Blood: Composition, Function, and Abnormalities

**Blood** - considered as a special type of LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE - tissue that circulates in the cardiovascular system - Transport oxygen from the lungs and nutrients from gastrointestinal tract to tissue. - Carries carbon dioxide and waste materials to the organs - Plays a maj...

**Blood** - considered as a special type of LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE - tissue that circulates in the cardiovascular system - Transport oxygen from the lungs and nutrients from gastrointestinal tract to tissue. - Carries carbon dioxide and waste materials to the organs - Plays a major role in defending body against pathogenic microorganism. **The Important info about blood** Arterial -- is oxygenated and bright red Venous -- is same as oxygenated and it is dark purplish red. Average blood for male is 5-6 Liters and for Female is 4-5 Liters Makes up 75-85 mL blood per kilogram body weigh or 7-8% of the total body weight 55% FLUID PORTION - 90% water - 10% proteins, CHO, salts, hormones and other substances 45% Formed elements Red blood cells White blood cells Platelets **The Plasma vs Serum** **Plasma** - With anticoagulant and then, centrifuged and its constituents separate and form 3 layers - Contains all coagulation factor - Normal yellowish or straw colored **Serum** - Without anticoagulant and left to stand, it forms a clot mass contain of FIBRIN - Lacks fibrinogen group - Normal yellowish or straw colored **Formed Elements of blood** -- The formed element is Red and White Blood Cells - GRANULOCYTE (with granules) -- neutrophil, eosinophil, basophil - AGRANULOCYTE (without granules) -- monocyte, lymphocyte - The THREE TYPES OF LYMPHOCYTE is the T cell, B cell and NK cell **ROMANOQSKY METHOD** - Staining technique that is used to distinguish the formed elements like Giemsa, Jenner, Wright, and Leishman Method - Percentage of blood volume that is accounted for by the RBCs. - NORMAL RANGE for FEMALES: 37%-47% while MALES: 40%-54% - refers to the percentage distribution in blood of five types of WBCs. **Shape of the Formed Element of Blood** RBC - BICONCAVE DISCS WBC -- SPHERICAL PLATELETS - BICONVEX DISCS but OVATE when seen in transverse view. **RED BLOOD CELL/ RBC/ ERYTHOCYTES** - The color of RBC is imparted by HEMOGLOBIN, the cells' oxygen-carrying pigment - They are produced in the bone marrow, - but before they enter blood, they extrude their nucleus and their cytoplasmic organelle. - The function is to deliver oxygen from the lungs to different tissues of the body ERYTHROCYTE GHOST - When placed in hypotonic solution, RBC undergo hemolysis **RED BLOOC CELL ABNORMALITIES** ANISOCYTOSIS - variation in size - Normocytes-normal size - Macrocytes-- greater than 9um - Microcytes-- less than 6um POIKILOCYTOSIS - variation in shape ROULEAUX FORMATION - stacking of coins; increase amount of fibrinogen and globulins. ANTIGEN - Cell membrane of RBCs contain variety of proteins, and a substance which the immune system perceives as foreign to the body ANTIBODIES - immune response against antigen. ABO SYSTEM - have a naturally occurring antibodies HEMOGLOBIN - A globular protein, comprise about 33%the mass of RBCs. Composition of Hemoglobin - Globin(protein molecule) - Heme(iron-containing) NORMAL RANGE: - ✓ MALE :14-18g per 100mL - ✓ Female: 12-16 g per 100 m **Platelets/ Thromboplastid** MEGAKARYOCYTES - produced by fragmentation of the cytoplasm of giant cells SURFACE CONNECTING CANALICULAR SYSTEM - serves as entry and exit points of substance. DENSE TUBULAR SYSTEM- main storage for storing Calcium ions and cyclooxygenase PLATELET ADHESION --platelet adheres to the exposed collagen fiber PLATELET AGGREGATION --platelet adheres to another platelet