Chapter 1: Looking at Abnormality (PDF)

PSY Psychopathology  Chapter 1 Looking at Abnormality  Da adamm!s 9 O  the abnormal patterns of functioning The Scientist-Practitioner B!l!mseluygulanan - PSk. Soruları arkarak...

PSY Psychopathology  Chapter 1 Looking at Abnormality  Da adamm!s 9 O  the abnormal patterns of functioning The Scientist-Practitioner B!l!mseluygulanan - PSk. Soruları arkarak ve tedar etmek !ç!n b!l!msel yöntemler! kullar Ja! credt!rm !n kuh!l uys. casında köpr!der. - a 2  P ·ad davaztamte Norma What Is Normal and Abnormal? Seemingly simple, but complex issue A woman making a shrine and offerings to her dead husband A man kissing another man A woman slapping a child Yükleniyor… for A woman refusing to eat for several days A man barking like a dog A man driving a nail through his hand 0  Is this abnormal? A man cannot get through the day without crying Eda der vefot etmek doğanded - His wife just passed away g!rtde Tazet! ver!nce A woman stays in bed until noon nat!kle it is the Saturday after a huge test A man sets fire to his land This is a common practice especially on farms to get rid of dead plant material and renew the soil Definitions of Abnormality Is it abnormal? S IT DEPENDS!!! on what? => the context  Görecel!k Cultural Relativism No universal standards or rules for labeling a behavior as abnormal Instead, behaviors can only be abnormal relative to cultural norms. a Different cultures have different definitions of abnormality Yas tutra Good example: Bereavement practices Good example: Gender role expectations How are men & women expected to act? What types of behaviors are encouraged & discouraged?  Definitions of Abnormality Many definitions have been proposed, yet none is universally accepted Most definitions, however, share some common features: uzunserzl 2 “The Four Safra Ds” (maladaptiveness) Deviance – Abnormal behavior tunof is different, extreme, unusual, perhaps even bizarre that cannot be allstrams understood by “normal” people (Unusualness) müdde etwoh Dysfunction – Abnormal behavior interferes with the person’s yakı ability to conduct daily activities in a şek!lde constructive way S!dent has olmayan Rahats!zl!k s Distressed!– Abnormal behavior is unpleasant and husursuzutfeder upsetting to the person who displays it (Discomfort) Rahatsız Danger – Abnormal behavior is dangerous to the zad!mde person or others; it poses risk of harm => All these four have limitations > her anormal bu 4 ecell!ğ!n tamamı - davrony S!tterwageb!l!  Deviance-Unusualness 1. Deviation from Social Norms Deviation from behaviors, thoughts, and emotions that differ markedly from a society’s ideas about proper functioning Uyumsuzluk Social nonconformity warde Abnormality defined by failure to conform to social bel!rt!lm!s bel!rt!lmen !s norms which are explicit (stated) or implicit (unstated) rules about what is expected or acceptable behavior in a particular social group. Examples? With this definition, it is necessary to consider: The degree to which a norm is violated, the importance of that norm and the value attached by the social group to türler different sorts of violation. Is the violation rude, eccentric, abnormal, or criminal? Judgments of abnormality also depend on specific  Dangers of this definition: Social standards may not be “normal” -h hatd!kSoflooe Society determines what’s “ill” Social norms change over time => what is considered deviant changes as society changes Yükleniyor… Topum deg!st!dle seyler deg!d!tor "normal" sayl!a de Potential for abuse > Tanımın kötüye - kullanma !nt!l!d! ver Women who don’t want to have children Yolu abnormal darad E! !t adıı What about excessive confirmity? > - Toplumun normal kabul etf!ğ! şeyler her zaran normal olmaz  Deviance Seyrekl!k 2. Statistical Infrequency Under this definition, a person’s trait, thinking or behavior is classified as-abnormal if it is rare or statistically unusual. Many traits are distributed on a normal bell shaped curve Common behaviors are at middle of normal curve: Semak Normal implies one does not deviate from average on a particular trait Normal y Ortalamada Soro tara Rare behaviors fall at the tails of the curve: Those Nad!re falling at the extremes (away from average) are considered statistically abnormal M!zor ferzkaler Exp: IQ, Temperament variations , · Statistical Infrequency A very small subset of the population ( çoklu k!