKITIA  One of the earliest Neolithic village.  Utilized a complex architectural system built according to a preconceived plan, suggesting a structured social organization. The ruins of the Khirokitia in Cyprus  PREHISTORIC: EARLY CITIES KHIROKITIA  Houses, built in limestone, had a circular plan, the exterior diameter of which varied from about 2 to 9 meters. Partial modern-day reconstruction of Khirokitia, Cyprus.  PREHISTORIC: EARLY CITIES ÇATAL HÜYÜK - Largest and most well- preserved Neolithic village. - Consisted of rectangular flat- roofed houses packed together into a single architectural mass - No streets or passageways The Catal Huyuk when it was discovered.  PREHISTORIC: EARLY CITIES DAMASCUS - Oldest continually inhabited city. Boundary of Damascus HISTORICAL TIMELINE OF ARCHITECTURE Pre-Historic Near East NEAR EAST 4000 BC to 4th century NEAR EAST: GEOGRAPHICAL INFLUENCE  Near East/ West Asiatic Architecture flourished & developed in the Twin Rivers “Tigris & Euphrates ”  also known as “Mesopotamia” (refers to Persia, Assyria & Babylon) GREEK: mesos = middle; potamos = river NEAR EAST: GEOGRAPHICAL INFLUENCE  One of the earliest seats of civilization,  great fertility  cradle and tomb of nations and empires  The plain of Mesopotamia, once the seat of a high civilization, was irrigated by numerous canals between the two rivers, and was highly cultivated, supporting an immense population round Nineveh and Babylon. NEAR EAST: GEOLOGICAL INFLUENCE Chaldea or Lower Mesopotamia  alluvial - thick mud or clay  usual building material - soil made into bricks  ordinary sundried bricks - general body of the walls  "kiln-burnt" and sometimes glazed or vitrified bricks of different colors - used as a facing NEAR EAST: GEOLOGICAL INFLUENCE Assyria  followed Babylonians in the use of glazed brick  faced the walls internally and externally with alabaster or limestone slabs carved with low bas-reliefs and inscriptions NEAR EAST: GEOLOGICAL INFLUENCE Persia  Hard, colored limestones (building of Susa and Persepolis)  Roof-timbers (obtained from Elam)  Persian tiles - world-famous for their beauty of texture and colors NEAR EAST: GEOLOGICAL INFLUENCE  Due to floods & heavy rains, it resulted in the conversion of its earthen into clay to produce “bricks” in Assyria and Babylon  Due to rare experience of rain in Persia , they used timber and coloured limestone NEAR EAST: CLIMATIC INFLUENCE Chaldea and Assyria  floods and heavy rains = “Ziggurats” Persia  dry & hot climate = open columned type temples  country of sunshine, gardens and deserts NEAR EAST: RELIGIOUS INFLUENCE Babylonia and Assyria  polytheism - worship of heavenly bodies, divisions of the universe, and local deities  chief gods: a) Anu - sky god b) Baal - earth god c) Ea – water god NEAR EAST: RELIGIOUS INFLUENCE Persia  Monotheism  system of ethical forces, believers of good and evil NEAR EAST: SOCIAL-POLITICAL INFLUENCE Assyrians  sturdy, warlike, but cruel people  conquering monarchs took thousands of prisoners NEAR EAST: SOCIAL-POLITICAL INFLUENCE Babylonian  among the three were considered extraordinary because achieved highest degree of civilization (e.g. irrigation, trade, cuneiform, Law of Hammurabi) Assyrian and Persian  believed in military superiority thus manifested in their buildings NEAR EAST: HISTORICAL INFLUENCE  Chaldean Period (4000 to 1250 B.C.)  Assyrian Period (1250 to 606 B.C.)  Babylonian Period (606 to 538 B.C.)  