Male & Female Reproductive System PDF

 Male & Female Human Anatomy and Physiology I. MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM II. FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM  MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM OBJECTIVES: Identify the organs of the male reproductive system and discuss the general functions of each. Discuss the physiol...

 Male & Female Human Anatomy and Physiology I. MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM II. FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM  MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM OBJECTIVES: Identify the organs of the male reproductive system and discuss the general functions of each. Discuss the physiology of male reproduction & regulation of sex hormone secretion. Discuss the composition of semen and name the glands that produce it. Trace the pathway of a sperm from the testis to the body exterior.  FUNCTIONS Production of sperm cells. produces the male sex cells or sperm cells in the testes. Sustaining & transfer of the sperm cells to the female. Production of male sex hormones. essential for the normal function of the reproductive system & reproductive behavior. Male Reproductive System: Ducts: Accessory Supporting Testes Structures Glands: Ducts Epididymis scrotum seminal Ductus vesicles Accessory penisglands deferens or vas deferens Supporting prostate gland structures Urethra glands bulbourethral  SCROTUM sac like structure containing the testes externally consists of a skin & loose C.T. During warm weather: layer of smooth muscle called Dartos & cremaster during muscles relax : cold temperature Dartos contract skin Muscle of the scrotum the skin of the scrotum becomes loose become firm thin & wrinkled Cremaster muscles: testes descend away pulled the testes towards from the body which the body lowers the temperature.* Important in the regulation of the temperature in the  Normal sperm cell does not occur if too warm & too cold.  TESTES mobile organ lying within the scrotum from the inner surface of the oval firm, capsule is a series of fibrous 4-5cm septa that divide long & 2.5cm wide** each testis into lobules. The left testis is usually lies atSeminiferous a lower level than the tubules: right. sperm forming factories Sun Star Newspaper: (Trivia) March 14, 2007 85% of Left Testis is lower than the right. The outer part of each testis consists of thick, white C.T. capsule called Tunica Albuginea  SPERMATOGENESIS: formation of sperm SEMINIFEROUS cells normal spermatogenesis TUBULES: can small occur only&ifnot theyet testes functional are a during puberty. temperature lower than that of at the time of puberty, thetheabdominal cavity. interstitial cells at the in increase end of number & spermatogenesis in size, likewise seminiferous tubules developing sperm cells enlarge & are located around the lumen Spermatogenesis begins. begins & empty in another set of  EPIDIDYMIS: coiled tube 20 feet long, embedded in C.T. when a male is sexually stimulated, the walls of The the long length ofcontract epididymis the duct of the epididymis: to expel the sperm into (Function) provides the next storage part ofspace for the duct the spermatozoa system and allows them to mature and Ductus Deferens or binds to secondary oocytes. spermVas cellsDeferens from the testes are NOT capable of fertilizing to secondary oocytes not UNTIL they are mature for several days in the epididymis. VAS DEFERENS or DUCTUS DEFERENS: runs upward from the epididymes through the inguinal canal into the pelvic cavity to become wall of ductus associated with thedeferens blood vessels and nerves that supply the testes. contain smooth muscle peristaltic contractions of the smooth muscle during ejaculation propels live sperm Spermatic from the epididymis cord consist of: create a peristaltic ductus wave deferens, testicular artery that lymphatic rapidly vessels, testicular end of the squeeze the ductus deferens nerves sperminto empties forward to the ejaculatory duct which passes through the urethra. prostate gland to merge with the  Vasectomy Minor Operation Small incision into the scrotum & cut & tied the Ductus deferens within the scrotal sac Should the woman  Women should not worry about the sex drive of their husbands Testosterone is still produced which is responsible for the sex drive Secondary sex characteristics are still retain  Can a man still produce sperm? Yes! VASECTOMY But.... ? can no longer reach the body exterior & the sperms method used to produced are reabsorbed in the epididymis render males incapable of fertilization without affecting persons sexual act.  URETHRA is the terminal part of the male duct system. During sexual extends from the base of the urinary bladder to the tip of the penis. intercourse when ejaculation occurs sperm enters the prostatic Urine urethra 3&Divisions: sperm NEVER pass atProstatic the same time Urethra Membranous A sympathetic Urethra reflex causes the Spongy Urethra urinary Function: bladder for both passageway sphincter urine andtosperms contract & constricts Urine & sperm NEVER pass at the same time Prevents urine from ACCESSORY GLANDS SEMINAL VESICLES PROSTATE GLAND BULBOURETHRAL GLANDS  PROSTATE GLAND is a single gland about the size and shape of a chestnut. consists of glandular & muscular tissue. Its size and texture can be palpated by a finger examination through the anterior rectal exam DRE : Digital Rectal Examination During ejaculation prostate gland secretes a milky fluid that plays a role in activating the sperm.  