ş!l!k - bozuklugh Koffs Distributions are continuous, so divisions are arbitrary PSk Özell!ker genell!kle sürekl! b!r değ"l"m g!tfen. abarmas bu nedenle sınırlar keyf! - normal ve arasındak! Arbitrary cut-offs. Þ -bu keyt! dene noktaları , gerçek durumu tem olarak Yaşıtmaz. Þ tarrutan What is the sufficient number of behaviors to call a nerede S ne sah!n behavior deviant? Þ How rare a behavior must be in order to call it abnormal? notteler Inequality of extremes un S ↳Za What about a child with 140 IQ? !stat!st!ksel Grannal!k A very talented person?  Dysfunction Abnormal behavior tends to be dysfunctional – it interferes with daily functioning; in other words a person is considered abnormal if s/he is unable to cope with the demands of everyday life Failure to Function Adequately: they may be unable to perform the behaviors necessary for day- Sürekl!l!k Sağlamak to-day living e.g. self-care, hold down a job, interact meaningfully with others, make themselves understood etc.  Problems with Dysfunction Deger Yübl! Value-laden Culture plays a role in this definition of abnormality as well What is adequate functioning? Dysfunction alone does not necessarily indicate psychological abnormality Need to take into account rights of others, e.g., sex with children abnormal kutürden kutara dept -Nand er tamlardan sadece !şar bozuklunu bold - pfa, çannall!ğ! ye!re kültürel sağımı, değer yayısın vebakarlarının hakızını da g!z b!rde b!tendere  Distress According to many clinical theorists, behavior, thoughts, or emotions usually have to cause distress before they can be labeled abnormal. Desteklesek Proponents of this view argue that a behavior is only abnormal if the individualSsuffers as a result of the - behavior(s) and wishes to be rid of them. - b!t taraus around aras !n · S!dutyo reden and çab!yodo kurtulmak !st!yorsa - Bur davranıştan açı ve S ~ anomal davons  Problems with Distress What is the amount of subjective distress necessary to ⑤ be considered abnormal? (Exp: Kemal Sunal) davalarının kend!s!ne k!ş!ler Depends on having insight( ya de boldosro Yarattığı forz!nde her zaten ( saman almazla People are not always aware of problems that their behavior may create for themselves or others. Manic phase of bipolar depression davranışlarının S k!ş!ler Antisocial personality disorder etk!ler!n!n ferdenso olmayab!l!rler Fails to consider effects of behavior on other people fortunda 4 ad!lerdavranışlarının ama Distress can be “normal”  Danger Abnormal behavior may become dangerous to oneself o or others d!rogerj!le Kozan d!kdets!z Behavior may be consistently careless, hostile, or confused Although cited as a feature of psychological abnormality, research suggests that being dangerous is the exception rather than the rule - PS2 obnonmal ola her !nsan tehl!kel! değ"ld"r. - P82 denormall!ge Bal!k dangdang , önlenek R!n Su damc! b!r sulgudur. mertel Se% z!h!nsel hastalıkların f!z!ksel b!r hastalık g!b! net b!r şek!lde tanımlanamayab!leceğ! ve karmaşık faktörlere bağlı olab!leceğ! vurgulanıyor. - - - - *  ⑮ Abnormal Behavior vs. Mental Disorder Abnormal behavior does not necessarily indicate mental disorder Abnormal behavior: 1-2 symptoms (depressive symptoms) Mental disorder: refers to a large class of observed symptoms. So many abnormal behaviors should occur together in the same individual => major depression texample  Oluşturma Summary Regarding What Constitutes “Abnormal” Psychologists need methods for distinguishing ‘normal’ from ‘abnormal’ Defining a person or behavior as ‘abnormal’ implies something undesirable and requiring change Therefore, we must be careful how we use the term Many definitions are possible * S No one definition is perfect, each has limitations to define and determine abnormality -!mportant 34 Our definition of abnormality must be objective: It must not depend on anyone’s opinion or point of view It should produce the same results whoever applies it der Kapsaml olmamak It must not be under- or over-inclusive (hob gen!g rego çok It must not label as ‘abnormal’ or ‘normal’ behaviors or traits that aren’t All are used at least to some extent, directly or indirectly, even in the application ofADSM diagnoses for mental disorder Zürsa bozukluk  Classifying psychological disorders The development of classification systems: The International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10) – World Health Organization-bunlar gel!