Persian Period NEAR EAST: HISTORICAL INFLUENCE  Eannadu - earliest Babylonian king mentioned in the cuneiform inscriptions who reigned B.C. 4500  Sargon (B.C. 722-705) - the most celebrated Assyrian king; erected the great palace at Khorsabad  Reigns of Darius (B.C. 521-485);and Xerxes (B.C. 485- 465) - most interesting palaces were erected at Susa and Persepolis. NEAR EAST: HISTORICAL INFLUENCE  The country remained under the rule of the Persians until the time of Alexander the Great, B.C. 333, when it became a possession of the Greeks. The conquest of Egypt by Cambyses, B.C. 525, and the dazzling impression left by the marvelous buildings of Memphis and Thebes, caused the development of the use of the column amongst the Persians. NEAR EAST: HISTORICAL INFLUENCE  In the seventh century A. D., the Arabs overran the country and settled there Bagdad becoming a new capital of great magnificence. Towards the close of the tenth century, the Turks, a barbarous people pouring in from the east, settled in the country,which is at the present moment in a desolate state owing to Turkish misrule. NEAR EAST: ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER  Massiveness  Monumentality  Grandeur NEAR EAST: ARCHITECTURAL FEATURES ASSYRIAN & BABYLONIAN  Arcuated type of construction; Arch, vault and flat strips, buttresses with glazed tile adornment NEAR EAST: ARCHITECTURAL FEATURES ASSYRIAN & BABYLONIAN  colossal winged bulls, carved alabaster slabs, sculptured bas-reliefs NEAR EAST: ARCHITECTURAL FEATURES PERSIAN  Columnar and trabeated with flat timber roof sometimes domed NEAR EAST: EXAMPLES BABYLON  ZIGGURATS or “Holy Mountains”  chief building structure,  square or rectangle in plan w/ steeply battered sides  an open platform on top containing the “Fire Altar” NEAR EAST: EXAMPLES BABYLON  ZIGGURATS or “Holy Mountains”  The angles of these temples were made to face the cardinal points  surmounted by a richly decorated temple chamber, which served as a shrine and observatory from which astrological studies could be made NEAR EAST: EXAMPLES BABYLON  ZIGGURATS or “Holy Mountains” Development  Archaic ziggurat  Two or Three-staged ziggurat  Seven-staged ziggurat during the Assyrian period  NEAR EAST: EXAMPLES BABYLON  ZIGGURATS or “Holy Mountains” Development  Archaic ziggurat - usually The White Temple,Warka have one flat top rectangular mound carrying the upper temple  NEAR EAST: EXAMPLES BABYLON  ZIGGURATS or “Holy Mountains” Development  Two or Three-staged ziggurat - rectangular in plan, design w/ several The Ziggurat, Nimrod tiers or stages  NEAR EAST: EXAMPLES BABYLON  ZIGGURATS or “Holy Mountains” Development  Two or Three-staged ziggurat - rectangular in plan, design w/ several The Ziggurat, Ur tiers or stages  NEAR EAST: EXAMPLES BABYLON  ZIGGURATS or “Holy Mountains” Development  Seven stages square base ziggurat Palace of Nebuchadnezzar NEAR EAST: EXAMPLES ASSYRIA  Palace Palace of Sargon, Khorsabad  entrance portals flanked with statues of headed winged bulls & lions  contains 700 rooms  with its various courts, chambers, and corridors is supposed to have occupied an area of 25 acres NEAR EAST: EXAMPLES Palace of Sargon, Khorsabad AR. JSRLU ( AFAE)  NEAR EAST: EXAMPLES ASSYRIA  Palace Parts a) SERAGLIO – palace proper which includes the king’s residence, men’s apartment & reception courts for visitors b) HAREM - private apartments of the prince and his family, women’s apartment c) KHAN - service chambers, a Moslem “ inn” for travelers  NEAR EAST: EXAMPLES PERSIA  Palace PALACE PLATFORM, PERSEPOLIS  occupies 1500 & 1000 ft. & is elevated 40 ft.  one of the important capitals of Persia  NEAR EAST: EXAMPLES PERSIA PALACE PLATFORM, PERSEPOLIS  contains the following: a) Palace of Darius b) Palace of Xerxes c) Hypostyle Hall of Xerxes d) Hall of Hundred columns by Darius e) Propylaea – entrance to hall designed by Xerxes  NEAR EAST: EXAMPLES PERSIA Hall of Hundred Columns  225 feet square  probably used as an audience and throne-hall  NEAR EAST: EXAMPLES PERSIA Hypostyle Hall of Xerxes  probably used as a throne room  originally had seventy-two black marble columns, 67 feet in height, arranged in a somewhat novel manner supporting a flat roof.  