ملحق الأعلام و المصطلحات PDF

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Université d'Alger 1

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history Ottoman Empire historical figures world history

Summary

This document provides a list of historical figures, places and terms in history, especially the Ottoman Empire.

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‫ﻤﻠﺤﻕ ﺍﻷﻋﻼﻡ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻁﻠﺤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻜﻭﺘﺎﻫﻴﺔ ‪ :‬ﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻏﺭﺏ ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺎ ﺍﻷﺴﻴﻭﻴﺔ ﺒﻬﺎ ﺃﺒﺭﻤﺕ ﻤﻌﺎﻫﺩﺓ ﻜﻭﺘﺎﻫﻴﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻁﺎﻥ ﻤﺤﻤﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﻭﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻲ ﻤﺼﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺴﻨﺔ ‪1833‬ﻡ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻜﻭﺠﻭﻙ ﻜﻴﻨﺎﺭﺠﻲ ‪ :‬ﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﺘﻘﻊ ﺒﺒﻠﻐﺎﺭﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﻌﺕ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻤﻌﺎﻫﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺼـﻠﺢ ﺒـﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻁﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺜﻤﺎﻨﻲ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﻴﺩ ﻭﻜﺎﺘﺭﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻗﻴﺼﺭﺓ ﺭﻭﺴﻴﺎ ﻋﺎﻡ‪ 1774...