şt!rd! ↳ Sadece psk bozukluk dept, tüm hastal!kler, The!r The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual V (DSM-V) – The American Psychiatric Association-gel!st!d! ↳ kunsa bozukluklar Sınıflandın  What Is Treatment? Once clinicians decide that a person is suffering from abnormality, they seek to treat it Treatment, or therapy, is a procedure designed to change abnormal behavior into more normal behavior It, too, requires careful definition  What Is Treatment? According to Jerome Frank, all forms of therapy have three essential features: !y!lest!r!c! 1. Dada A sufferer who seeks relief from the healer 2. A trained, socially accepted healer, whose fer!rts expertise is accepted by the sufferer and his or her social group 3. Düzenl!A series of contacts between the healer and the s!ge sufferer, through which the healer, often with the aid of a group, tries to produce certain changes in the sufferer’s emotional state, attitudes, and behavior  What Is Treatment? bel!g!n Despite this straightforward definition, clinical treatment is surrounded by conflict and confusion: konusunda Lack of agreement about goals or aims (tedav!n f!k!r ayrılığı amaçları Lack of agreement about successful outcome (bozo!k b!r sonucu hakkında re olduğu Lack of agreement about failure (H!sgenlar !sekt!rmek ? m! Are clinicians seeking to cure? To teach? erehnet ? m! - sers!z Are sufferers patients (ill) or clients (having difficulty)? - A rela tartışmal Despite their differences, most clinicians agree that large numbers of people need therapy of one kind or another Evidence also indicates that therapy is indeed often helpful  How Was Abnormality Viewed and Treated in the Past? In any given year as many as 30% of adults and 19% of children inSorunla the U.S. display serious 1 psychological disturbances and are in need of clinical treatment In addition, most people have difficulty coping at various times Is this the fault of modern society? Although modern pressures may contribute, they are hardly the primary cause; every society, past and present, has witnessed psychological abnormality bu durum Sodace modern toplumu sonucu değ"l Geçm!şte e danter Sormar wodn ac body chf v tedert yöntem! Grande. Historical Perspectives Yükleniyor… on Abnormality  köder! hastalığın Connecting Treatment to Etiology Etiology: the study of 2 causes or origin tute Attitudes about a disorder influence how we attempt to treat it. b!r hastalık hakk!ndad! d!dence he tuturlar!m!z o / hootdt roll teda! earge Goscopes!te  Historical Perspectives & 3 main types of theories of the causes of abnormal behavior müdchle lanet Supernatural theories: Divine intervention, günc curses, auffması Şeytan demonic possession, and personal sin. Sefter çıkartma Treatment: religious rituals, exorcism Biological theories: Similar to physical disease, breakdown of some systems of the body. ger döndürmele Treatment: restoration of the body to good health Psychological theories: Mental disorders as the result of trauma(s), chronic stress - The psychoanalytic model The learning model. The cognitive model  Ancient Theories-Stone Age Doğa üstücülük Supernaturalism isSonralar the view that abnormal behavior (hallucinations, delusions, paranoia) is the result of !k etk!s! possession by supernatural forces Seaten Garpmoft !şgal etmek Demonic possession: occupation by an evil being of the body of a person do -bu tarz tarılarınSebep davranışlara Angry or displeased Gods normal okucağına !nanılır. tavlan gord--- - Treatment: drive the evil spirits out of the body - kötü bedenden Çıkarmak ruhları through: tadı kötü olan !