NEAR EAST: EXAMPLES PERSIA PALACE PLATFORM, PERSEPOLIS  Steps leading to the eastern portico of the Apadana (Audience Hall) of Persepolis  NEAR EAST: EXAMPLES PERSIA PALACE PLATFORM, PERSEPOLIS Winged bulls with Bas Relief Humanhead NEAR EAST: COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS PLAN  A special character was given to the temples of the early, and the palaces of the later period, by raising them on terraces or platforms some 30 feet to 50 feet in height NEAR EAST: COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS PLAN  Angles of the Assyrian ziggurats face the cardinal points of the compass  Assyrian palaces were designed so as to be effective internally and externally, being raised on the platforms NEAR EAST: COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS WALL  Assyrians - used stone only as a facing to their brick walls - the massive walls, which were of cased brickwork, only remain, the columns being of wood having perished. NEAR EAST: COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS WALL  In Persia - the walls which were thin have disappeared, leaving the massive stone or marble blocks forming the door and window openings, immense columns, and broad stairways which alone have survived the ravages of time.  NEAR EAST: COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS WALL  The slabs of alabaster with which the walls of the palaces were faced reveal much of the social history of the people. NEAR EAST: COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OPENINGS  Lighting to the temples is conjectural, but it appears to have been effected by means of a “clerestory”  Use of the arch, both circular and pointed NEAR EAST: COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OPENINGS  Doorways - of great size, give buildings a sufficient supply of light and air, and openings may also have been formed in the upper parts of the walls NEAR EAST: COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS ROOFS  The roofing appears to have been effected by means of timber beams reaching from one column to the next, and resting on the backs of the "double-bull" capitals NEAR EAST: COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS ROOFS  Halls of the palaces were covered with brick tunnel vaults, but in many cases the roof of considerable thickness was flat, formed of very tough but plastic clay and debris, and kept in condition by being occasionally rolled NEAR EAST: COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS COLUMNS  Primarily of wood, but in the later period at Persepolis, built them of the natural stone  Capitals were double-bull, double- unicorn, double-horse, double- griffin type and the Ionic scroll occurs in some examples. NEAR EAST: COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS MOULDINGS  Assyrian palaces - sculptured slabs and colored surfaces  Persepolis - bead, hollow and ogee mouldings in the bases, while the volutes of the capital were treated with plain sinkings. NEAR EAST: COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS ORNAMENT  Assyrian sculptures in alabaster exhibit considerable technical skill and refinement  Notable repousse pattern work on bronze bowls, shields, and gate fittings HISTORICAL TIMELINE OF ARCHITECTURE Egyptian Pre-Historic Near East EGYPTIAN From 3000 BC to 1st century AD EGYPTIAN: GEOGRAPHICAL INFLUENCE  Egypt known as “The Land of Pharaohs”  Nile River: means of communication, trade route & lifeline  Egypt’s greatest wealth was its fertile soil EGYPTIAN: GEOLOGICAL INFLUENCE  STONE: abundant building material  SAND DRIED BRICKS: made up of clay & chopped stone for pyramids & temples  DATE PALM: for roofing  PALM LEAVES: for roofing materials  ACACIA: boats  SYCAMORE: mummy cases EGYPTIAN: CLIMATIC INFLUENCE  Flat roofs without drainage (no downspout or gutters) due to absence of rain  No windows to cut heat penetration and sandstorm  Unbroken massive walls protected the interior from the fierce heat of the