‫ﻤﻠﺤﻕ ﺍﻷﻋﻼﻡ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻁﻠﺤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻜﻭﺘﺎﻫﻴﺔ ‪ :‬ﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻏﺭﺏ ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺎ ﺍﻷﺴﻴﻭﻴﺔ ﺒﻬﺎ ﺃﺒﺭﻤﺕ ﻤﻌﺎﻫﺩﺓ ﻜﻭﺘﺎﻫﻴﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻁﺎﻥ ﻤﺤﻤﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﻭﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻲ ﻤﺼﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺴﻨﺔ ‪1833‬ﻡ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻜﻭﺠﻭﻙ ﻜﻴﻨﺎﺭﺠﻲ ‪ :‬ﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﺘﻘﻊ ﺒﺒﻠﻐﺎﺭﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﻌﺕ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻤﻌﺎﻫﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺼـﻠﺢ ﺒـﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻁﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺜﻤﺎﻨﻲ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﻴﺩ ﻭﻜﺎﺘﺭﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻗﻴﺼﺭﺓ ﺭﻭﺴﻴﺎ ﻋﺎﻡ‪ 1774‬ﻡ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻜﺭﻟـﻭﻓﻴﺘﺯ‪:‬ﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺸﻤﺎل ﻏﺭﺏ ﻴﻭﻏﻭﺴﻼﻓﻴﺎ ﻭﻗﻌﺕ ﺒﻬﺎ ﻤﻌﺎﻫـﺩﺓ ﺘﺨﻠـﺕ‬ ‫ﺒﻤﻭﺠﺒﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺜﻤﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻋﻥ ﻤﻤﺘﻠﻜﺎﺘﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺭ‪ ،‬ﺘﺭﺍﻨﺴﻔﺎﻟﻴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻜﺭﻭﺍﺘﻴـﺎ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺴﻠﻭﻓﻴﻨﻴﺎ ﻭ ﺩﻟﻤﺎﺸﻴﺎ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 1699‬ﻡ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻘﺎﻥ ‪ :‬ﺸﺒﻪ ﺠﺯﻴﺭﺓ ﺠﺒﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺠﻨﻭﺏ ﺸﺭﻕ ﺃﻭﺭﺒﺎ ﺘﻤﺘﺩ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺴﻭﺩ ﻭﺒﺤﺭ ﻤﺭﻤﺭﺓ ﺸﺭﻗﺎ ﻭﺒﺤﺭ ﺍﻷﺩﺭﻴﺎﺘﻴﻙ ﻏﺭﺒﺎ ﻭﺒﻴﻥ ﻨﻬـﺭ ﺍﻟـﺩﺍﻨﻭﺏ‬ ‫ﺸﻤﺎﻻ ﻭﺒﺤﺭ ﺇﻴﺠﺔ ﺠﻨﻭﺒﺎ‪ ،‬ﺘﺸﻤل ﻜل ﻤﻥ ﺃﻟﺒﺎﻨﻴﺎ ﻴﻭﻏﻭﺴﻼﻓﻴﺎ ﺴﺎﺒﻘﺎ‪ ،‬ﺒﻠﻐﺎﺭﻴـﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻴﻭﻨﺎﻥ ﻴﺴﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺱ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻓﻲ ﻋﺭﻓﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﻋﺩﺓ ﺃﺯﻤﺎﺕ ﺒﻔﻌل ﺘﻜﺎﻟـﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺭﻯ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﻤﺭ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺠﻌﻠﻬﺎ ﻻ ﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻘﺭﺍﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﺘﺒﻌﺎ ﻟـﺫﻟﻙ‬ ‫ﺃﺼﺒﺢ ﻤﺼﻁﻠﺢ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻘﻨﺔ ﻴﻌﻨﻲ ﺍﻻﻀﻁﺭﺍﺒﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺠﺯﺌﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻘﺴﻴﻡ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺵ ﺍﻹﻨﻜﺸﺎﺭﻱ‪ :‬ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺵ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻤﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻔﺭﻍ ﻟﻠﺤﺭﺏ‪ ،‬ﻜﻭﻨﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟـﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺜﻤﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺸﺒﺎﻥ ﺃﺨﺫﻭﺍ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﺴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻴﺤﻴﺔ ﻭﺘﻤﺕ ﺘﺭﺒﻴﻬﻡ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺍﻟـﺩﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺴﻼﻤﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻭﻻﺀ ﻟﻠﺴﻠﻁﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻴﻌﻭﺩ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻔﻀل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﻭﺤـﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺜﻤﺎﻨﻴـﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﻀﺎﺭﺒﺔ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻓﺘﺭﺓ ﻗﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻁﻴﻥ ﻟﻜـﻥ ﻓـﻲ ﻋﻬـﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻁﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﻌﺎﻑ ﺘﺨﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺵ ﺍﻹﻨﻜﺸﺎﺭﻱ ﻋﻥ ﺩﻭﺭﻩ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺩﻓﺎﻉ‬ ‫ﻋﻥ ﻤﻤﺘﻠﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺜﻤﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺃﺼﺒﺢ ﻴﺘﺩﺨل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﺅﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻤـﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺃﻓﻘﺩﻩ ﺍﺤﺘﺭﺍﻓﻴﺘﻪ ﻭﺃﺼﺒﺢ ﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺨﻁﺭ ﻴﻬﺩﺩ ﺍﺴﺘﻘﺭﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺜﻤﺎﻨﻴـﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺃﺼﺒﺢ ﻋﺭﻀﺔ ﻟﻠﻬﺯﺍﺌﻡ ﺃﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﻭﺵ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺒﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺴﻁﻭل ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻌﺜﻤﺎﻨﻲ ‪ :‬ﺍﻋﺘﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺜﻤﺎﻨﻴﻭﻥ ﺒﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﺃﺴﻁﻭل ﺒﺤﺭﻱ ﻗـﻭﻱ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﻭﺍﺠﻬﺔ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﻁﻴل ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻭﺤﻤﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻴﺔ ﺨﺎﺼـﺔ ﻭﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺜﻤﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺘﺸﺭﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺴﻁﺤﺎﺕ ﻤﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﺴﻌﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺩ ﺴﺎﻋﺩ ﻫﺎ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬ ‫ﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﺃﺴﻁﻭل ﺒﺤﺭﻱ ﺤﺭﺒﻲ ﻜﺒﻴﺭ ﺘﻭﻓﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ " ﺃﺸﺠﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﺭﺯ" ﻓـﻲ‬ ‫ﻜل ﻤﻥ ﻟﺒﻨﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﺯﺍﺌﺭ‪ ،‬ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻷﺴﻁﻭل ﺘﻌﺭﺽ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻨﺘﻜﺎﺴﺔ ﻓـﻲ ﻤﻭﻗﻌـﺔ‬ ‫ﻨﻔﺎﺭﻴﻥ "ﺠﻨﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﻴﻭﻨﺎﻥ" ﻓﻲ ‪1827‬ﻡ ﺍﻷﻤﺭ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺃﺩﻯ ﺇﻟـﻰ ﺍﻨﻬﻴـﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻘـﻭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺴﻜﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺜﻤﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﻋﺭﺽ ﺍﻹﻴﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻐﺯﻭ ﻤـﻥ ﻁـﺭﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭل ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎﺭﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺴﻁﻨﻁﻴﻨﻴﺔ ‪ :‬ﺘﻘﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻀﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﻀﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﺒﺴـﻔﻭﺭ‪ ،‬ﺒـﻴﻥ ﺃﻭﺭﺒـﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﺁﺴﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭ ﺍﻷﺴﻭﺩ ﻭﺒﺤﺭ ﻤﺭﻤﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻓﺘﺤﻬﺎ ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ "ﺍﻟﻔـﺎﺘﺢ" ﻓـﻲ‬ ‫‪ 1453‬ﻡ ﻭﺃﺼﺒﺤﺕ ﺘﺴﻤﻰ ﺇﺴﻁﻨﺒﻭل ﺃﻱ ﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻹﺴﻼﻡ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﻗﻭﻨﻴﺔ ‪ :‬ﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺘﻘﻊ ﻭﺴﻁ ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﻭﺏ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻨﻘﺭﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺨﺎﻥ‪ :‬ﻟﻔﻅ ﺘﺭﻜﻲ ﻗﺩﻴﻡ ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻓﻼﻕ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻐﺩﺍﻥ ‪ :‬ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻗﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺭﻭﻤﺎﻨﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﺨﻀﻌﺕ ﻟﻭﻗﺕ ﻁﻭﻴل‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺤﻜﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺜﻤﺎﻨﻲ‪.‬‬

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