çecekler kırbaçlara Exorcism rituals such as prayers, vile brews, flogging, aklıkla eytenler starvation used to cast demons out of the body Trephination allowed the evil spirit to escape the head ↳ kafatasında del!k olarak kötü ruhn kokmasına sland sağlandı  Trephination: to drill holes in the skull to allow the spirits to depart Prehistoric form of brain surgery A stone instrument called “trephine” was used to cut away circular section of the skull Ancient skull with holes from trephination  Ancient Theories-Ancient China ch" Earliest written source on abnormality are Ancient Chinese texts on medicine (2600-2700 B.C.) Ancient Chinese medicine was based on concept of Yin and Yang Yang: Human body’s positive force Yin: Human body’s negative force tol!nde etk!leş!m Þ They confront with each other Þ If in balance => person is healthy Þ If not => illness including abnormality Exp: Excited insanity (today’s bipolar disorder) # Þ Due to excessive yang Þ Treatment: food deprivation since food is yang’s source  Ancient Theories-Ancient China Another theory: Human emotions are controlled by internal organs & !ç orgalaro g!den hava > - akı duyguları Air flow to internal organs etk!l!yor. 4 !nsa ps!koloj!s! ve f!zyoloj!s! arasında bağlantı During the Chinese Middle Ages (420-618 A.D.), ( ger!lemed biological view regressed to beliefs that mental illness was caused by supernatural rather than natural forces (ghosts and devils) doğal ve b!yoloj!k ac!klamadan UZLALP , botal !nance yürel!nd!  Ancient Theories-Egypt, Greece, -1 Rome /5) Superretud godness In ancient writings (Egypt and Mesopotamia) in the 19th cent B.C. there is a list of a number of disorders, causes, and treatment options Anatomy of women Rah!m v!cutto hareket edeb!l!r çeş"tt" ve Gez!ren Rah!m -) Yerd oornel!ge sabet dur Wandering uterus Organlara batdı ↑ "Mystera" Later Greeks call this disorder: hysteria > -!m Yunaco - El!neg!nsen gel!r. But the idea that madness is related to God dominate until the 5th. cent. B.C.> Oborw!p h!b!r m!ddle - en Biological theories start to dominate after 5th cent. B.C. > H!pokrat!k - f!br zegg!n!cht başlamış, ve dasd kulsa bozuklukların radanlarla odla acağı ↳ V!cet S!!r (hrrors) fearst---  * Hippocrates’ Early Medical Concepts Hippocrates (460-377 B.C.): father of medicine S!v!l Doctrine of the four humors: human body is composed of 4 basic humors & classification of four categories based on daily clinical > bu sıvıların - derges! sağlığı bel!rler observations and records of patients 4 hastalıklar bu dergen!n bozulmasında Kaynaklar Y. Ceye yen!den Sogtarah Tedar! > - : Blood-kan (sanguis) - generally optimistic, cheerful, even- neyel! dengel! hedlest tempered, but can be daydreamy to the point of not accomplishing anything and impulsive (mania) Phlegm-balgam – consistent, relaxed, and observant, but can be Kayls!z uywark apathetic and sluggish (epilepsy) Yellow bile-sari safra (choler) - a leader, but can be controlling, easily angered or bad tempered (paranoia) Black bile-kara safra (melancholer) – kind, considerate, can be highly Zal!ml!k creative - - but also can be obsessed with tragedy and cruelty (melancholia)  Hippocrates’ Early Medical Concepts Four humors He looked to an imbalance of the four humors Usually an excess of one of the humors Treatment: “rebalance” Yen!de dengelene Physiological : bleeding a patient I kan olma Physical: rest, relaxation, a change in climate, change in diet &Psychological: removing a patient from a difficult family B Treatment:Y“do no harm”D Humane: B “Walking is man's best medicine." Specific to diagnosis > Teşh"se özel teda! - Kabul etmek Recognized the importance of environment - Günümüzde geçer! des!  (A D ehoo) 1400) Europe 400 >M!ddle Ages #.. - The Dark Ages The Dark ages were marked by a a decline in Greek and Roman - civilizations and by an increase of influence of churches as - dominant power in Europe especially between 11th -15th cent. - arast!rme The church rejected scientific forms of investigation, and it controlled all education Religious beliefs came to dominate all aspects of life Return of the belief that mental illness was due to (Sastene) supernatural causes such as superstition or rituals Some of the earlier demonological treatments re-emerged Abnormal behavior apparently increased greatly during this period Treatment of Mental Illness d!n odalar Left largely to the clergy and occurred primarily in monasteries mertenler Segter Gberre net!k daraylar Kutsa Generally kind: prayer, holy water, ointments, exorcisms  Cod!l!k Mental illness: witchcraft Church authorities came to view witchcraft as an explanation of abnormality Hallucinations & delusions--evidence of witchcraft b!rl!ğ! !s Y Witches were in the league with the Devil en T!rt etmele Most not mentally ill,!