sun EGYPTIAN: RELIGIOUS INFLUENCE  Pyramids were built because they believed in “Life after Death“ & for the preservation of the dead body  Pharaoh is not only king but also “god” both political & religious ruler, when he dies he becomes “Osiris”,god of dead  “monotheistic” in theory &“ polytheistic” in practice EGYPTIAN: RELIGIOUS INFLUENCE DIFFERENT EGYPTIAN GODS  AMUN-RA: chief god  RAH: symbol of the sun , hope for eternal life  ATUM: world creator  OSIRIS: god of the dead  ISIS: wife of Osiris  HORUS: sky god, son of Osiris, also reincarnation of “ Ra” himself  SET : dead god of evil, brother of pleasure  THOT: ibis headed god of wisdom  ANUBIS: jackal headed god of death  PTAH: god of craftsmen  SERAPIS: bull god EGYPTIAN: SOCIAL & POLITICAL INFLUENCE  MONARCHY – form of government  PHARAOH – King of Egypt, ruler, highest priest in Egypt  VIZIER – King’s most powerful official  CHANCELOR- controls the royal treasuries, granaries & supervises the census  CHIEF STEWARD - in charge of the King’s personal estate & household SOCIAL RANKS a) NOBLE FAMILIES b) SOLDIERS,VIZIERS, CHANCELLORS, CHIEF STEWARDS c) FISHERMEN, FARMERS, CRAFTMENS, MERCHANTS - ordinary Egyptians d) SLAVES - lowest form EGYPTIAN: HISTORICAL INFLUENCE  30 DYNASTIES (started from 3rd Millennium BC to Roman Period. Egypt was part of Persian)  Empire for 2 Centuries, before the invasion of ALEXANDER the Great EGYPTIAN: HISTORICAL INFLUENCE I. ANCIENT KINGDOM (1ST – 10TH Dynasty)  Development of two types of tombs a) Mastaba b) Pyramid II. MIDDLE KINGDOM (11th – 17th Dynasty)  Important Personalities a) MENTUHETEP II – developed the 3rd type of tomb: Rock–cut Tomb b) SENUSRET – erected the earliest known Obelisk, Heliopolis. c) AMENEMHAT I – founded Great Temple of Ammon Kharnak (grandest of all temples) EGYPTIAN: HISTORICAL INFLUENCE III. NEW EMPIRE ( 18th – 30th Dynasty )  Important Personalities a) THOTMES 1- began the additions to the Temple of Ammon, Karnak through architect Ineni b) HATSHEPSUT – queen of Egypt, famous for her funerary temple at Mt. Deir el Bahari c) AMENOPHIS III – erected the Colossi of Memnon, one of the wonders of the ancient world d) RAMESES I – began the construction of the Great Hypostyle Hall, Karnak e) RAMESES II – finished the construction of the Hypostyle Hall & erection of the Rock Temple, Abu Simbel EGYPTIAN: HISTORICAL INFLUENCE IV.THE PTOLEMAIC PERIOD  Important Personalities a) PTOLEMY II – built the Pharaohs or the “Light House” b) PTOLEMY III – founded the “Greatest Serapeum” at Alexandria V.The Roman Period (BC 30 - AD 395) VI. Later Periods (AD 395 to the present day) EGYPTIAN: ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER  Simplicity  Monumentality  Solidity or massiveness EGYPTIAN: ARCHITECTURAL FEATURES  BATTERED WALL - inclination from base to top of the facade.  HIEROGLYPHICS - used as ornaments, pictures & writings from the walls  DECORATIONS - mouldings such as "gorge" or "hollow and roll" was inspired by reeds; Torus moulding  SYSTEM OF CONSTRUCTION a) POST & LINTEL b) COLUMNAR OR TRABEATED EGYPTIAN: EXAMPLES The Tombs were of three main types: a) Mastabas b) Royal pyramids c) Rock-hewn tombs EGYPTIAN: EXAMPLES 1.) TOMB:MASTABA  first type of Egyptian tomb  Tomb-houses that were made to take the body at full length  rectangular flat-topped funerary mound, with battered side (angled at 75 degrees), covering a burial chamber below ground EGYPTIAN: EXAMPLES 1.) TOMB:MASTABA  Parts: a) outer chamber b) SERDAB: inner chamber with STELAE (stone with name of deceased inscribed); contains statue of deceased and offering table c) chamber containing the sarcophagus, reached by an under ground shaft EGYPTIAN: EXAMPLES 1.) TOMB:MASTABA Mastaba at Saqqara EGYPTIAN: EXAMPLES 2.) TOMB:PYRAMID  massive funerary structure of stone or brick  square plan and four sloping triangular sides meeting at the apex  evolved