PENIS male organ of copulation function: transfer of sperm cells from the male to the female GLANS PENIS 3 columns : of erectile tissue: distal end 2 columns of the of erectile penis tissue todorsal form the portion and the sides of the penis form a cap CORPORA CAVERNOSA CORPORA CAVERNOSA the 3rd which has a smaller erectile column SHAFT: occupies the ventral portion of the penis coveredCORPUS by skin that is SPONGIOSUM. loosely attached & it folds downward until it covers the glands penis called PREPUCE or FORESKIN Why is it important to be circumcised? MEDICAL REASONS FOR CIRCUMCISION Poor hygiene Chronic infection UTI Higher incidence of penile cancer Which among the boys in San Pedro College BSN 1-A have not been circumcised? Which among the boys in Brokenshire College BSN 1-P have not been circumcised? What causes the penis to erect?  sexual excitement Accessory glands: It is a mixture seminal milky of – white, vesicles semen sperm cells 0% somewhat & sticky secretion is accessory mixture prostate gland secretion gland – activated 0% secretion blood testes – 5%filled up the erectile tissue bulbourethral and – 5% land engorged & enlarged the penis  FUNCTIONS OF SEMEN Provides a transport medium & nutrients and contains chemicals that protect the sperm & aid in their movement. Sperm are very sluggish under acidic conditions. The relative alkalinity of semen as a whole helps neutralize the acid environment of the females vagina. Also dilutes sperm. Normal Volume:2-5 ml Normal sperm count: 50-130 million sperm in each milliliter  CAUSES OF MALE Low sperm count – 20 million milliliter contributing factors: INFERTILITY a. radiation b. cryptorchidism c. infections- mumps d. hormonal imbalance inadequate secretion of LH & FSH caused by hypothyroidism & decrease testosterone secretion Decrease volume of semen Others: common antibiotics (penicillin & tetracycline) Abnormal Production of Sperm Radiation Lead Pesticide Marijuana Tobacco Excessive alcohol Antibiotics SEMEN ANALYSIS: Sperm count Motility Morphology Volume pH Fructose content  PHYSIOLOGY OF MALE REPRODUCTION Depend on: HORMONAL & NEURAL MECHANISM Hormones control the development of: a. reproductive structure b. development of secondary sexual characteristics c. spermatogenesis d. sexual behavior Neural mechanisms primarily involved in: a. controlling the sexual act b. expression of the sexual behavior  SPERMATOGENESIS Begins during puberty & continues throughout life. Everyday a man makes millions of sperm but only one sperm fertilizes an egg.  TESTOSTERONE Often referred Major as male hormone secreted by the testes. “MASCULININIZING HORMONE” Influences reproductive organs & non reproductive structures. TheDuring bloodpuberty, testosterone causes the enlargement & levels of testosterone remain differentiation of the male genitals & reproductive system relatively constant through out the life time of a male from puberty until about 40 years old. Thereafter the levels slowly decline to approximately 20% of this value by 80y.o. causing a slow decrease in sex drive & fertility.* Puberty?  PUBERTY Is the events by The rising level of which a child is testosterone in the transformed into a young male stimulates young adult. his reproductive organs to develop to their adult Insize, boys, pubertythe sex underlies begins driveat&ages 12-14 causes the & completed by age secondary male sex 18. characteristics to appear. *SECONDARY SEX CHARACTERISTICS TYPICAL OF MALES* Deepening of the voice due to enlargement of the larynx. Increased hair growth Enlargement of skeletal muscles Increased heaviness of the skeleton**  FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM OBJECTIVES: Identify the organs of the female reproductive system and discuss the general function of each. Describe the phases & controls of the menstrual cycle. Describe the structures and functions of the mammary glands. Describe the developmental aspects of the reproductive system.  FUNCTIONS Production of female sex cells. Reception of sperm cells from the male Nurturing the development of and providing the nourishment for the new individual. Production of female sex hormones. Female Reproductive Organ: Ovaries Uterine tube Uterus Vagina External genitalia Mammary gland  Ovary Ovarian ligament attaches the ovary to the superior margin of the uterus. Attaches to posterior surface of the ligament by folds of peritoneum called Mesovarium. small organs suspended in The ovarian arteries, veins and nerves the pelvic cavity by a traverse the suspensory ligament & enter the ovary through thebroad ligament. mesovarium size and shape of almond  ovary Some The of these are developing eggcontinue is28 now isIf pregnancy Secondary Approximately Ifa pregnancy each primary follicle occurs, follicles every oocyte consists does notof converted After ready to be to ovulation HCG primary the ejected from tothe days corpus enlarge surrounded an occur hormonal immature it enlarges until by athe changes degenerates egg in vesicles single called follicles ruptured the ovarywhenan theisoocyte follicle event called response (Human fuse stimulate layer oocyte. to ofform flatto aa Chorionic some hormone Gonadotropin) single cells spontaneously. of the calledfluid- enlarges transformed especially into a during secreted filled primary chamberby the follicles OVULATION called to the puberty & deposited glandular structure called Maturation