ملحق الأعلام و المصطلحات PDF
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Université d'Alger 1
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This document provides a list of historical figures, places and terms in history, especially the Ottoman Empire.
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ﻤﻠﺤﻕ ﺍﻷﻋﻼﻡ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻁﻠﺤﺎﺕ ﻜﻭﺘﺎﻫﻴﺔ :ﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻏﺭﺏ ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺎ ﺍﻷﺴﻴﻭﻴﺔ ﺒﻬﺎ ﺃﺒﺭﻤﺕ ﻤﻌﺎﻫﺩﺓ ﻜﻭﺘﺎﻫﻴﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻁﺎﻥ ﻤﺤﻤﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﻭﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻲ ﻤﺼﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺴﻨﺔ 1833ﻡ. ﻜﻭﺠﻭﻙ ﻜﻴﻨﺎﺭﺠﻲ :ﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﺘﻘﻊ ﺒﺒﻠﻐﺎﺭﻴﺎ ،ﻭﻗﻌﺕ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻤﻌﺎﻫﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺼـﻠﺢ ﺒـﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻁﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺜﻤﺎﻨﻲ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﻴﺩ ﻭﻜﺎﺘﺭﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻗﻴﺼﺭﺓ ﺭﻭﺴﻴﺎ ﻋﺎﻡ 1774...
ﻤﻠﺤﻕ ﺍﻷﻋﻼﻡ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻁﻠﺤﺎﺕ ﻜﻭﺘﺎﻫﻴﺔ :ﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻏﺭﺏ ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺎ ﺍﻷﺴﻴﻭﻴﺔ ﺒﻬﺎ ﺃﺒﺭﻤﺕ ﻤﻌﺎﻫﺩﺓ ﻜﻭﺘﺎﻫﻴﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻁﺎﻥ ﻤﺤﻤﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﻭﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻲ ﻤﺼﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺴﻨﺔ 1833ﻡ. ﻜﻭﺠﻭﻙ ﻜﻴﻨﺎﺭﺠﻲ :ﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﺘﻘﻊ ﺒﺒﻠﻐﺎﺭﻴﺎ ،ﻭﻗﻌﺕ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻤﻌﺎﻫﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺼـﻠﺢ ﺒـﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻁﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺜﻤﺎﻨﻲ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﻴﺩ ﻭﻜﺎﺘﺭﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻗﻴﺼﺭﺓ ﺭﻭﺴﻴﺎ ﻋﺎﻡ 1774ﻡ. ﻜﺭﻟـﻭﻓﻴﺘﺯ:ﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺸﻤﺎل ﻏﺭﺏ ﻴﻭﻏﻭﺴﻼﻓﻴﺎ ﻭﻗﻌﺕ ﺒﻬﺎ ﻤﻌﺎﻫـﺩﺓ ﺘﺨﻠـﺕ ﺒﻤﻭﺠﺒﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺜﻤﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻋﻥ ﻤﻤﺘﻠﻜﺎﺘﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺭ ،ﺘﺭﺍﻨﺴﻔﺎﻟﻴﺎﻥ ،ﻜﺭﻭﺍﺘﻴـﺎ، ﺴﻠﻭﻓﻴﻨﻴﺎ ﻭ ﺩﻟﻤﺎﺸﻴﺎ ﻋﺎﻡ 1699ﻡ. ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻘﺎﻥ :ﺸﺒﻪ ﺠﺯﻴﺭﺓ ﺠﺒﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺠﻨﻭﺏ ﺸﺭﻕ ﺃﻭﺭﺒﺎ ﺘﻤﺘﺩ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭ ﺍﻷﺴﻭﺩ ﻭﺒﺤﺭ ﻤﺭﻤﺭﺓ ﺸﺭﻗﺎ ﻭﺒﺤﺭ ﺍﻷﺩﺭﻴﺎﺘﻴﻙ ﻏﺭﺒﺎ ﻭﺒﻴﻥ ﻨﻬـﺭ ﺍﻟـﺩﺍﻨﻭﺏ ﺸﻤﺎﻻ ﻭﺒﺤﺭ ﺇﻴﺠﺔ ﺠﻨﻭﺒﺎ ،ﺘﺸﻤل ﻜل ﻤﻥ ﺃﻟﺒﺎﻨﻴﺎ ﻴﻭﻏﻭﺴﻼﻓﻴﺎ ﺴﺎﺒﻘﺎ ،ﺒﻠﻐﺎﺭﻴـﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﻴﻭﻨﺎﻥ ﻴﺴﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺱ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻓﻲ ﻋﺭﻓﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﻋﺩﺓ ﺃﺯﻤﺎﺕ ﺒﻔﻌل ﺘﻜﺎﻟـﺏ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺭﻯ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﻤﺭ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺠﻌﻠﻬﺎ ﻻ ﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻘﺭﺍﺭ ،ﻭﺘﺒﻌﺎ ﻟـﺫﻟﻙ ﺃﺼﺒﺢ ﻤﺼﻁﻠﺢ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻘﻨﺔ ﻴﻌﻨﻲ ﺍﻻﻀﻁﺭﺍﺒﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺠﺯﺌﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻘﺴﻴﻡ. ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺵ ﺍﻹﻨﻜﺸﺎﺭﻱ :ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺵ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻤﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻔﺭﻍ ﻟﻠﺤﺭﺏ ،ﻜﻭﻨﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟـﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺜﻤﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺸﺒﺎﻥ ﺃﺨﺫﻭﺍ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﺴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻴﺤﻴﺔ ﻭﺘﻤﺕ ﺘﺭﺒﻴﻬﻡ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺍﻟـﺩﻴﻥ ﺍﻹﺴﻼﻤﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻭﻻﺀ ﻟﻠﺴﻠﻁﺎﻥ ،ﻴﻌﻭﺩ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻔﻀل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﻭﺤـﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺜﻤﺎﻨﻴـﺔ، ﺒﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﻀﺎﺭﺒﺔ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻓﺘﺭﺓ ﻗﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻁﻴﻥ ﻟﻜـﻥ ﻓـﻲ ﻋﻬـﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻁﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﻌﺎﻑ ﺘﺨﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺵ ﺍﻹﻨﻜﺸﺎﺭﻱ ﻋﻥ ﺩﻭﺭﻩ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺩﻓﺎﻉ ﻋﻥ ﻤﻤﺘﻠﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺜﻤﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺃﺼﺒﺢ ﻴﺘﺩﺨل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﺅﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻤـﺭ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺃﻓﻘﺩﻩ ﺍﺤﺘﺭﺍﻓﻴﺘﻪ ﻭﺃﺼﺒﺢ ﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺨﻁﺭ ﻴﻬﺩﺩ ﺍﺴﺘﻘﺭﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺜﻤﺎﻨﻴـﺔ ﻭﺃﺼﺒﺢ ﻋﺭﻀﺔ ﻟﻠﻬﺯﺍﺌﻡ ﺃﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﻭﺵ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺒﻴﺔ. ﺍﻷﺴﻁﻭل ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻌﺜﻤﺎﻨﻲ :ﺍﻋﺘﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺜﻤﺎﻨﻴﻭﻥ ﺒﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﺃﺴﻁﻭل ﺒﺤﺭﻱ ﻗـﻭﻱ ﻟﻤﻭﺍﺠﻬﺔ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﻁﻴل ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻭﺤﻤﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻴﺔ ﺨﺎﺼـﺔ ﻭﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺜﻤﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺘﺸﺭﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺴﻁﺤﺎﺕ ﻤﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﺴﻌﺔ ،ﻭﻗﺩ ﺴﺎﻋﺩ ﻫﺎ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﺃﺴﻁﻭل ﺒﺤﺭﻱ ﺤﺭﺒﻲ ﻜﺒﻴﺭ ﺘﻭﻓﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ " ﺃﺸﺠﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﺭﺯ" ﻓـﻲ ﻜل ﻤﻥ ﻟﺒﻨﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﺯﺍﺌﺭ ،ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻷﺴﻁﻭل ﺘﻌﺭﺽ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻨﺘﻜﺎﺴﺔ ﻓـﻲ ﻤﻭﻗﻌـﺔ ﻨﻔﺎﺭﻴﻥ "ﺠﻨﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﻴﻭﻨﺎﻥ" ﻓﻲ 1827ﻡ ﺍﻷﻤﺭ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺃﺩﻯ ﺇﻟـﻰ ﺍﻨﻬﻴـﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻘـﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺴﻜﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺜﻤﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﻋﺭﺽ ﺍﻹﻴﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻐﺯﻭ ﻤـﻥ ﻁـﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﺩﻭل ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎﺭﻴﺔ. ﺍﻟﻘﺴﻁﻨﻁﻴﻨﻴﺔ :ﺘﻘﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻀﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﻀﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﺒﺴـﻔﻭﺭ ،ﺒـﻴﻥ ﺃﻭﺭﺒـﺎ ﻭﺁﺴﻴﺎ ،ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭ ﺍﻷﺴﻭﺩ ﻭﺒﺤﺭ ﻤﺭﻤﺭﺓ ،ﻓﺘﺤﻬﺎ ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ "ﺍﻟﻔـﺎﺘﺢ" ﻓـﻲ 1453ﻡ ﻭﺃﺼﺒﺤﺕ ﺘﺴﻤﻰ ﺇﺴﻁﻨﺒﻭل ﺃﻱ ﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻹﺴﻼﻡ. ﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﻗﻭﻨﻴﺔ :ﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺔ ،ﺘﻘﻊ ﻭﺴﻁ ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﻭﺏ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻨﻘﺭﺓ. ﺨﺎﻥ :ﻟﻔﻅ ﺘﺭﻜﻲ ﻗﺩﻴﻡ ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺩ. ﺍﻷﻓﻼﻕ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻐﺩﺍﻥ :ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻗﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺭﻭﻤﺎﻨﻴﺎ ،ﺨﻀﻌﺕ ﻟﻭﻗﺕ ﻁﻭﻴل ﻟﻠﺤﻜﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺜﻤﺎﻨﻲ.