History of India (From Earliest Times to 8th Century CE) Notes PDF

Quadr antI I–Tr anscr iptandRel atedMat eri als Pr ogr amme:Bachel orofAr ts Subj ect...

Quadr antI I–Tr anscr iptandRel atedMat eri als Pr ogr amme:Bachel orofAr ts Subj ect :Hi stor y PaperCode:HSC:102 PaperTi tl e:Hi stor yofI ndi a(Fr om Ear li estTi o8thCent mesupt uryC. E) Uni t:I V Modul eName:Sout hIndi a:Sangam:Cont ri but ions Modul eNo:19 Nameoft hePr esent er:Di kshaDessai Gl ossar yoft erms/ wor ds: Sangam:-Comi ngt oget her Varna:-eachoft hef ourHi nducast es, Brahmans, Kshat ri yas, Vai syas adSudras. Dhar mashastra:-Br ahmani calcol lect ionofr ulesofl if eof teni naf orm ofmetr icall awbook. Art hashast ra:-I tisanAnci entI ndianSanskr itt reat iseonst atecr aft , economypoli cyandmili tar ystr ategy. Kamasutr a:-Teachi ngonDesi re.“ Kama”means“ Desi re, pleasur e,l ove” “Sut ra”means“Text ” Ant hol ogy :-Col lect ionofPoems. Monk: -amemberofr eli giouscommuni tyt ypi cal lyl iv ingunderVows. Possi blemi sconcept ions/ clar if icat ion CaseSt udi esandAddi ti onalExampl es/ Il lust rat ions Quadr antI I–Tr anscr iptandRel atedMat eri als Not es: - Sout hIndi a:Sangam: Cont ri but ion  Sangam meani ngcomi ngt oget her.  Sangam agerefer stotheagewhenmanyTamilschol ars, poet scamet oget heri n thr eesuccessiv elit erar ygather ingscal l edasSangam.  Thet hreeki ngdomsPandy as, Cher asandChol aswer eal way satwar.  Thei rwar sanddeedsf ormt het hemesofSangam Li ter atur e.  Al thoughi twaswr it t n6th–7thCent eni uryAD, itdepi ctst hesoci etyof1st–4th Centur yAD.  Thr eet ypesofTami lLi ter arypi ecesar efound–Gr ammar ,PoemsandEpi cs.  Itdescr ibest heper iodofPandy as, Cher asandChol as, thet hreei mpor tantr ival kingdomsofSout hIndi a.  Accordingt o Legends, ther ewer ethr eeSangamswhi cht ookmor ethen10, 000 year st ocompl ete. Hi stor icalI nfor mat ionf rom Sangam Li ter atur e:  I nSangam Li ter atur e,t hreeki ngsar ement ioned–Pandy as, Cher asandChol as.  Thel i ter atur einf ormsusaboutt hecont empor aryeconomy ,li keAgr icul tur ewaswel l  dev elopedandl andwasf ert il e.  Cot toncl othi ndust rywasal sowel ldev eloped.Mai ncent erwasUr aiy ur.  Theyhav ewel ldev elopedPor tCi ti esl i keMuz iri inKer ela.  RomanCoinshavebeenfoundatAri kamedu(Pondi cherr y)andaRomanCol onywas al sofoundther e,showi ngtrader elat ionshi pwit hEurope.  Theyusedani mal pul l edcar tsf ort ranspor tat ion.  Tr ader suset otaket hei rfemal efol kswi tht hem unl i ket het rader soft heNor th.  I ntheSoci etyt her ewer ecer tai nsi mil ari tyanddi ssi mil ari tyf rom t heNor th:  TheVar na“ Kshat ri ya”i sal mostmi ssi ngi ntheSout h.  TheBrahminsenj oyedthehighestposit ioni ntheSout hasi ntheNor th, butt he secondhi ghestsi gnif icancewast hatofVai shya.  Si mil arVedi cri tual swer epr eval enther eli ket hatoft heNor th.  TheBr ahmi nsoft hesout hat eNon- Veget ari anandal sot ookwi ne. st 1 Sangam:  Hel datMadur ai  Att endedbyGodsandLegendar ysagesundert hechai rmanshi pofAgast ya, butno l it erar yworkofthi sSangam i savai labl e. nd 2 Sangam:  Hel datKapadapur am  Al ll it erar ywor khadbeenper ishedexceptTol kappi yam.  Undert heChai rmanshi pofAgast ya.  TheSangam f lour ishedundert heRoy alPat ronageofPandy as. 3rdSangam:  Hel datMadur ai.  Undert heChai rmanshi pofNakki rar.  I twasatt endedbyalar genumberofpoet swhopr oducednumer ousl i ter atur ebut onl yfewhadsur viv ed.  Thi sTami ll it erar ywor ksr emai nusef ulsour cest oreconst ructt heHi stor yofSangam Age. Sangam Li ter atur e:  TheSangam l it erat urei ncludesTol kappiy am, Et tut ogai ,Pat tuppat tu, Pat hinenki l kanakkuandtwoEpicsSi lappathi gar am andManimegalai.  Tol kappi yam: -Aut hor edbyTol kappi yari stheear li estoft heTami lLi ter atur e. Iti saworkonTamilGr ammarbutitprovidesi nfor mat ionont hepol i tical andsoci o economi ccondi ti onsoftheSangam per iod.  ThePat tuppat tuconsi stsoft enl i ter arywor ks.  Et tutogaiandPat tuppat tuwer edi vi dedi ntot womai ngr oups-Aham ( Lov e)and Puram (Val our ).  Pat hinenki l kanakkucont ainsei ght eenwor ksmost lydeal i ngwi thet hicsandMor als.  Themosti mpor tantamongt hem i sTi rukkur alaut hor edbyThi ruv all uvar.  TheEpics, Sil appat higar am writ tenbyEl angoAdigal andManimekalai bySi ttal ai Sat tanaral soprovi desvaluabl einfor mat ionontheSangam Pol i tyandSoci ety. Li ter arySour ces: A.Ti rukkur al:  Outoft heei ght eengr eatpoemsofSangam Li ter atur e,Ti rukkur ali sconsi der edas oneoft hemosti mport antpoems.  I tcont ainspr over bsonmanyaspect sofLi feandRel i gion.  I tisacombi nat ionofDhar mashast ra, Art hashast raandKamasut ra.  I thas133chapt ersi nit.  I tteachesSi mpl i cit yandt rut h. B.Poems( Ett utt ogai ):  TheEi ghtAnt hol ogi es( Set s)has2282poemswr it tenby200aut hor s.  Thepoemsar edi vi dedi ntot wosect ionsnamel y:  Aham ( Lov e)  Pur am ( Mil i tar ism andHer oWor shi p) C.Tol kappi yam:  I tist heol destTami lLi ter arywor k.  I tincl udesinf ormat iononGr ammar ,Cl assi fi cat ionofhabi tat s,pl ant s,ani mal sand humanbeings.  I tal sot alksabouthumanemot ionsandi nter act ions.  Tol kappi yam i sdi vi dedi ntot hreeChapt ers:  Or thogr aphy( howt owr it eLanguage)  Et ymol ogy( StudyofWor ds)  Subj ectMat ter( Peopl eandt hei rbehav iour ) D. Epi cs   Si lappadi kar am: -(TheSt oryofJewel edAnkl et)  Kovalanfal l sinlov ewi t hMadhavi.Koval angoestosellankl etofKannagi ,butgets caughtandheisheldgui lt yofst eal ingqueensanckl etandisbeheadedbytheKing.  Kannagi avengest hedeat hofherhusbandandbecomesagodess. Mani megal ai:  Manimegal ai, thedaught erofKov alanandMadhav i(cont inuat ionoft hepr evi ous epi cSil appadi karam)  I tdescr ibeshowshebecomesBuddhi stnunt opr eacht hepr inci plesofBuddhi sm. Si vagaCi ndamani :  Si vagaCi ndamani ,i tisast oryofSi vaga-asuper man.  Hewi nsanewBr ideandatt heendhebecomesaMonk. Sangam Admi nist rat ion:  Theki ngwast hecent reoft heAdmi nist rat ion.  Ki ngwasal socal l edasKo, Mannam, Vendan, Kor rav anorI rai van.  Av aiwast hecour toft hecr ownedmonar ch.  I mpor tantof fi cial s(Panchmahasabha) : i. Amai chchar( Mini ster s)i i.Pur ohi tar( Pri est s) i i i. Dut ar( Env oys) i v.Senapat iyar( Commandar ) v. Or ar( Spi es) EconomyDur ingSangam Age:  Agr icul tur ewast hechi efoccupat ionwher eri cewast hemostcommoncr op.  TheHandicr afti ncl udedweav i ng, metal works, car pent ryshi pbui l dingandmaki ngof ornament susingbeads, stonesandi vor y.  Majorexport soft heSangam Agewer eCot ton,Fabr icsandSpicesl i kePepper, Gi nger,Cardamom andTur meri cal ongwi thiv oryproduct s,Pearl sandPr ecious St ones. Maj ori mpor tswer eHor ses, Gol dandSweetWi ne. Rel igi onSangam:  Thepr imar yDei tyoft heSangam per iodwasMur ugan, whohai l edasTami lGod.  Thewor shipofMur uganwashavi nganAncientori ginandt hef est ival srel ati ngt o GodMuruganwasment ionedi ntheSangam Li ter ature.   Mur uganwashonor edwi thwi thsi xabodesknownasAr upadai Veedu. Posi ti onofwomendur ingSangam Age:  Alotofi nfor mationisavai l ableint heSangam Li ter atur etounder standt heposi ti on ofwomenduringtheSangam Age.  Women' shadrespectandwereal lowedint ell ect ualpursui ts.Ther ewer ewomen poet sal sowhoflouri shedandcontr ibut edtoTamil Literat ure. ENDOFSANGAM AGE  TheSangam per iodsl owl ywi tnessesi tsdecl i net owar dst he3rdCent heendoft ury A.D.  TheKal abhr asoccupi edt heTamilcount ryduri ngpostSangam per iodbet ween300 ADto600AD,t heperi odwascal l edas“ DarkAge”bytheEarl i erHistor ians.