şkence but forced to “confess” symptoms through torture dund asmat Treatment: beatings/death by hanging or burning to drive out supposed demons - kamak  Middle Ages: Europe Europe was plagued with mass madness Solgunla Mass Madness (Psychic epidemics) Often occurs in times of widespread fear and distress In the Middle Ages, mass madness was maintained by baskı kuttle oppression, disease and famine 4 tophred zos!gen Large number of people begin to engage in unusual kökenl! behaviors that appear to have a psychological origin e Tarantism_Acute pain attributed to the bite of tarantula Saint Vitus’s dance_uncontrollable dancing in 1428, 1518 4 Social psy: social context can affect even our perceptions of our bodies (interpretations ofbaslıdır bodily toplumda ettelere symptoms) f!z!ksel semptomların. yorumlanması  Middle Ages: Europe At the close of the Middle Ages, demonology and its methods began to lose favor again In 13-14th cent. towns grew into cities Government authorities took over nonreligious activities Running hospitals and caring for suffering people from mental disorders 13, 14 44 =>medical views of abnormality gained favor once again. As early as the 12th century, hospitals began to include special rooms for people with mental disorders. Treatment was often inhumane. Example: La Bicetre Hospital in Paris, France http://www.youtube.com/watch?v= _8nUxhF54B0 Bicetre Hospital, Kremlin-Bicetre, France (2002)  Middle Ages in the Middle East Treatment and Classification The Middle East had a scientific approach First mental hospital established in Baghdad in A.D. 792 Avicenna (Arabia: A.D. 980-1037) “the prince of physicians” Wrote The Canon of Medicine S Classified and defined diseases and their causes Referred to hysteria, manic reactions, and melancholia Garlada Ahead of his time: He described the symptoms and complications bulod!c s!nce The of diabetes and asserted the Tuberculosis was contagious, which - was argued by Europeans…turns out he was right Selçuklu ve Osmanlı’da psikiyatri Selçuklu döneminde şifahanelerde akıl hastalarının tedavisi Ortaçağda Avrupa’da akıl hastalarına yönelik tutum=> cezalandırma ve dışlama Osmanlı’da ise => koruma, anlayış, hoşgörü, acıma Hastalar toplumdan dışlanmadan tedavi edilir Müzikle tedavi uygulamaları 2. Bayezid Külliyesi ve Şifahane- Edirne 2. Bayezid Külliyesi ve Şifahane- Edirne 2. Bayezid Külliyesi ve Şifahane- Edirne  Bresos The Renaissance Mob!l hastaneler and the Rise of Asylums 1400 – 1700 A.D. Yen!den Calanno The Renaissance led to a resurgence of scientific questioning in Europe Demonological views of abnormality continued to decline German physician Johann Weyer (founder of modern uysu psychopathology) believed that the mind was as susceptible to sickness as the body The care of people with mental disorders continued to improve in the positive atmosphere  The Renaissance 5 heteler! ne ( Sanvarda t Nar del Kuran and the Rise of Asylums 1 Across Europe, - Ganmak religious shrines were devoted to the humane & treatment of people with mental disorders * One, at Gheel (Belgium), became a community mental health tür program of sorts Unfortunately, these improvements in care began to fade by the mid- - 16th century Private homes, community residences could have only a small % of mentally disordered people and medical hospitals too few and too small => this time saw a rise of asylums – institutions created in the 15th century for the care/treatment of the mentally ill. hal sofor & S Asylums (originally leprosariums), were converted after crusades when leprosy (cüzzam) was on a decline. The intention was good care, but because of overcrowding they became virtual prisons  Mentally ill housed in asylums (1500s+) Most famous: Monastery of St. Mary of Bethlehem in London commissioned by VIII. King Henry (1547) => Called “Bedlam” onocok holde Deplorable conditions- little food, little patient care & spread of diseases Violent patients put on display S * Harmless patients forced to beg Kosten Treatment- blood letting & purposely frightening Bedlam- became hot tourist spot, where London’s mentally ill were placed on display for all to see.  