1.Introduction+to+Medical+Microbiology.docx

**Introduction to Medical Microbiology** **Theme: Collaboration and Accumulation** **Von Leeuwenhoek, Anton** (d.1650) No knowledge of microbes. Access to primitive but first true 20x lens microscope shows enlarged invertebrates, not microbes. Coined term Animalcules. Rottin...

**Introduction to Medical Microbiology** **Theme: Collaboration and Accumulation** **Von Leeuwenhoek, Anton** (d.1650) No knowledge of microbes. Access to primitive but first true 20x lens microscope shows enlarged invertebrates, not microbes. Coined term Animalcules. Rotting meat and maggots. Meat (dead) spontaneously grew maggots. Likely viewed worms, sperm, some protozoa, fleas. **Hooke, Robert** (1665) Micrographia **Redi, Francesco** (1668) Flies (not dead meat) cause maggots. Counters ideation that a dead bull (meat) left in a shed attracts bees (living) Experiment requires three flasks; meat exposed to air and flies, meat closed to air and flies, and meat exposed to gauze filtered air without flies (manipulates the variable air and flies). No maggots without flies or living flies (not dead meat) cause living maggots. *Spontaneous generation is denied*. Video: **Needham, John** (1745) Refutes Redi SG idea. Repeats Redi's experiment but [heats] the meat broth in the flask closed to air and flies. Bacteria grow as do other microbes. Dead meat causes life using a natural vital force (unseen surviving bacteria). **SG is theorized**. A set back? **Spallanzani, Lazzaro** (1760) Refutes Needham. Closely repeats Needham's experiment, but [boils] [sealed glass] containing meat broth. The Maggots and other microbes do not reappear. Air dust and flies (living) cause growth of maggots. **SG is not theorized**. Progress? Is Air the source of bacteria. **Pasteur, Louis** (1857) Refutes Spallanzani (1760). Theorizes that dust not air causes microbes to grow in boiled meat broth. He uses a flask designed with a dust trapping loop which still *allows air to flow after passing through a water seal.* After a year, no growth of microbes or maggots. SG does not occur. Further theorizes that all foods boiled enough (not yeast) and sealed from dust do not spoil easily (**Pasteurization** of wine). Publishes ***Germ Theory** of disease.* Suggests all germs cause disease*.* Not enough experimentation to link specific germs with specific disease, but does link vibrio cholera with puerperal fever. Rabies vaccine? ? Applicable today The germ theory is a fundamental tenet of medicine that states that **microorganisms**, which are too small to be seen without the aid of a **microscope**, can invade the body and cause disease.\ Read more: [Germ Theory - Disease, Microorganisms, Pasteur, and Diseases - JRank Articles] [[http://science.jrank.org/pages/3035/Germ-Theory.html\#ixzz4q7A52OKx]](http://science.jrank.org/pages/3035/Germ-Theory.html#ixzz4q7A52OKx) **Jenner, Edward** (1796) Uses living subjects. No ethical laws at this time. Observes that milk maids exposed to cow pox pus do not contract smallpox. Inoculates healthy boy with cox pox pus, waits for cowpox to run its course, and infects same boy with smallpox pus. The boy does not develop smallpox disease. Process termed Vaccinia. **Koch, Robert** (1880) Specifically links microbe to disease. Cholera 1879, Anthrax 1881, Rabies 1885 Postulates published, Links exact organism anthrax, tuberculum, vibrio to disease. Image result for robert koch timeline  Image result for robert koch postulates Hershey and Chase (1953) Bacteriophage has radio labelled either on protein or DNA. *E.coli* infected and marker found in DNA not protein. Theory that DNA expresses not protein. Urey -Miller recreate conditions to produce amino acids of life from HAM-\>CO, N, AA.  Related image Helicobacter Pylori (Wilson) -live in nonacid mucin layer and carbonate buffered to survive. - Gastric ulcers,cancer - Porphyromonas gingivalis tooth decay - Chlamydia pneumoniae atherosclerosis - Placental vaginosis low birth weight, CP - Mycoplasma, B Burgdorferi RA - Mycobacterium avium, paraTB -Crohns and shift model causality Homework: Does HIV cause AIDS even though there is no animal model?