of follicle & corpus luteum UTERINE TUBE to reach the oocyte, asthe Major soon as the sperm causes of fallopian oocyte must is swim tube ovulated or upward female infertility: it is oviduct. expelled through the vagina from& Most Length: scarring common 10 & cms site long closure uterus to reach the the ovary and the usual of extends theof fimbriae uterine site narrow catch from tube of the & pickfertilization: uterine tube up the area of as a oocyte the difficult result journey Ampulla Ectopic of the for ff: to carry to ovaries it in thethe the sperm Pregnancy uterinePIDtube. uterus. against the Tubal ligation the journey distal downward end STI of to each currentthe uterus uterine created takes Fimbria by tube the 3-4is cilia days expanded e and&the has swimming against oocyte isprojections fingerlike viable for the tide up to 24 hrs called theafter Tubal Ligation  ECTOPIC PREGNANCY Implantation that occurs anywhere other than the uterine cavity.  Cancer of the UTERUS cervix: Relatively common disease in women. located in the Body: major & Can be treated FUNCTION: pelvis portion thru pap detected withreceive smear.in the urinary bladder& rectum Superiorly: retain (Papanicolaou fundus supported nourish by smear): broadcervix- Inferiorly: A test used to ligament protrudes determine if into the a woman is suffering vagina size from - & shape cancer of the cervix. Pear Pear WALLS OF THE UTERUS serous or perimetrium The bulk ofendometrial is the the layeruterus lining sloughs MENSTRUATION where the off plays an active periodically fertilized eggin role during response burrows &to delivery residesof changes inathe for baby the levels rest ofofitsovarian  VAGINA Vaginal walls: Young female females: outerorgan muscular of FUNCTIONS: copulation Vaginal opening inner muscous thin-walled receives membrane is Rape covered tube the Case:by8- penis durin a 10cms intercourse. thin mucous Muscular Its not a layer good is lies membrane between smooth passageway & the deliv forcontains the indicator bladder called for elastic fibers. of infant. rectum virginity & extends from Mucous passageway Hymen: the membrane cervix to for menstru the body flow. is moistexterior stratified very vascular & squamous bleeds when epithelium that ruptured forms a protective HYMEN Female Reproductive Organ Ovaries Uterine tube Uterus Vagina External genitalia Mammary gland  Clitoris: Vestibule: small erectile tissue consists of shaft & distal space differs into which from the the penis: Muscle & skin glans Clean, straight vagina & urethra tear during incision well supplied with sensory lacks a reproductive open child birth Episiotomy Easier receptors to repair than bounded duct by a pair of tear made up of sensitive erectile Vulva or Pudendum thin longitudinal tissue skin that becomes swollen folds with blood during sexual excitement. EPISIOTOMY Breast: Mammary Gland contain 15-20 are some the Nipples males of organs Cancer of glandular the lobes are experience milkvery production a sensitive covered breast: by fats minor located breast to tactile in the commonFats: give enlargement the to women breast stimulation: breast both its form called sexes touch have Mammography: GYNECOMASTIA nipple lobules surrounded coldcontain circular low sexual several intensitypigmented arousal Causes:smallerX-ray area to detect called Hormonal ducts – tumors in It milk the isAreola errects: imbalance soft contain produced. tissue of general smooth Abuse of structures muscle anabolic to the breast. of the contractmaleby& steroids supported female Gynecomastia is a medical term that comesmammary frombreast is the Greek words for "woman-like breasts." similar ligaments not until Mammography PHSIOLOGY of FEMALE REPRODUCTION HORMONAL & NEURAL REGULATION PUBERTY: 11-13 years old, completed at 16 years old 1st episode of menstrual bleeding MENARCHE  Changes in Puberty Vagina, uterus, uterine tubes & external genitalia all begin to enlarge Fat deposited in the breasts and around the hips Pubic & axillary hair grow Development of sexual drive increase rate of estrogen & progesterone by the ovaries  MENSTRUAL CYCLE: series of changes that occur in sexually mature, non-pregnant females & that culminate in menses. Menses: is a period of mild hemorrhage during which part of the endometrium is slough & expelled from the uterus. 3 STAGES OF MENSTRUAL CYCLE Menses Proliferative Secretory STAGES OF MENSTRUAL CYCLE DAY 15-28 DAYS6-14 DAYS ( SECRETORY 1-5 STAGE ( PROLIFERATIVE ( STAGE MENSES ) STAGE ) ) If during risingthis fertilization interval, levels doesof stimulated the by rising estr thick progesterone occur: levels produced endometrial production the embryo by bylininggrow the follicles of produces of thecorpus the ovarie uterus accompanieda hormone isby sloughing very luteum similaris bleeding endometrium off. of to the 3-5 LH, repaired which ovary glands causes act areon days the the formed endometrial corpus If estrogen-primed luteum the detached fertilization progesterone blood to does alsosupp continue is increased endometrium tissues not producing &the occur,blood & causes increase hormone. pass the corpus endometrial endometrium itsonce through blood luteum theaga supply averagevagina begins glands becomes even as to blood to inc thick more. the &in loss: velve menstrual degenerate size & to begin 15-50ml flow. toward the end of this secreting period nutrients  Typically the network cycle is about 28 days. Short as 21 days or as long as 40 days