from MASTABA  with four sides facing the cardinal points  made by 100,000 men for 100 years EGYPTIAN: EXAMPLES 2.) TOMB:PYRAMID - STEPPED PYRAMID PYRAMID OF KING ZOSER or ISER – built by IMHOTEP, oldest surviving masonry building structure in the world EGYPTIAN: EXAMPLES 2.) TOMB:PYRAMID - BENT/BLUNT/FALSE PYRAMID PYRAMID OF SENEFERU EGYPTIAN: EXAMPLES 2.) TOMB: PYRAMID - SLOPE OR TRUE PYRAMID PYRAMIDS OF GIZA  The four sides, which, as in all the pyramids, face the cardinal points, are nearly equilateral triangles  The Great Sphinx shows King Chepren as a man-lion protecting his country. EGYPTIAN: EXAMPLES 2.) TOMBS: PYRAMID - SLOPE OR TRUE PYRAMID PARTS OF A PYRAMID COMPLEX  Elevated Causeway  Offering Chapel  Mortuary  Valley Building EGYPTIAN: EXAMPLES 2.) TOMBS: PYRAMID - SLOPE OR TRUE PYRAMID A scalar comparison of Egyptian pyramids. EGYPTIAN: EXAMPLES 2.) TOMBS: PYRAMID - SLOPE OR TRUE PYRAMID Pyramid of Cheops Grand Gallery EGYPTIAN: EXAMPLES 3.) TOMBS:ROCK-HEWN OR ROCK-CUT  cut deep into the mountain rock or hillsides  For nobility, not royalty Tombs at Beni-Hassan  Four out of the 39 tombs are accessible to the public: Amenemhet, Khnumhotep II, Baqet III,Khety EGYPTIAN: EXAMPLES 3.) TOMBS:ROCK-HEWN OR ROCK-CUT Tomb of Amenemhet, Beni-Hassan EGYPTIAN: EXAMPLES 3.) TOMBS:ROCK-HEWN OR ROCK-CUT Tomb of Amenemhet, Beni-Hassan EGYPTIAN: EXAMPLES 3.) TOMBS:ROCK-HEWN OR ROCK-CUT Tomb of Baqet, Beni-Hassan EGYPTIAN: EXAMPLES 3.) TOMBS:ROCK-HEWN OR ROCK-CUT Tomb of Kheti, Beni-Hassan EGYPTIAN: EXAMPLES 4.) OBELISK  upright stone square in plan, with an electrum-capped pyramidion on top  sacred symbol of sun-god Heliopolis  usually came in pairs fronting temple entrances  height of nine or ten times the diameter at the base Great Temple of  Four sides features Ammon Karnak, Luxor hieroglyphics EGYPTIAN: EXAMPLES 4.) OBELISK Piazza of S. Giovanni, Rome  Originally from the Temple of Ammon, Karnak  oldest of its kind in Rome  brought to Rome by command of emperor Constantine II EGYPTIAN: EXAMPLES 4.) OBELISK Obelisk of Thutmoses I,Temple of Amun-Ra  21.2 m high and weighs nearly 150 tons EGYPTIAN: EXAMPLES 5.) PYLON  monumental gateway to the temple consisting of slanting walls flanking the entrance portal  often decorated with scenes emphasizing a king's authority since it Pylon of Rameses II, Luxor Temple was the public face of a cult building EGYPTIAN: EXAMPLES 5.) PYLON Temple of Isis, Philae  150 ft. broad  6o ft. high EGYPTIAN: EXAMPLES 6.) TEMPLES  sanctuaries that only Kings and Priests can penetrate  only a high priest can enter in both types of temple  for mysterious rites and priestly processions which took place within guarded precincts a) CULT: built for the worship of the gods b) MORTUARY: built in honour of the Pharaohs EGYPTIAN: EXAMPLES 6.) TEMPLES PARTS OF AN EGYPTIAN TEMPLE a) Entrance Pylon - massive sloping towers fronted by an obelisks known as gateways in Egypt b) Hypaethral Court - large outer court open to the sky c) Hypostyle Hall - a pillared hall in which the roofs rest on column. d) Sanctuary - usually surrounded by passages & chambers used in connection with the temple service e) Avenue of Sphinx – an avenue of human headed sphinxes of over one and a half miles once connected the temples of Karnak and Luxor. EGYPTIAN: EXAMPLES 6.) TEMPLES PARTS OF AN EGYPTIAN TEMPLE a) Entrance Pylon b) Hypaethral Court c) Hypostyle Hall d) Sanctuary e) Avenue of Sphinx EGYPTIAN: EXAMPLES 6.) TEMPLES PARTS OF AN EGYPTIAN TEMPLE a) Entrance Pylon b) Hypaethral Court c) Hypostyle Hall d) Sanctuary e) Avenue of Sphinx EGYPTIAN: EXAMPLES 6.) TEMPLES Great Temple of Ammon, Karnak  grandest temple & work of many kings  Originally commenced by Amenemhat about B.C. 2466  occupying an area of 1,200 ft. x 360 ft EGYPTIAN: EXAMPLES 6.) TEMPLES Great Temple of Ammon, Karnak EGYPTIAN: EXAMPLES 6.) TEMPLES Great Temple of Abu