ITL Morphemes and Affixes PDF

ITL ▪ Affixes – the parts that get attached to bases, roots, and ▪ Morphemes – smallest unit of stems. meaning. / Min...

ITL ▪ Affixes – the parts that get attached to bases, roots, and ▪ Morphemes – smallest unit of stems. meaning. / Minimal and - Affixation – process of unanalyzable (something can’t be attaching morphemes to broken down any further). bases. - Carries meaning. - Affixes are always bound - We can analyze words to morphemes. see if we can separate or - Prefixes – attached to the decide them into smaller front of the base. parts. - Suffixes – attached to the - We are dividing words into end of the base. smaller pronunciation units - Circumfixes – two-part (syllables don’t necessarily morpheme that surround carry meaning) the base. ▪ Simple word – has only one - Infixes – inserted into the morphemes, or only division that middle of the base. has meaning. ▪ Complex word – has two or more morphemes. ▪ Compounding – one whose stem ▪ Morph – a form without meaning contains more than one root. attached. - Head of a compound word ▪ Allomorph – an alternative form is the morpheme that of a morphemes. determines the syntactic ▪ Free morpheme – can be a word category of the entire word. on its own. - Endocentric – denote a ▪ Bound Morpheme – must be subtype of the head (ex., attached to another element. an oil can is a type of can / ▪ Base – word form that other a policeman is a type of morphemes can attach to. man) ▪ Root – core of a word. - Exocentric – denote a ▪ Stem – root with some semantic category different modifications to it. (Derivational in from the head. (A walkman nature) is not a type of man but a ▪ Derivational Morphemes – type of a machine). allows us to derive or pull out new ▪ Internal change/mutation – a words with new meanings. change is made in material ▪ Inflectional Morphemes – already present in the stem provide grammatical alliterations instead of adding something to the without changing the core stem. meaning.  - Ablaut – change in vowel - Phrasal Affixes – attach to quality to mark whole phrases. grammatical contrasts. ▪ Reduplication – a contrast is (ex., Irregular past in marked by partial or whole English: sing becomes repetition of the stem. (ex., itsy- sang, not singed. bitsy) - Umlaut – when vowel Conversion – an existing word is quality in one syllable assigned to a new category affects the vowel quality of without undergoing any change. another syllable (usually ex., ice: don’t slip on the ice preceding). (ex., this is how (noun). irregular plurals in English Ice: ice that bruise to keep it from originally formed, but the swelling (verb). evidence has been lost for ▪ Clipping – abbreviating or individual words). shortening of a word. ▪ Suppletion – wholly different ▪ Blends – nonmorphemic parts of morpheme is used to replace and two words are combined. (ex., show grammatical contrasts with brunch from breakfast and lunch) another morpheme. (ex., be ▪ Backformation – an affix or what becomes is and are to show looks like one is removed to create contrast of subject). a new word. ex., liposuct from ▪ Superfixation – contrasts are liposuction). marked by changes to the ▪ Acronyms – initial letters of each suprasegmental (pitch, tone, word or phrase are taken to create stress). (ex., permit me to help). a new word. ▪ Cliticization (contraction) – a ▪ Onomatopoeia – words created clitic is half-word, half-affix. from sounds that represent those Aspects that make them like sounds. words ▪ Coinage – words that are created - Behave like words in willfully from scratch. meaning. - Behave like words in function. Kinds of clitics - Proclitics – attach to the front of the stem. - Enclitics – attach at the end of the stem. - Bound words – words that are phonologically bound.  SOE LCS ▪ Adjective – used to describe or ▪ Vernacular – came into the provide more information about English language in 1600s from noun or pronoun. Latin vernaculus, it meant “domestic, indigenous, or native”. Forms of adjective - Home born slave or native. ▪ Positive/Absolute – used in the - Different ethnic or tribal original form. languages are referred to ▪ Comparative – when two as vernaculars. subjects performing the same - First language learned by action or possessing the same people in these multilingual quality are compared. communities. ▪ Superlative – comparing the - Often used for relatively same quality of two or more narrow range of informal subjects and to represent that a functions. subject is superior to two or more - The language use spoken subjects. as one’s mother tongue; not learned or imposed as Types of adjectives a second language. ▪ Possessive Adjectives – used to - Use in speech or written show possession. (ex., my, your, works, using maternal his, her, their, its, whose) language of a rustic or ▪ Interrogative – used to modify a region. noun or a pronoun by asking - Defines everyday questions (WH questions). language, involving slang. ▪ Demonstrative – used to Three components of vernacular describe the position of a subject in space or time. (This, that, these, ▪ Uncodified or unstandardized those) variety. ▪ Compound – consists of two or ▪ The way it is acquired in the home more adjectives that are as a first variety. combined together to form an ▪ The fact that it is used for relatively adjective. circumscribed functions. ▪ Descriptive – qualitative, Vernacular simply means a language describes noun or pronoun. which isn’t a politician language. ▪ Quantitative – information about quantity. (How much, how many) ▪ Indefinite – no definite number (some, few) Characteristics Pooh-pooh Theory - This theory proposes language originated from ▪ The quality language of locality. instinctive sounds made in response to ▪ Everyday spoken language. emotions like pain, fear, or surprise. ▪ Everyday language specific to a social group or region. Example: Words like "ouch," "ah," and ▪ Idiom of a particular trade or "phew" are often used to express profession: in the legal vernacular. immediate emotional responses. ▪ Idiomatic word, phrase, or Yo-he-ho Theory - This theory expression. suggests language developed from ▪ Common, nonscientific name of a rhythmic sounds made during collective plant or animal. labor or effort. ▪ Utilizing the native language of a region. Example: The rhythmic chanting used by ▪ Relating or to expressed in the workers during heavy lifting or rowing. native language. Biblical Theory - This theory proposes ▪ Occurring or existing during a language was a gift from a divine being, particular locality. like God or a deity. Example: The story of the Tower of The origin of human language Babel, where God confused the languages of humanity. Bow-wow theory – language originated from imitation of natural sounds. Gesture Theory - This theory suggests language evolved from manual gestures, Example: words like “cuckoo”, “buzz”, which preceded vocal communication. and “crash” are onomatopoeic, mimicking real-world sounds. Example: The use of sign language, where hand gestures are used to convey Ding-dong theory – language arose meaning. from naming objects based on their associated sounds. Example: “fl” is often associated with speed, as in “flash” and “flutter”. Sing-song theory (La-La) – language developed from emotional expressions, particularly those related to love, play, and song. Example: The use of lullabies and musical expressions for emotional communication.