Oyd!nlara 40g] Age of Enlightenment: Moral Treatment Until late 1700’s these asylums remained a widely used form of care As 1800 approached, the treatment of people with mental disorders began to improve once again Movement toward a more humane treatment of the mentally ill Incorporated a psychological view: People become mad because they are separated from Yen!k ded!ck nature and succumb to the stresses imposed by the rapid social changes of the period. balyalar -dedeotelde d!n e facter.bu b!zSagesanne  Age of Enlightenment: Moral Treatment tedep! source ↑ At!rsacl In France, Pinel removed chains from patients and treated them kindly as an experiment – found it was successful! Sonuldu advocated for humane treatment of patients in asylums (“moral treatment”) Fransa Removing shackles, improving diet, better treatment, sunny rooms In England, Tuke advocated moral treatment – care that emphasized moral guidance and humane and respectful techniques - Benjamin Rush (father of American psychiatry) pushed moral management in America From 1841 to 1881,* Dorothy Dix carried on a zealous campaign about the inhumane treatment of the mentally ill and established 32 mental hospitals around the world  The Nineteenth Century: Reform and Moral Treatment However, by the end ofters!ne the nineteenth century, several factors led to a reversal of the moral treatment Ger!rre movement: > Ahlak! tada! genlad! 1244 soncanda - Overcrowding in the hospitals S - Personel S!lent!s Money and staff shortages !!lesme Declining recovery rates: Question of effectiveness Orge s!ted !n 2081 Emergence of prejudice: rapid immigration into US => ↳ decline in public support for funding these institutions ABD'de h!z g!ç redent Me ön yazı attı , kurulan l!nersen dogleg! cold. By the early years of the twentieth century, the moral durra treatment movement had ground to a halt; long-term, overcrowded, physically isolated hospitalization became the rule once again  Twentieth Century Treatment Sert In 1940, most mental hospitals were harsh, inhumane, and ineffective Substantial growth in number of mental hospitals Lengthy stays hastaneler!n Sayısı aft, ana Kolyor hastalar uzen S!re Little effective treatment Overcrowded and isolated from cities No psychological or social rehabilitation like in moral treatment era Depo => like warehouses: simply to control their behaviors ↳ !g!leat!ved yer!re sodace tutulyos takaraçlar hastaların daraylarını kontrol etr!st,  The Early Twentieth Century: Dual Perspectives -!k! fazı bakış açısı As the moral movement was declining in the late 1800s, two opposing perspectives emerged: The Somatogenic Perspective Yancofos ↓ Abnormal functioning has physical causes The Psychogenic Perspective Abnormal functioning has psychological causes ↳ z!h!nsel duygusa Süreçler abnora davada zoca ve.  The Early Twentieth Century: * The Somatogenic Perspective Two factors were responsible for the rebirth of this perspective: 20 44 do Stratejen!k'!n yen!den doğuşun. sabek! 1. Emil Kraepelin’s textbook argued that physical factors (like fatigue) are responsible for mental dysfunction kürder Kraepelin suggested that clusters of symptoms form a - syndrome t bel!rt!s!n b!r ago geled oztudape d!ncher Each syndrome has its own unique cause, course, symptoms, S * treatment, and outcome 2. New biological discoveries were made: syphilis (an organic disease, frengi) as the cause of general paresis (genel felç) S!ver Þ gave credence to biological factors as a cause of abnormality Not until 1950’s when a number of effective medications were finally Ola discovered, did the somatogenic perspective truly begin Jagdel to pay off for patients  The Early Twentieth Century: The Psychogenic Perspective Psychogenesis is the view that psychological issues can produce mental disorder The rise in popularity of this perspective was based on work with hypnotism: sen > bukoudo ales Friedrich Mesmer and hysterical disorders - tev!d etred Breuer used hypnosis to induce patients to recall their Z!h!nsel Lotottoma troubled past; some patients experienced mental relief Sigmund Freud’ s theory of psychoanalysis The psychoanalytic approach oğr had little effect on the treatment of severely disturbed patients in mental hospitals  Twentieth Century Deinstitutionalization > Kurum Suzlodt!mo - hasta hobles > - harebet! By 1960’s – A large movement: “patients’ rights movement”: mental patients can recover more fully or live more satisfying lives if they are integrated into the community In the United