Simbel  Example of rock-cut temple  Constructed by Rameses II  Entrance forecourt leads to imposing pylon with 4 rock- cut colossal statues of Rameses sitting over 20 m high EGYPTIAN: EXAMPLES 6.) TEMPLES Great Temple of Abu Simbel, Inner sanctum  The Abu Simbel Temple is aligned so that the sun's rays penetrate an inner sanctuary twice each year. They then illuminate the figures of Ptah, Amun, the deified Rameses II and Re. EGYPTIAN: EXAMPLES 6.) TEMPLES Temple of Hatshepsut, Deir El-Bahari  quite different from all others in Egypt, and consists of three terraced courts stepped out of the rock and connected by inclined planes  Hatshepsut was the first female pharaoh of Egypt. She reigned between 1473 and 1458 B.C. Her name means “foremost of noblewomen.” EGYPTIAN: EXAMPLES 6.) TEMPLES Temple of Hatshepsut, Deir El-Bahari  Hatshepsut's chancellor, royal architect Senunmut oversaw construction EGYPTIAN: EXAMPLES 7.) SPHINX a) Androsphinx - a mystical monster with a body of a lion and head of a man b) Hieracosphinx - body of a lion & head of a hawk c) Criosphinx - body lion & head of a ram EGYPTIAN: EXAMPLES 7.) SPHINX Great Sphinx, Giza  The greatest monumental sculpture in the ancient world, it is carved out of a single ridge of limestone 240 feet (73 meters) long and 66 feet (20 meters) high EGYPTIAN: EXAMPLES 8.) CAPITALS & COLUMNS a) Bud & Bell Capital b) Volute Capital c) Hathor – Headed Capital d) Polygonal Columns e) Palm type Capital f) Osiris Pillars g) Papyrus Capital h) Square Pillars EGYPTIAN: EXAMPLES 8.) CAPITALS & COLUMNS Lotus Bud Palm Capital Bell Capital Hathor Capital Capital EGYPTIAN: EXAMPLES 9.) MOULDINGS Gorge and Hollow Torus Moulding Moulding EGYPTIAN: COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS WALLS  Immensely thick, and in important buildings were of granite, while in the less important they were of brick faced with granite.  The faces of the temple walls slope inwards or batter towards the top, giving them a massive appearance  For the purposes of decoration, the walls, even when of granite, were generally covered with a fine plaster, in which were executed low reliefs, treated with bright color.  Simplicity, solidity, and grandeur, qualities obtained by broad masses of unbroken walling, are the chief characteristics of the style. EGYPTIAN: COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OPENINGS  These were all square-headed and covered with massive lintels, for the style being essentially trabeated.  Window openings are seldom found in temples, light being admitted by the clerestories. EGYPTIAN: COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS ROOFS  These were composed of massive blocks of stone supported by the enclosing walls and the closely spaced columns.  Being flat, they could be used in dwelling-houses as a pleasant rendezvous for the family in the evening for the enjoyment of the view and the fresh breezes which spring up at sunset, and at certain seasons may have been used for repose. They may also have been used in the daytime, if protected from the sun by temporary awnings.  The flat roofs of the temples seem to have been used in the priestly processions. EGYPTIAN: COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS COLUMNS  The columns, seldom over 6 diameters in height,were made to represent the stalks, and at intervals appear to be tied by bands.  The capitals were mostly derived from the lotus plant. EGYPTIAN: COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS MOULDINGS  hollow and bead ORNAMENTS  This was symbolical, and was an important element in the style, including such features as the solar disc or globe and the vulture with outspread wings, as a symbol of protection, while diaper patterns, spirals and the feather ornament were largely used. The scarab, or sacred beetle, was considered by the Egyptians as the sign of their religion,