States, it constituted a radical shift in social policy and the way mental health care was provided Deinstitutionalization => Community Mental Health uzu süratyet!le Ps!k!yatn! Movement hotarab!nden balso toplumferell! geçs Replaced inpatient hospitals with community-based care, day treatment Considered more humane and cost-effective  Twentieth Century Deinstitutionalization Forces that initiated this movement In the 1950s, researchers discovered a number of new psychotropic medications: Antipsychotic drugs Antidepressant drugs Antianxiety drugs tehl!keler Recognition of Institutional Hazards Kurumsal tehl!keler!n tok ed!lmes! > - Sociocultural isolation > hastalan topurda Kopre - üzer!ndek! etk!len kosta Powerlessness/Helplessness > kruvaa Ortarın - Adjustment to institution lead to passivity and withdrawal ↳ uzun süre kurum bakımının yan etk!l! tangokteed! care - These discoveries led to deinstitutionalization and a rise in outpatient This change in care was not without problems  Twentieth Century Deinstitutionalization Outpatient care has now become the primary mode of treatment toplulukla > Yerel Community mental health centers !h Sog!ğ h!zmet! - - oto Feder! destek Halfway houses tartede - , > - Harra Top!mo , entegre Yen!den do. Day - > treatment centers Gru terap!s! beces eğ"t"m" gosyd def!n!tele , , Crisis intervention centers > 424 - > - hızlı deyelend!re , Kıya Sürel! m!dala When patients do need institutionalization, they are usually given short-term hospitalization, and then outpatient psychotherapy and medication in community settings  Twentieth Century Deinstitutionalization – Did it work? Yata heste Fewer patients spend time in inpatient hospitals Patients spend less time in inpatient hospitals Where are they instead? Homeless > b!rçok - hasta sokokto yoad Jail Chap!se g!r!a) ↳ kun soğusı olan k!ş!ler!n b!rçoğu suça karıştı ve h!se g!rd!.  A Growing Emphasis on Preventing Disorders and Promoting Mental Health The community mental health approach has given rise to the prevention movement > çıkarmıştır sağlığı Yaklaşımı önlere Toplum ruh Agohareket!n! - , o. Rather than to wait for psychological problems to occur, many of today’s programs are trying to: Correct the social conditions associated with Yoksulluk Ş!ddet psychological problems (poverty, violence) Identify and help individuals ↑ at risk for developing grusle bu destekten disorders (teenage mothers) - erken müdokde Programlar gel!kt!rmek , Prevention programs have been further energized by - the growing interest in positive psychology – the study and enhancement of positive feelings, traits, and abilities  What Are Today’s Leading Theories? One of the most important developments in the field of abnormal psychology has been the growth of numerous theoretical perspectives, including: Psychoanalytic Zo Biological Behavioral Cognitive Humanistic-existential Sociocultural At present, no single perspective dominates the clinical field  Integrative Approach to D Psychopathology One Dimensional Models One cause => Disorder Multidimensional Models Many causes  An Integrative Approach to Psychopathology Social Biological Factors Factors Psychological Factors  An Integrative Approach APPROACH What about now? todes - Psychological disorders appear to have a number of causes: A Genetic Neurological Behavioral Cultural, social, and interpersonal Developmental Human behavior is complex! -  Professions Within Abnormal Psychology Psychiatrists Clinical psychologists Marriage and family therapists Clinical social workers Psychiatric nurses  Psychiatrist 4 yrs Medical school (M.D.) Uzmankt 4-5 yr residency in hospital Jazrok ***Can prescribe medication for mental disorders-because - of M.D. training. Recent development: Psychologists are gaining MoG Yaro Yetk!s! limited prescriptive authority in some states… e.g. Louisiana, New Mexico *  To Become a Clinical Psychologist Ph.D. or Psy.D. 4-7 yrs graduate study (the range is probably more like 5-9 years). 1-year pre-doctoral internship in APA accredited hospital or mental health facility. At least 1 year of supervised postdoctoral experience for 3 license (varies by state)  Difference between Ph.D. & Psy.D A Ph.D. is trained to: conduct research, teach assess & diagnose mental disorders conduct therapy A Psy.D limited to clinical practice.